南沙珊瑚礁生态系中元素的垂直转移途径

于１９９３年和１９９４年用沉积物捕捉器采集南沙永暑礁和渚碧礁内的沉降颗粒物,用中子活化法分析元素的含量并计算通量,通过对生源要素的统计相关分析,垂直沉降颗粒物中的元素人,非生源要素在泻湖中的停留时间的探讨,研究了南沙珊瑚礁生态系中元素的垂直转移途径,结果表明,在南沙珊胡礁泻湖中元素的停留时间较海水中短,元素的循环速率高,且尤以与生物作用有关的元素为甚;颗粒物中非生源要素的垂直转移主要是通过生物过程     

中国海洋碳循环生物地球化学过程研究的主要进展(1998-2002)

阐述了1998-2002年期间中国海洋碳循环及其生物地球化学过程研究的3个主要进展部分：（1）海-气二氧化碳通量过程；（2）海水中碳及其生物地球化学循环；（3）入海河流流域土壤和沉积物在海洋碳循环中的作用；海洋与陆家容纳了近一半人类排放的二氧化碳，另外的50%被释放到大气中，海洋在缓和二氧化碳温室效应方面的作用不言而喻的，海洋储有的碳主要以无机碳的碳酸盐（CO3^2-）和碳酸氢盐（HCO3^-）的形式存在。海洋生态系统通过生物泵的作用驱动大气CO2进入海洋，在表面混合层中，由于生物的光合作用，CO2不断被转化成有机碳和生物碳酸盐，并进一步从表层CO2向深层转移，形成了海洋碳循环的主要途径，海洋水体中碳循环过程受到河口与近海碳的形态，转化，分布，迁移和生物生产过程等影响，海洋生物泵明显影响着海洋对空气中CO2的容量，春季和冬季东中国海皆为大气二氧化碳的汇，夏季皆为二氧化碳的源，秋季渤海与北黄海为二氧化碳的汇，南黄海与东海是二氧化碳的源。入海河流流域土壤，非入海河流流域的土壤和海洋沉积物在碳的来源，分布，含量以其迁移循环中具有重要的作用。     

海洋沉积物中碳的来源、迁移和转化

人类活动每年向大气排放的CO2约为65亿t，其中留在大气中的约占50%，大洋吸收约16亿-20亿t，陆地生态系统大约吸收0.7亿~1.4亿t(Bates，2001；Battle et al.，2000),还有大约13亿t找不到去处，称为大气CO2丢失项，而陆架边缘海有可能是这丢失项的去处。近海沉积物是大气二氧化碳的接受者，同时当条件合适时沉积物中的碳又可被释放重新进入水体乃至大气中，是碳循环中的重要源与汇，因此海洋沉积物在碳循环中的作用是全球碳循环的一个关键环节。虽然近十年来这方面的研究已经引起众多学者的关注，对沉积物中的碳循环进行了较大量的研究，取得了一系列成果，但海洋沉积物在碳循环中的作用和过程至今并未查清，具体体现在海洋沉积物在海洋碳循环中起什么作用？起多大作用？在哪些方面影响和控制海洋碳循环？这些均需要科学家们长期的艰苦努力，以便在更深入、更系统和更高层次上研究解决困扰当今人类的涉及碳循环这一重大环境科学问题。 海洋沉积物为海洋环境中的一个主要研究对象，其中的碳与水体-生物体以及大气、入海河流等进行着不间断的交换、大气中的气体碳经过复杂的海洋生物地球化学过程转化为水体中的溶解碳，再变为颗粒碳，经沉降最终形成沉积物，在适宜的条件下上述的反过程同样会发生。因此，研究海洋沉积物中的碳在其循环中的作用是非常困难的。碳是最主要的生源要素，更是生命活动能流、物流中最重要的元素，几乎所有的生物地球化学循环过程都与它有关，因而有关碳循环的研究是目前全球变化研究的热点。许多国际研究计划均以此为核心研究内容。如国际地圈与生物圈计划(IGBP)中的全球海洋通量联合研究(JGOFS)、全球生态系统动力学(GLOBEC)以及上层海洋与低层大气研究计划(SOLAS)等(唐启升，2001；宋金明，2000)。碳循环研究以 JGOFS计划2001年基本结束为标志，通过近十几年的研究，取得了丰硕的成果，系统了解了海洋循环的过程及界面碳通量，对全球碳循环也有了一个初步的了解。为进一步深入开展这方面的研究作者从海洋沉积物中碳的形态与来源、海水及颗粒物中碳与沉积物碳的关系、表层沉积物再悬浮对碳循环的影响以及沉积物中碳的早期成岩作用等几个方面阐述了海洋沉积物中碳循环目前的研究进展。     

近20年台风事件对黄渤海颗粒有机碳季节性的影响

边缘海初级生产力普遍较高,有机碳在沉积物中的埋藏高达全球的80%。黄渤海是位于我国东部的一个半封闭的温带陆架边缘海,在近20年中,黄渤海经历的台风事件频率不断增大,对碳循环关键过程发生多重影响。文章利用多组卫星及再分析资料,围绕2003~2020年期间夏季台风过境对黄渤海关键环境变量的影响,分析生物和非生物过程对不同海域水体中颗粒有机碳的贡献。结果表明,夏季台风过境一次、两次对黄渤海叶绿素的影响没有明显差异,叶绿素浓度增加主要在渤海西南部和南黄海约50%的海域。总体上看,台风过境对渤海、北黄海大部分海域水体中颗粒有机碳影响不大,但两次台风过境引起了南黄海约80%的离岸海域颗粒有机碳浓度的显著增加。南黄海中部海域水体中颗粒有机碳与叶绿素的比值在台风过后明显降低,表明该海域颗粒有机碳浓度的提高主要是由生物固碳过程的增强引起。台风过境加剧了黄海与渤海、近岸与离岸的水流交换,此过程增强了高营养盐和有机物水向南黄海尤其是中部海域的输送,因而提高了南黄海大部分海域颗粒有机碳浓度。除了光合作用等生物过程及水流交换对颗粒有机碳有影响外,黄渤海水体中颗粒有机碳浓度还受到沉积物再悬浮、陆源有机碳输入等过程的影响。台风过境可以加剧沉积物再悬浮和陆源有机物的输入,进一步提高黄渤海近岸及离岸海域颗粒有机碳的浓度。     

海洋雾状层的成因及其对海洋碳循环过程的影响

海洋雾状层既是陆源物质进入海底的输送通道,又是海洋水体中沉降颗粒及底部再悬浮颗粒物的停留场所。雾状层物质来源主要有陆源、生源以及海底表层沉积物的再悬浮,不同海区、不同层位的雾状层的物质来源有所差异;雾状层的成因具有复杂性,既有物理作用,又有生物及化学作用,大量研究表明,海底洋流、内波(潮)等物理作用是雾状层形成的主要控制因素。雾状层中碳的存在形态主要有颗粒有机碳(POC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、胶体有机碳(COC)以及无机碳,雾状层与其上下海水之间、雾状层与海底表层沉积物之间不同形态碳在生物-化学-物理动力系统作用下不断发生物质交换与迁移,对海洋碳循环生物地球化学过程起重要的控制作用,是整个海洋碳循环的一个不可忽视的环节。     

南沙海域上层海水碳垂直通量的初步研究

根据１９９０年５－６月在南沙海域４个站点投放颗粒物捕集器采集样品的分析结果，计算了该海域上层海水碳垂直通量。结果表明：（１）南沙海域上层海水颗粒有机碳总生成量为２９８ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ），其中３５％分解参与再循环，６５％以颗粒形式离开真光层向下输送；（２）颗粒有机碳向下通量为１９３ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。总溶解无机碳穿过跃层向上垂直通量为３６００ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ），真光层颗粒无机碳向下通量为２７ｍ     

南沙群岛渚碧礁理化环境特征

根据中国科学院南沙综合科学考察队于1993年5月、1994年3月和1999年4月在南沙群岛渚碧礁的考察资料，对渚碧礁理化环境特征作初步分析，渚碧礁海区海水的温度（T）、盐度（S）较礁外海水高，由于礁坪的阻挡，波浪影响大为削弱，珊瑚礁区适宜众多生物种群居住，渚碧礁东北礁坪区溶解氧（DO）含量高，生态环境良好，生物极其丰富；但西南海区DO低，生态环境差，渚碧礁N的变化较大，由于渚碧礁Dao湖水浅和高温，沉积物间隙水中的营养盐易向上覆海水扩散，加速了营养盐在珊瑚礁生态系中的循环，海水T、DO、总二氧化碳（∑CO2）等理化因子的日变幅在渚碧礁礁坪区较礁外开阔海域大很多，表明只要有充足的阳光，珊瑚礁生态环境就可以提供十分强烈的光合作用，这也可能是珊瑚礁海区高生产力的重要原因之一。     

维持南沙珊瑚礁生态系统高生产力的新观点——拟流网理论

珊瑚礁生态系是海洋中最重要的生态系之一,一般处于热带与亚热带海域。众所周知,热带海洋的上层水由于浅部温跃层的存在,阻碍了营养物质的向上输送,从而使有机物产量和输出通量都较低,即热带海洋的上层水是一层十分贫瘠的寡营养水。但处在热带海域中的珊瑚礁确有异常高的生产力,所以人们称珊瑚礁为热带沙漠海洋中的绿洲,对被包围在贫瘠海水中的珊瑚礁如何能维持高生产力这一问题,几十年来人们进行了大量的研究(Bilger et al.,1995; Atkinson,1987; Atkinson et al.,1992;宋金明,1997),最初的结果是珊瑚礁生态系不需要外来的营养盐输入,是一个典型的自养生态系,但后来,经过科学家的反复研究结果表明,珊瑚礁生态系中的营养物质有较小的部分向外边贫瘠的海水输送。因此,为维持珊瑚礁的生产力,珊瑚礁内必定有外源的营养盐输入,基于这个出发点,人们又提出了几个维持珊瑚礁生态系高生产力的原因。本文通过对珊瑚礁生态系高生产力及其原因的系统探讨,提出了维持南沙珊瑚礁生态系高生产力一个新观点——拟流网理论,这对深入研究珊瑚礁生态系的物质循环,特别是生源要素的循环具有重要的意义。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁生态系中稀士元素的垂直转移过程研究

海洋沉积物中稀土元素的分布、转移行为已有许多报道。地球环境中稀土元素的行为是当今地学研究的热门课题,稀土元素的分布特性和转移行为研究与环境有极大的相关性,通过研究环境中稀土元素的转移行为就可了解环境演变的信息,所以海洋环境中稀土元素的研究具有重要的意义(Fleet,1984; Piper,1974; Schijf et al.1995;赵一阳等,1994;王中刚等,1989;张丽洁等,1995)。海洋中颗粒物质垂直转移过程研究对研究海洋在全球变化(特别是全球气候变化)中有重要意义,但目前的研究仅集中于以碳为核心的生源要素和某些微量元素(宋金明等,1996;宋金明,1997),至今稀土元素在海水中垂直转移过程研究尚未见报道。珊瑚礁生态系是最重要的海洋生态系之一,研究珊瑚礁生态系中稀土元素的垂直通量,即热带海域稀土元素在海水中垂直转移过程,继而椎测对全球气候变化的影响,为研究海洋在全球气候变化中的作用提供了新课题。 本文首次报道用沉积物捕捉器(ST)收集南沙珊瑚礁潟湖中颗粒物质,研究稀土元素的垂直通量和不同形态稀土的垂直通量,以及稀土元素垂直转移的控制因素。     

滨海湿地碳的生物地球化学循环过程

碳的动态循环是海岸盐沼湿地的重要组成部分,生物地球化学作用是推动碳循环的主要动力.海岸盐沼湿地土壤中碳的循环形式主要分为外部循环和内部循环两种:外部循环主要是有机碳、无机碳的输入输出,是由生物地球化学作用和机械搬运作用主导的;内部循环主要是有氧矿化作用、无氧矿化作用和碳酸盐的形成和储存.另外,碳的埋藏作用与湿地和海平面...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.