四川汶川地震断裂活动和次生地质灾害浅析

为了揭示汶川地震断裂活动与次生地质灾害的关系,在对汶川地震重灾区进行快速调查的基础上,分析了影响汶川地震的龙门山断裂带震后的断裂活动、地表破裂与崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害发育特征的关系。野外调查发现,龙门山3条断裂带的地表变形破坏（包括沿断裂带的道路、农田、建筑物和边坡变形破坏）特征具有明显的差异性和分段性,映秀-北川断裂地震活动最剧烈,南坝-关庄断裂、灌县-安县断裂、平武-青川断裂等活动性次之的“横向”差异性,以及龙门山断裂带由南向北地震活动性减弱的“纵向”分段性。地震断裂活动的差异性和分段性明显控制了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害的发育特征,即映秀-北川断裂区域的次生地质灾害规模大、分布密度大、危害严重,沿其余断裂的次生地质灾害危害相对较轻。     

汶川特大地震后成都盆地内隐伏断层活动性分析

成都盆地内主要有3条隐伏的活动断裂带,包括大邑断裂带、蒲江-新津断裂带和龙泉山断裂带,它们在第四纪都表现出了一定的活动性."512"汶川特大地震后,笔者实地考察的结果表明,在汶川特大地震中成都盆地中的隐伏断裂没有产生新的活动性,目前成都盆地不存在发生特大地震的危险性,是安全的.     

北京平原区隐伏断裂与氡浓度响应关系

北京地区隐伏断裂发育,NW及NE向断裂相互交汇,成为未来可能发生地震的构造.为了研究活动断裂与土壤氡浓度的响应关系,本次对北京平原区NW和NE向2条剖面进行了氡浓度测量.通过测试分析,基本查明了隐伏构造与土壤氡浓度的对应关系以及影响土壤氡浓度的相关地质因素.研究表明,活动断裂存在的区域氡浓度明显高于周边区域,且在构造复...     

龙门山中段彭灌断裂带汶川Ms8.0地震同震破裂断层识别及其浅、表构造特征

2008年汶川Ms8.0地震在龙门山中段的彭灌断裂带产生的地表破裂,是该地震产生的第二大地表破裂带.综合应用地质、钻井以及二维、三维地震数据,利用横贯前山带的多条人工地震反射剖面,对彭灌断裂带产生同震破裂的断层进行准确识别和解释.研究表明,龙门山中段的彭灌断裂带是一套由3条主要断层和次级广泛发育的断裂组合构成,浅层表现...     

夏垫断裂中南段土壤气体地球化学特征

为确定北京平原地区重要的隐伏活动断裂——夏垫断裂中南段的土壤气体地球化学特征,判别其地震危险性,在齐心庄、潘各庄和大东关跨夏垫断裂布置了3条测量剖面,共计221个测点,在全部测点完成了土壤气体He、H2、CO2和Rn的浓度测量,确定了各剖面上土壤气体的地球化学特征、背景值和异常界限。测量结果表明,夏垫断裂上出现多种土壤气体组分异常,利用多种土壤气体组分可以有效地勘探隐伏断裂。根据各剖面上He和Rn的异常幅度,推断夏垫断裂在潘各庄的活动性强于齐心庄和大东关,但由于测得的H2浓度峰值降低,结合地震剖面资料,推断夏垫断裂中南段的活动性有所减弱。     

汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义——多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件

汶川地震是有仪器记录以来发生的世界上最大的板内逆冲型地震之一。野外调查表明,沿北东走向的龙门山断裂带上,至少有两条逆冲断裂同时参与汶川地震的同震破裂过程,即北川断裂和安县灌县断裂（彭灌断裂）。倾向北西的高角度北川逆冲断裂上的地表破裂长度大于200 km,可能达225 km。运动方式在南部表现为以北西盘抬升的逆冲为主,往北东转为逆冲右旋走滑,走滑分量与垂向陡坎高度相当,陡坎高度最大值约为11 m。在彭灌断裂上,地表破裂表现为北西盘抬升的近纯逆冲性质的破裂,破裂长度达70 km,陡坎最高达3~3.5 m。汶川地震是世界上第一次明确记录到多条平行断裂参与同震破裂的逆冲型地震,而且因发震断层是龙门山断裂带内部的高角度逆冲断裂,而非断裂带前锋的低角度逆冲断裂,所以汶川地震属于反序型逆冲断裂活动。这与1999年我国台湾7.5级集集地震和2005年克什米尔7.6级地震类似,说明反序型逆冲地震具有普遍性。汶川地震这一震级大、破裂长的逆冲地震事件是对目前流行的青藏高原下地壳流动的变形假说提出的严峻挑战,同时也表明加强青藏高原东缘南北地震带上其他滑动速率较低但同样具有发生大地震可能性的活动断裂的滑动速率和古地震定量研究的紧迫性,因为这一地区人口密度与东部相当,但发生强震的频率更高。     

汶川5．12地震引起的库仑应力变化及其对周边地震活动的影响

汶川"5.12"8.0级特大地震,造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。地震对周围地区断层活动性的影响和余震发展方向是人们关心的一个问题。根据汶川地震同震静态位移我们计算了周围地区一些断层的库仑应力变化,并据此评价了震后周围地区断层和地震的活动性。计算结果表明,龙门山断裂带东北段,包括北川、青川、宁强等地,为库仑应力增强区,有利于地震的发生。较大的余震分布与库仑应力增强区有较好的对应关系。鲜水河断裂带主要为库仑应力下降区,只有一小段为增高区,鲜水河断裂带总体上不利于地震活动。成都地区的西北部库仑应力增强,东南部应力下降。库仑应力变化的研究对大震后地震趋势的分析有重要意义。     

汶川地震断裂带结构、岩性特征及其与地震活动的关系

文章以龙门山中央断裂带映秀-北川断裂带为研究对象,重点对汶川地震破裂带南段虹口乡八角庙地区地表断裂带进行了详细研究,并结合汶川地震科学钻探1号孔(WFSD-1)岩芯部分研究成果,探讨龙门山中央断裂带的物质组成及其结构特征.研究表明,映秀-北川断裂带由很多次级小规模断裂(破碎带)以及夹持其中的块体所构成,其中断层泥的厚度由几毫米到25cm不等,与WFSD-1岩芯记录的地震断裂现象基本一致.从虹口乡八角庙露头来看,映秀-北川断裂带整体宽约120m,分布有近80条含有断层泥的次级断裂带.以台湾车笼埔断裂钻探项目(TCDP)和汶川地震科学钻探(WFSD)研究来看,一次大地震只能形成几毫米至约2cm厚的断层泥,推断映秀-北川断裂带中每层断层泥至少发生过1次到13次地震,该区总厚度约150cm的断层泥中发生地震次数至少为183次,说明沿着映秀-北川断裂带重复发生过多次强地震活动.每次地震活动并不完全沿袭老的地震断裂主滑移带滑动,而是沿着断层泥边部区域滑动.从整个断裂带中断层泥分布特征来看,地震断裂活动具有向断裂下盘迁移的趋势,并且断层泥的厚度与断裂活动性成正比关系,表明断裂带宽度与地震活动次数及其演化历史有着成因上的直接联系,多次地震活动叠加可能是龙门山形成的主要成因.     

深圳断裂带构造活动性分析

深圳断裂带的活动性关系到深圳发展的前景，从构造地质学、遥感图像、地震学、地貌学和地球动力学的角度出发，论述了深圳及其邻近地区的地质构造背景，阐述了深圳断裂带的构造活动性。通过对断裂带地层剖面和断层物质研究发现，断裂带晚更新世以来没有明显活动迹象；地震活动方面，断裂带所在区域地震活动以微震为主，且震源分布与断裂带产状一致，反映断裂具有一定的活动性；根据地应力监测资料，最大主应力量值小且应力方向北西向，与断裂近乎垂直，不利于断裂活动。综合各方面因素，认为深圳断裂带晚更新世至今活动已经明显减弱；现代微震活动是其构造能量缓慢释放的表现，现今深圳断裂带构造稳定，不会发生较大规模的活动。     

北京平原区土壤氡地球化学特征分析

对北京平原区北西向和北东向两条氡浓度剖面进行了测量,发现北部地区氡背景值要大于南部,东向西方向氡浓度变化起伏频繁。分析其原因主要是受到土壤母质、地层以及断裂的影响,发现断裂是影响北京平原区氡浓度高值的主要因素。     

Radon activity of faults (western Baikal and southern Angara areas)

We report results of transect radon surveys on twenty six large and small faults of different geometries in the western Baikal and southern Angara (southern Siberian craton) areas. The studied faults show up in the radon field as broad zones of high radon activity concentration, with their widths 1.4 times the widths of faulting-related deformation zones. Other things being equal, radon emanation depends on the size and slip geometry of faults and on their activity in the Cenozoic. Relative radon activity is higher in rift faults than in cratonic ones, in normal relative to strike-slip faults, and in larger and more active faults, the latter factor being the basic geodynamic control of radon emanation.     

Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California

Radon emanation has been observed to be anomalously high along active faults in many parts of the world. We tested this relationship by conducting and repeating soil-air radon surveys with a portable radon meter across several faults in California. The results confirm the existence of fault-associated radon anomalies, which show characteristic features that may be related to fault structures but vary in time due to other environmental changes, such as rainfall. Across two creeping faults in San Juan Bautista and Hollister, the radon anomalies showed prominent double peaks straddling the fault-gouge zone during dry summers, but the peak-to-background ratios diminished after significant rain fall during winter. Across a locked segment of the San Andreas fault near Olema, the anomaly has a single peak located several meters southwest of the slip zone associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Across two fault segments that ruptured during the magnitude 7.5 Landers earthquake in 1992, anomalously high radon concentration was found in the fractures three weeks after the earthquake. We attribute the fault-related anomalies to a slow vertical gas flow in or near the fault zones. Radon generated locally in subsurface soil has a concentration profile that increases three orders of magnitude from the surface to a depth of several meters; thus an upward flow that brings up deeper and radon-richer soil air to the detection level can cause a significantly higher concentration reading. This explanation is consistent with concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, measured in soil-air samples collected during one of the surveys.     

Soil gas radon concentrations along the Ganos Fault (GF)

In this study, soil radon levels have been measured for the first time across the Ganos fault (GF), which is known as the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. LR 115 Type 2 Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (time integrated) have been applied to determine soil gas radon levels, and the survey was performed in 16 stations along the fault line. The results showed that soil gas radon concentrations and variation of concentration levels are comparable high along the fault line. It is also observed that in the middle of the Ganos Fault, fairly elevated radon levels were detected. These can be related to the activity of the fault lines. It is confirmed that the study area has a very active tectonic structure and is great location for analyzing radon variations.     

龙泉山断裂带隐伏断层氡气特征及其活动性分析

龙泉山断裂构造带作为龙门山推覆带的前陆隆起,严格控制了成都平原东边界,其活动性历来受到人们的关注。通过对龙泉山断裂带的氡气进行测量,可以有效地判断隐伏断层的位置及其活动性。测量结果显示,龙泉山断裂带北段东坡活动性强于西坡,主断层的活动性明显强于边缘隐伏断层,4条断层的活动性由强到弱依次为合兴场断层红花塘断层龙泉驿断层松林场断层。龙泉山断裂带同一条断层在地表由多个破碎带组成,其氡气异常特征与断层活动性和破碎带特征呈正相关性,即断层活动性越强,氡气异常特征越显著。龙泉山断裂带氡气平均异常浓度是背景值的9.6倍,将各异常带峰值浓度与背景值进行对比分析,大致归纳出了龙泉山地区隐伏断层活动性的相对判别标准。     

基于土壤氡气测量识别甘肃北山南缘隐伏断裂

我国高放废物地质处置库首选预选区位于甘肃北山南缘，区内分布有多条大型非活动断裂构造，这些断裂很可能成为未来放射性核素迁移的主要通道。断裂在向地表延伸过程中，受第四系覆盖等因素影响，造成关键构造部位隐伏地下而难以识别。本文以北山地区新场地段南部红旗山和前红泉断裂为研究对象，采用土壤中氡气测量方法，探讨了大型断裂构造中隐伏段落的识别及其指示的水文地质意义。结果表明：土壤中氡气测量对于识别北山南缘隐伏断裂具有很好的指示意义，是传统地质调查方法的一种重要补充；红旗山和前红泉断裂裂隙系统整体开启性均较差，裂隙系统不发育，影响范围较小，不具备形成较大规模储水空间的可能性。不同断裂带土壤氡浓度背景值差异较大，可根据土壤氡浓度累积频率分布图确定背景值；土壤氡浓度等值线分布图对判断隐伏断裂位置具有一定的指示作用。对于压剪性断裂而言，主断裂多沿氡气高异常与低异常边界分布或表现为氡气中等异常，而两侧的次级断裂表现为氡气高异常。     

On radon emanation as a possible indicator of crustal deformation

Radon emanation has been monitored in shallow capped holes by a Tracketch method along several active faults and in the vicinity of some volcanoes and underground nuclear explosions. The measured emanation shows large temporal variations that appear to be partly related to crustal strain changes. This paper proposes a model that may explain the observed tectonic variations in radon emanation, and explores the possibility of using radon emanation as an indicator of crustal deformation. In this model the emanation variation is assumed to be due to the perturbation of near-surface profile of radon concentration in the soil gas caused by a change in the vertical flow rate of the soil gas which, in turn, is caused by the crustal deformation. It is shown that, for a typical soil, a small change in the flow rate (3 · 10⁻⁴ cm sec⁻¹) can effect a significant change (a factor of 2) in radon emanation detected at a fixed shallow depth (0.7 m). The radon concentration profile has been monitored at several depths at a selected site to test the model. The results appear to be in satisfactory agreement.     

城市活动断裂带的土壤氡、汞气评价方法

活断层的勘探是城市发展中的一项重要任务。根据氡、汞断层气在断层上形成的机制,分析了断层气上氡、汞异常形态特征。根据长春市两条已知断层实例,分析了断层上土壤氡气、汞气异常的特征,可用该特征来确定断层的位置、产状以及推测断层的规模,探讨了盖层的性质对异常形成的影响。它们可为活断层勘探、评价提供有益的参考。     

The measurement of soil gases and shallow temperature for determination of active faults in a geothermal area: a case study from Ömer–Gecek,Afyonkarahisar (West Anatolia)

Afyonkarahisar is a very important geothermal province of western Anatolia and has low and medium enthalpy geothermal areas. This study has been carried out for the preparation of distribution maps of soil gases (radon and carbon dioxide) and shallow soil temperature and the exploration of permeable tectonic regions associated with geothermal systems and reveal the origins of radon and carbon dioxide gases. The western district of the study area is characterized by the high radon concentration (168.30 kBq/m³), carbon dioxide ratio (0.30%), and soil temperature (21.0 °C) values. Fethibey and Demirçevre faults, which allow the circulation of geothermal fluids, have been detected in the distribution maps of radon, carbon dioxide, and shallow depth temperature and the directions of the curves in these maps correspond to the strikes of Demirçevre faults. The effect of the fault plays an important role in the change of carbon dioxide concentration along the W-E directional geological section prepared to determine the change of soil gas and shallow depth temperature values depending on lithological differences, fault existence, and geothermal reservoir depth. On the other hand, it was determined that Rn²²² concentration and soil temperature changed as a function of geothermal reservoir depth or lithological difference. Tuffs in Köprülü volcano-sedimentary units are the main source of radon due to their higher uranium contents. Besides, the carbon dioxide in Ömer–Gecek soils has geothermal origin because of the highest carbon dioxide content (99.3%) in non-condense gas. The similarities in patterns of soil temperature, radon, and carbon dioxide indicate that the variation in soil temperatures is related to radon and carbon dioxide emissions. It is concluded that soil gas and temperature measurements can be used to determine the active faults in the initial stage of geothermal exploration successfully.     

河南卢氏盆地黄村断裂土壤氡气测量及断裂活动性分析

本文是为了确定在卢氏盆地内被第四系覆盖的黄村断裂的位置、断裂性质,分析黄村断裂与其北侧的乔家窑地热异常的关系。断裂构造是深部氡气汇集和迁移的主要通道,氡气沿断裂向上迁移,在地表浅部形成氡异常。土壤氡气异常可揭示隐伏断裂构造的位置、产状和活动性。黄村断裂通过卢氏乔家窑一带,为第四系沉积物所覆盖。沿垂直断裂走向方向布置4条测线。应用瞬时土壤测氡仪进行了野外现场测量,测试了土壤氡气浓度,确定土壤氡气异常,分析黄村断裂位置、产状和活动性。结果表明:黄村断裂带上方土壤氡气具有异常显示,异常位置与断层位置具有较好的一致性。沿QJ12测线,从南向北,土壤氡气异常形态为低-高-较高-较低-低的峰值形态。在断层带上方氡气峰值异常高于背景值的1.5倍以上,异常峰多数为2个测点以上组成。土壤氡气变化特征表明黄村断裂具有较强的活动性。利用土壤氡气异常分析了黄村断裂深部结构特征,给出了主断裂面与次级断裂面产状和位置。结合土壤氡气异常,分析了乔家地热形成机理。初步研究结果表明,豫西基底构造具有多期活动性,活化区域内的压扭性断裂,可转变为局部张性断裂,控制水热、成矿物质的迁移和富集。     

关于北京市平原区测氡定位隐伏活动断裂的探讨

本文结合氧气化学特性,对北京市隐伏活动断裂进行了测试,并选取了典型氧浓度异常剖面进行了解译分析,初步探讨了氧气与隐伏活动断裂的关系。