稻田CH4的排放规律

通过对我国长江中下游地区、西南地区及华中地区这三大主要水稻区稻田CH_4排放的多年测量,描述了稻田CH_4排放的一般规律及特征。稻田CH_4排放的日变化有三种型式,即下午最大值型式、夜间最大值型式以及下午、夜间双峰型式,导致这三种型式的主要原因是CH_4排放路径的日变化;不同品种水稻的不同生理特性、天气条件会通过改变CH_4排放路径的日变化来改变CH_4排放日变化的型式;随着水稻生长,CH_4排放日变化幅度也会随着变化。 早稻与晚稻稻田CH_4排放的季节变化型式不一致。早稻的CH_4排放一般出现三个排放峰值,其中第一个与第三个峰值是由土壤中CH_4的产生率增加引起的,第二个峰值则是由于CH_4排放路径的畅通引起的。四川地区单季稻CH_4排放的季节变化与早稻比较一致,但是没有第一个排放峰值的出现。引起早、晚稻不同季节变化的原因是水稻生长季节中气温的季节变化。灌溉水状态也能够较大程度的影响稻田CH_4的排放的季节变化。 含SO_4~(2-)的肥料能够降低CH_4的排放,但其作用的大小取决于土壤中有机物质(肥)的数量;施尿素、KCl也能够使CH_4排放降低,但它的降低效应没有有机肥使CH_4排放增大的正效应大,这说明有机肥对CH_4排放的影响很大,而在空气中堆腐过的沼渣肥使稻田CH_4的排放大大降低。不同的施肥使     

稻田CH4的传输

通过对稻田CH_4排放、土壤CH_4产生率以及植物体CH_4传输、气泡、液相扩散这三种排放路径的同时测量后发现:CH_4氧化作用在下午CH_4排放路径通畅时较小;阴雨天气造成CH_4排放率降低会增加CH_4在土壤中的氧化量。早稻CH_4传输效率在6月上、中旬较高,晚稻则在水稻生长初期的7月下旬最高,这主要是两季水稻的生长季节中气候因子的差异造成的。只有在较短的时间尺度内,当水稻植物体、气候因素维持相对恒定时,CH_4产生率和稻田甲烷排放才显出正相关性。 水稻植物体内有明显的CH_4浓度梯度。水稻的切割控制实验发现,通过植物体排放CH_4的比例随季节而变化,在进行单株植物体排放测量时发现了同样结果,早稻和晚稻CH_4通过水稻植物体的传输平均分别占CH_4总体排放的73.18％(43.07—97.88％〕及54.98％(11—99.95％);植物体对CH_4排放的作用在早稻大于晚稻;水稻植物体排放CH_4的能力的季节变化对早、晚稻类似,随着水稻的生长而不断增强,到水稻抽穗中期达到最大,以后则随水稻的成熟而变小;水稻植物体排放CH_4的能力与水稻植物体的高度存在极大的线性正相关。土壤中CH_4的浓度远远大于大气中的CH_4含量(10—10~4倍),根部区域土壤CH_4浓度小于水稻行间土壤中的;在垂直方向,CH_4浓度在14cm深的土壤中最大,与土壤浅层有     

稻田土壤中的CH4产生

通过对意大利稻田及我国湖南地区稻田土壤中CH_4产生率的实地测量,甲烷产生主要发生在稻田土壤耕作层的还原层(2—20cm),但不同的农业操作对此有较大的影响;在意大利稻田中7—17cm土壤层是重要的甲烷产生区域,13cm处的CH_4产生率最大;由于我国湖南地区独特的有机肥铺施操作,土壤中甲烷的产生在土壤上部即耕作层氧化层以下(3—7cm)就达到最大值。土壤湿润度能影响土壤主要CH_4产生区域的深度,当土壤湿润度低于某个临界值后,主要的CH_4产生区域将向土壤深处移动,CH_4产生量也明显减少。种植水稻的稻田土壤中CH_4产生率要比不种水稻的大,同块稻田中CH_4产生率还有一定的空间变化。另外,水稻植物根部土壤比水稻行间土壤能产生较多的CH_4。在大多数情况下CH_4产生率在下午大于上午,但在一日间没有明显的日变化规律,因此CH_4排放路径的日变化可能是CH_4排放日变化的主要原因。在湖南地区不同施肥和水管理稻田的CH_4产生率差别十分显著。这种差别能完全在CH_4排放率的差异上体现出来。总有机酸含量差别在各不同施肥田中较小而在各不同水处理田中较大实验室培殖发现温度能够较大地影响土壤CH_4产生率,每上升10℃,甲烷产生率能增加3倍多。在整个水稻生长季节中,仅施化肥或不施肥的意大利稻田土壤中CH_4产生率随时     

稻田CH_4排放的控制措施

通过对稻田CH_4排放施肥效应的研究指出:化肥的施用能够降低CH_4的排放,但是有机物的数量及质量是影响稻田CH_4排放的主要因素,因此稻田CH_4排放的控制应该主要从有机肥的科学施用入手;比起常规的有机肥,沼渣肥这种已经发酵的“陈”有机肥能够较大程度地降低CH_4排放。推出沼渣肥和化肥混施的方案,在不降低水稻产量的同时降低CH_4排放,并建议新鲜有机肥(紫云英、稻草、猪粪等)先进沼气池产生沼气并利用,沼渣在施入土壤前先充分干燥。 水管理实验发现,当土壤湿润度低到一定程度时(26％<湿度<31％),CH_4排放率突然减少,CH_4产生率也明显降低,而且主要的产CH_4区域向土壤深处移动。重新灌水后在较长的一段时间内CH_4排放率仍不能恢复。一个三日间隔灌溉法因为灌溉的时间间隔太短,没有起到降低排放的作用。同时考虑水稻产量及方案实用性,提出用适当时间表的间歇灌溉来降低CH_4排放。如果能控制好土壤湿润度的临界值,我国常用的晒田技术会起到降低CH_4排放的效果。 为更好地降低CH_4排放,并努力增加水稻产量,设想了一种水肥结合的控制措施,即把沼渣肥和化肥混施方案与最简单的间歇灌溉方案——晒田共同使用、结果使晚稻CH_4排放降低了一倍多。水稻作为传输CH_4的主要路径,某些水稻品种也可能对降低稻田CH_4排     

我国西南地区的稻田CH4排放

稻田CH_4排放的季节变化和水稻的生长过程(水稻高度)有较大的关系,有机肥对稻田CH_4排放有促进作用,沼气发酵肥可以降低稻田的CH_4排放量,水稻品种对稻田CH_4排放有一定影响,垄作是减少稻田CH_4排放的一种重要方法。     

基于通量测量的稻田甲烷排放特征及影响因素研究

稻田是大气甲烷(CH_4)的重要来源之一,会直接加剧全球气候变暖。基于涡度相关方法,通过对湖南省益阳市水稻田的CH_4通量进行连续测量,探讨来自水稻田的CH_4通量特征、动态及其影响因素。结果表明:①该地区水稻田的CH_4通量具有显著的季节性变化特征,即在水稻营养生长阶段CH_4通量最大,随后逐渐减少,在休耕阶段CH_4通量最小。②该地区水稻田的CH_4通量在水稻营养生长和生殖生长阶段具有明显的日变化,在14:00-16:00达到日通量峰值,但在休耕阶段,CH_4通量没有显著的日变化。③空气温度是该地区水稻田CH_4通量季节性变化最重要的控制因子,饱和水汽亏缺对CH_4通量的季节性变化也具有一定影响。④该地区水稻田的最大日平均CH_4通量为0.69μmol/(m~2·s),出现在水稻营养生长阶段后期,整个观测时段的CH_4排放总量约为28 g C/m~2。     

汶川M_s 8.0地震破裂带CO_2、CH_4、Rn和Hg脱气强度

地震活动断裂带能够向大气释放大量的温室气体、放射性气体和有毒气体(CO_2、CH_4、Rn和Hg),并对大气环境的影响产生复杂的影响。利用静态暗箱法,对汶川M_s8.0地震破裂带CO_2、Rn和Hg脱气强度进行实地测量,并计算了CO_2和Hg脱气对大气的年贡献量。结果表明:(1)破裂带土壤气中CO_2、CH_4、Rn和Hg异常浓度最大值分别可以达到7.98%、2.38%、524.30k Bq/m~3和161.00ng/m~3;破裂带CO_2、Rn和Hg脱气平均通量是34.95g·m~(-2)d~(-1)、36.11m Bq·m~(-2)s~(-1)和26.56ng·m~(-2)h~(-1),最大值分别达到259.23g·m~(-2)d~(-1)、580.35m Bq·m~(-2)s~(-1)和387.67ng·m~(-2)h~(-1);(2)汶川Ms8.0地震破裂带向大气脱气的CO_2年贡献量是0.95Mt,Hg的年贡献量是15.94kg。汶川Ms8.0地震破裂带破裂CO_2、CH_4、Rn和Hg等的脱气强度,不仅与破裂带渗透率有关,还与断裂带浅部存在的气藏、煤层以及磷矿层等气体源有重要的联系。     

TMK萃取比色测定金

本文研究了以TMK为显色剂,萃取比色测定痕量的金。试验表明,金与TMK在pH2.5—4.5的HAc-NH_4Ac介质中显色,定量的萃取于CHCl_3:MIBK:CH_3COOC_4Hg(2:1:1),吸收曲线的吸收峰是545nm。金量在0—4微克的范围内遵守比尔定律。摩尔吸光系数是1.68×10~5升·厘米~(-1)·摩尔~(-1)。本法具有较高的灵敏度和选择性,可测定n×10~(-3)g/t以上岩、矿中的金。     

钪-邻氯苯基萤光酮-CTMAB显色反应的研究

在pH5.5—7.8的(CH_2)_6N_4-HCl缓冲液中,CTMAB对Sc与o-Cl-PF的显色反应有明显的增敏作用。实验表明,Sc-o-Cl-PF-CTMAB三元配合物的λ_(max)为560nm,ε=1.21×10~5·L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),Sc含量在0—6.0μg/25ml范围内线性关系良好。所拟Sc的分析方法经合成样和稀土矿样的验证,方法可行。     

控制灌溉对稻田CH4和N2O综合排放及温室效应的影响

采用静态箱-气象色谱法对控制灌溉稻田CH₄和N₂O排放进行了观测,研究控制灌溉模式对稻田CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,并对其温室效应进行了评估。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH₄排放通量明显低于淹水灌溉稻田,且主要集中在分蘖前期和中期,全生育期CH₄排放量比淹水灌溉稻田减少73.2%～85.0%。控制灌溉稻田N₂O排放通量在水稻全生育期大部分时间都要大于淹水灌溉稻田,稻季N₂O排放量分别为106.65 mg/m2和96.40 mg/m2,控灌稻田较淹灌稻田增加了10.6%。控制灌溉稻田稻季排放CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWPs)为726 kg/hm2,较淹水灌溉稻田减少了59.1%。控制灌溉模式能显著降低CH₄和N₂O综合排放的全球增温潜势。     

Factors Affecting Methane Emission from Rice Paddies

A comparative study of rice paddies and the uncovered water field in Taoyuan(Hunan) showed that methane emission from rice-vegetated paddy fields in 1993 was different from that in 1992(I,e,lower in rates and irregular in pattern).Climate has obvious influence on methane emission .And ebullition made a considerable contribution to the total flux of methane emission from rice paddies (45%).This implies that the intensification of paddy cultivation of rice might not be,as was proposed,the main con-tributor to the observed gradual increasing of atmospheric methane.24-hour automatic measurements of atmospheric temperature,air temperature and methane concentration in the static sampling boxes revealed that temperature,in addition to fertilization and irrigation style,is one of the most important factors that control the emission of methane from rice paddies.     

广州地区稻田甲烷排放及中国稻田甲烷排放的空间变化

１９９３年在广州地区采用中国科学院大气物理研究所研制的自动采集和分析系统测量了稻田甲烷的排放率，首次获得了占我国２０－２５％左右水稻收获面积的华南地区稻田甲烷排放特征值。从而宏观地使我国五个主要水稻生态区的甲烷排放率都有了实测资料。稻田甲烷排放率的季节变化主要与气温及灌溉水状态的变化的较大关系，日变化规律以下午出现极大为主。本实验田的甲烷排放率低。     

Emission Flux and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Methane from Rice Paddies in Guizhou Province

Methane emission flux from rice paddies in Guizhou province shows obvious three stage diurnal variations;It is relatively low from the morning to the noon,then successively increases in the afternoon and at night,and finally follows a gradual decrease.The δ13C values of trace methane emitted from rice paddies in Guizhou Province range from-64.5‰to -54.1‰ with an average of -60.7‰,very close to the reported values from America or Kenya.     

Development of a continuous measurement system and areal distribution of methane in some source areas

For the purpose of investigating the areal distribution of atmospheric methane, we have constructed a continuous measurement system using a flame ionization detector (FID). Since the FID has high sensitivity to almost all hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons in sample air were reduced by being passed through a heated column filled with Pt catalyst. Through this treatment, non-methane hydrocarbons were effectively reduced, and a low detection limit of 0.004 ppmv and short response time of about 10 s were attained. By using this system mounted on a vehicle, the areal distribution of atmospheric methane was measured in two typical source areas: rice paddies and a natural gas field. In the case of the gas field, we estimated the emission rate of methane based on the observed profile of methane plumes.     

Reducing global warming — The role of rice

Activities to provide energy for an expanding population are increasingly disrupting and changing the concentration of atmospheric gases that increase global temperature. Increased CO₂ and temperature have a clear effect on growth and production of rice as they are key factors in photosynthesis. Rice yields could be increased with increased levels of CO₂, however, the rise of CO₂ may be accompanied by an increase in global temperature. The effect of doubling CO₂ levels on rice production was predicted using rice crop models. They showed different effects of climate change in different countries. A simulation of the Southeast Asian region indicated that a doubling of CO₂ increases yield, whereas an increase in temperature decreases yield.Enhanced UV-B radiation resulting for stratographic ozone depletion has been demonstrated to significantly reduce plant height, leaf area and dry weight of two rice cultivars under glasshouse conditions. Data are still insufficient, however, for conclusive results on the effect of UV-B radiation on rice growth under field conditions.Rice production itself has a significant effect on global warming and atmospheric chemistry through methane emission from flooded ricefields. Water regime, soil properties and the rice plant are major factors controlling the flux of methane in ricefields. Global and regional estimates of methane emission rates are still highly uncertain and tentative. Integration of mechanistic modeling of methane fluxes with geographic information systems of factors controlling these processes are required to improve estimates and predictions.     

Salinization and arsenic contamination of surface water in southwest Bangladesh

To identify the causes of salinization and arsenic contamination of surface water on an embanked island (i.e., polder) in the tidal delta plain of SW Bangladesh we collected and analyzed water samples in the dry (May) and wet (October) seasons in 2012–2013. Samples were collected from rice paddies (wet season), saltwater ponds used for brine shrimp aquaculture (dry season), freshwater ponds and tidal channels (both wet and dry season), and rainwater collectors. Continuous measurements of salinity from March 2012 to February 2013 show that tidal channel water increases from ~0.15 ppt in the wet season up to ~20 ppt in the dry season. On the polder, surface water exceeds the World Health Organization drinking water guideline of 10 μg As/L in 78% of shrimp ponds and 27% of rice paddies, raising concerns that produced shrimp and rice could have unsafe levels of As. Drinking water sources also often have unsafe As levels, with 83% of tubewell and 43% of freshwater pond samples having >10 μg As/L. Water compositions and field observations are consistent with shrimp pond water being sourced from tidal channels during the dry season, rather than the locally saline groundwater from tubewells. Irrigation water for rice paddies is also obtained from the tidal channels, but during the wet season when surface waters are fresh. Salts become concentrated in irrigation water through evaporation, with average salinity increasing from 0.43 ppt in the tidal channel source to 0.91 ppt in the rice paddies. Our observations suggest that the practice of seasonally alternating rice and shrimp farming in a field has a negligible effect on rice paddy water salinity. Also, shrimp ponds do not significantly affect the salinity of adjacent surface water bodies or subjacent groundwater because impermeable shallow surface deposits of silt and clay mostly isolate surface water bodies from each other and from the shallow groundwater aquifer. Bivariate plots of conservative element concentrations show that all surface water types lie on mixing lines between dry season tidal channel water and rainwater, i.e., all are related by varying degrees of salinization. High As concentrations in dry season tidal channel water and shrimp ponds likely result from groundwater exfiltration and upstream irrigation in the dry season. Arsenic is transferred from tidal channels to rice paddies through irrigation. Including groundwater samples from the same area (Ayers et al. in Geochem Trans 17:1–22, 2016), principal components analysis and correlation analysis reveal that salinization explains most variation in surface water compositions, whereas progressive reduction of buried surface water by dissolved organic carbon is responsible for the nonconservative behavior of S, Fe, and As and changes in Eh and alkalinity of groundwater.     

Determination of organophosphorus insecticide residues in the rice paddies

In most rice paddies in Mazandaran Province, diazinon is applied to control Chilo suppressalis. Due to the extensive application of insecticides in the rice paddies of the Caspian coasts of Iran, this investigation was carried out on the rice fields in order to obtain the necessary data and information on the concentration of insecticide residues. A total of 125 samples were taken from five areas of Amol township in 2007. Then, according to the analysis of variance procedures, the water samples were statistically analyzed after the spraying of diazinon. Results indicate that the insecticide was used frequently to control stem boring caterpillar of rice. The residuals of this toxic chemical were observed in the majority of stations from the day after the spraying until one to two months later. The greatest level of diazinon was observed in station 1 in amount of 1.14 ppm. This study revealed that the physical and chemical properties of the studied diazinon such as fumigation characteristic as well as the ecological conditions and soil type influence the reduction and eventual removal of the insecticides during the cultivation and harvest periods.