西方超越人类的地理学研究进展

随着现代科技发展与社会环境变化,人类与非人类的边界日益模糊,这使得以往研究中未能引起足够重视的非人类生命与物质逐渐引起学者们的关注。21世纪以来,在西方地理学界兴起的“回归唯物主义”思潮中,超越人类的地理学（MTHG）应运而生,并成为探索人类与非人类共同构成的世界的重要途径之一。通过对298篇相关期刊论文及著作的分析发现,超越人类的地理学主张“关系本体论”,其产生受到行动者网络理论、生物哲学与非表征理论的深刻影响,现有研究议题聚焦于新动物地理学与自然保护、城市社会文化与生态政治、物质性与商品经济、身体与生命健康、气候变化与环境问题等方面。本文通过梳理超越人类的地理学的理论源起并剖析各议题的经典研究案例,以期为中国地理学研究提供新的视域。     

地理学视角下中外基础设施研究的比较与反思

基础设施建设集中反映了人类改造和利用环境的过程，涉及复杂的人地互动关系。随着“一带一路”倡议持续推进，中国跨境基础设施活动在不同尺度空间范围内开始显著增长，引发了学者对相关议题的密切关注。本文比较了中外地理学研究对基础设施相关议题的关注，反思了地理学视角下基础设施研究的重点议题，认为基础设施映射了人类改造和利用自然目的与方式的变化。当前国内地理学研究更注重基础设施的经济功能属性，而国外更关注基础设施所涉及人地关系中“人”与“地”的异质性。本文认为这种学术边界是由社会发展阶段对基础设施的不同诉求所导致的，其本质上是一脉相承的。在对国内外地理学有关基础设施研究差异进行对比的基础上，本文从更加动态、多维、系统以及关系化的本体观讨论了基础设施如何对人地关系进行校正和调节，并探讨了这一系统基础设施本体认知背景下基础设施涉及的核心地理学议题。从学理上来说，本文整合了地理学中国内外基础设施研究的本体差异，为国内外地理学研究进行有效的对话构建了一个统一的概念框架和本体基础。从应用价值来看，在中国“走出去”战略基础设施先行的背景下，本文对中国海外基础设施建设活动也具有借鉴价值。     

近30年来中国遗产研究的地理学科贡献

为厘清地理学在遗产研究领域的具体贡献,基于CNKI、CSSCI、WOS等数据库,运用知识图谱工具,对1990—2020年1 172篇地理学科相关文献进行梳理。发现：1）地理学关于中国遗产的研究阶段性特征明显。自2005年文献数量快速增长,并在近10年出现3次高峰。发文量呈“之”字型发展态势,关键词呈“橄榄型”发展特征。地理学科30年遗产研究经历了以“世界遗产”研究为主的起步阶段（1990—2004年）,以“农业遗产”等众多主题展开的多元探索阶段（2005—2012年）,注重实践和理论的深耕阶段 （2013—2020年）。2）学者合作网络呈“小集聚、大分散”格局。即以数量众多独立学者为基底,合著作者小群零星分布,并出现一个规模较大、联系紧密的大聚集群体,其核心作者发文数首位度高。3）文化遗产研究在数量上占据优势;内容主要涉及农业文化遗产、非物质文化遗产、世界遗产等六大板块;农业遗产研究处于国际前沿,热点聚焦于乡村与农业文化遗产。4）对198篇高引用论文分析得出,已有研究表现出强调现实与实践导向、侧重主客体关系、重视空间分析等特点。未来地理学科应巩固农业遗产研究前沿地位,促进理论输出,并在建构遗产研究学术共同体,拓展遗产研究多视角等方面做出更多努力。     

发展地理学的发展与展望

梳理发展研究和现代地理学的思想与学术轨迹,将发展地理学的发展历程划分为学术思想萌芽期（18~19世纪启蒙运动到20世纪60年代末）、学术思想探索期（20世纪70年代初到90年代末）、学科建设期（21世纪初至今）3个阶段,各阶段特征都集中体现其学术领域的“欠发达”“发展中”“落后”国家和地区以及全球发展的研究主题与学科内涵。基于发展认识论、发展方法论和发展价值观,发展地理学的理论基础主要包括全球发展论、二元性和中心-边缘论、可持续发展理论和人类命运共同体思想等。在元问题的层面,采用在线词云工具提炼出发展地理学主要的研究内容包括发展的发展,殖民、不平等与发展,贫困、生计与发展,商品、贸易与发展,环境与发展等。展望未来,发展中国家和新兴市场2030年可持续发展目标、新型全球化和全球治理的国别差异与区域差异将成为发展地理学联合攻关和综合创新的重点领域;发展地理学的学科建设和人才培养要重视本土化和国际化。     

中、英、美地理学研究主题的进展与启示

国际化和本土化是中国地理学当代发展重要的议题。平行对比中、英、美三国地理学的发展特征,有助于摆脱从西方视角下审视中国地理学发展的“偏见”,同时也有利于透析“西方”地理学内部的异质性、复杂性和多样性,总结中、英、美三国当前地理学的发展阶段,并溯源其发展历程,对于在国际知识交互和融合的过程中,保持、挖掘和凸显中国地理学发展特色,具有一定意义。文章分别对Journal of Geographical Sciences、Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers、Annals of the Association of American Geographers三本期刊在2010—2020年的文献进行分析,揭示三国地理学在近年来的知识演进、历史热点和主题脉络。研究发现：1）美国地理学自然与人文并重,近年来对于“自然—环境—人文—社会”要素的综合地理研究比较活跃;2）英国在人文地理研究上更为“专注”,特别是社会文化地理学的发展极具特色;3）中国则以自然地理和区域研究为主,人文地理学和地理信息科学呈后起之势。中国地理学和以英美为代表的“西方”地理学在过去几十年间有着深刻的知识交互和影响,同时也基于各自社会基础,形成了不同的发展特征。中国地理学需要抓住中国时代变迁的重大需求牵引,加深和强化中国地理学在理论和实践方面研究,实现各分支学科的多样化发展和研究范式的转型融合,在与全球同行的对话中,讲好“中国地理故事”、总结“中国地理经验”,展现“中国地理理论”。     

日本经济地理学的发展、研究动态及其借鉴

日本经济地理学始于20世纪20年代后期。自1954年日本经济地理学会创立以来,经济地理学先后经历了起步阶段、发展阶段和转换阶段。在起步阶段,区位理论和区域经济地理成为经济地理学研究的重点;在发展阶段,主要是致力于发展独自的理论,地域构造论和地域经济论成为经济地理学研究的主要内容;而在转换阶段,主要是引进欧美经济地理学的最新成果,经济空间系统论成为研究的主要内容。日本经济地理学在全球化、信息化以及人文化的背景下,在研究方法论上和研究内容上均发生很大变化,主要体现为如下五个转变:①重新构筑经济地理学的理论框架,从“地域构造论”向“经济空间系统论”的转换;②扩大经济地理学的研究对象——经济现象,将社会、政治、制度、文化等纳入研究视野,从狭义的经济地理学向广义的经济地理学——社会经济地理学转换;③从地方尺度向全球尺度研究的转换;④从物质的生产和流动的空间过程及空间结构向非物质方面的转换;⑤从致力于发展独自的理论向注重和欧美经济地理学前沿研究领域相接轨的转变。日本经济地理学发展变化与最新研究动态对于同样处于转换期的中国经济地理学具有较大的借鉴意义。     

地理学与国际发展研究及中国的机遇

国际发展研究指相对发达国家的发展经验和知识在发展中国家本地化的研究,是西方地理学的经典议题。本文梳理和总结了20世纪中叶以来国际发展研究的发展历程,包括其出现背景、兴起过程和学科格局,系统评述了国际发展知识演变的4个阶段,即现代化理论阶段（20世纪50—70年代）、新自由主义阶段（20世纪80—90年代）、新结构主义阶段（21世纪初10年）,以及新现代化理论阶段（21世纪10年代至今）。借鉴西方经验,对照当前中国崛起的过程,提出中国已经到了需要为发展中国家提供国际发展知识的新阶段,应积极推动国际发展地理学。结合高质量共建“一带一路”的必然要求,立足学科优势,建议了中国开展国际发展地理学研究的4个方向,包括基于中国的区域发展经验和空间治理模式研究,针对发展中国家现代化地理研究,“一带一路”建设海外重大项目案例研究和国际发展融资地理研究。     

面向新唯物主义的文化地理学研究

新唯物主义是20世纪90年代以来,伴随“客体导向哲学”和“重返物质”研究而兴起的学术思潮,该思潮主张广义对称和本体论重构,是人们理解人地关系和社会文化实践的全新视角。目前地理学界对新唯物主义的研究主要聚焦在对其学术进展的介绍和述评层面,在内涵、发展、演化、应用等方面还未作出较好回答。有研究认为,新唯物主义否定了人类社会和历史发展规律,是一种“去人类中心主义”和否定实践的唯心主义思潮,这难免会让人们对新唯物主义理论气质产生疑虑、怀疑和迷惑;也有人担忧,呼吁文化地理学的唯物主义范式,是否会重蹈早期地理环境决定论的理论覆辙？基于上述背景,本文分析了新唯物主义出场的现实背景、后结构主义“物质/话语”存在的问题以及支撑该思潮的理论基石,并对新唯物主义在文化地理学中的认知转向、研究取向以及追踪并感受物质的空间和地方运作、物质空间互动及社会文化意义生产、人与非人类共创地理环境及生态秩序等内容进行了深入剖析。同时,在文化地理学新唯物主义范式的实践主体和能动力差异方面,回应了学术界关于新唯物主义和传统唯物史观关联问题的质疑;在分析地理环境决定论的发展与演化基础上,厘清了文化地理学新唯物主义范式不是对传统...     

可持续性转型研究动态与经济地理学展望

近年来,可持续性转型概念进入经济地理学者视野,用于探究区域绿色技术、消费市场和产业转型的多维因果过程与空间动力机制,已成为演化经济地理学和环境经济地理学新兴议题之一。为掌握该研究动态,本文对2000—2020年来共计2453篇可持续性转型文献进行回顾,重点探讨了转型地理研究进展和理论不足,阐述了经济地理学对可持续性转型研究的理论价值和融入方向。本文发现：① 可持续性转型是创新研究和可持续管理领域热门议题,呈多学科介入特点;其中,转型地理研究正不断崛起,并聚焦区域绿色新兴产业发展的社会-技术共演过程、多尺度动力机制、环境经济和社会效应及其转型地理性等问题。② 经济地理学对转型研究有三个视角优势：时空语境敏感性;转型过程、机制和结果的空间多样性;新产业系统的地方嵌入及其合法化的地理性。③ 经济地理学对可持续性转型研究含三个提升方向：概念内涵深化（含地方、尺度和空间）、多范式互动融合（演化、制度和政治经济地理）、分析框架构建方向（多地理尺度性与多层次视角,区域创新系统与技术创新系统）。④ 中国转型地理研究在三个议题上有广阔前景：基于国家语境敏感的地方转型探索、绿色利基发展与转型空间机制研究、以及区域新产业路径发展与转型研究。     

中国社会文化地理学研究的发展与反思：基于2015—2020年中英文文献分析

作为一个在中国发轫较晚的人文地理学分支,社会文化地理学逐渐成为人文地理学的重要分支。随着研究话题的日新月异以及研究方法和理论的推陈出新,中国社会文化地理学的理论和应用研究在近年（2015—2020年）得到越来越多学者的关注和参与,同时涌现出一系列新的学科现象和值得反思的问题,如话题的多样性、研究方法的交叉性、研究科学性的反思和质疑等。因此,从延续学科自省的视角出发,有必要坚持从中、西对比的角度,不断度量中国社会文化地理学的发展趋势,定位学科的特点,以期为国内社会文化地理研究提供一定的方向和启示。借助文献分析工具对2015—2020年中、英文领域主要学术期刊的社会文化地理学文献进行采集和分析,辅以德尔菲法对学科专家进行咨询,尝试结合客观和主观数据,综合辨析当前中外社会文化地理学的研究特色,以及未来中国社会文化地理学研究可能的发展方向和潜力所在。从分析结果上看,国外社会文化地理研究话题涵盖：1）从移民研究到流动性研究;2）从文化景观研究到超越人类的地理学研究;3）弱势人群研究与关怀地理学等方面。中国社会文化地理研究话题包括：1）理论引介与反思;2）城镇化、流动性与多元移民;3）旅游与地方;4）乡村转型与乡愁等方面。综合国内外社会文化地理研究成果可知,西方国家（尤其是英国）作为社会文化地理学的重要发源地,在学科知识“生产—消费”循环中保持优势地位;西方社会文化地理学研究重点关注国际大政治和日常政治话题,而中国社会文化地理研究与旅游和乡村话题结合紧密,与西方形成明显区别,反映中国社会发展需要;中国社会文化地理学国际化趋势明显,但中、西方知识交换程度不高,知识边界依然明显。另外,专家咨询意见也凸显社会文化地理研究者的学科归属感有待加强、研究范式系统化不足与共识不充分等问题。未来中国社会文化地理学需要不断推进学科交叉和方法创新,探索其地理学本质,在国际化进程中讲好中国故事,总结中国经验,发展中国理论,服务国家,对话世界。     

身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究

1970年代以来,伴随着消费主义和女权运动,身体研究在人文社会学科中兴起,一个被布莱恩·特纳（Bryan Turner）称之为“身体社会崛起”的时代来临了。身体研究成为西方人文与社会科学研究的“新大陆”,众多哲学家、社会理论学家纷纷投身于身体研究,重新解读了身体在认识世界和知识生产中的重要性。身体转向作为文化转向的一部分,同样受到了人文地理学家的关注。许多批判地理学家,如女性主义、马克思主义、反种族主义、后殖民主义、酷儿地理学家认为,身体研究是改善社会、文化、经济关系的可能途径。在“身体转向”的影响下,身体研究逐渐渗入到情感地理学、旅游地理学、乡村地理学等众多研究领域。与此同时,人文地理学家从人文社会科学中引入多种理论,如表演理论、精神分析法、非表征理论等对身体研究进行了探讨和阐释。基于这样的背景,梳理了西方人文地理学中有关身体研究的文献,归纳了人文地理学中身体研究的主要议题和理论,以及由此而展开的一系列具体的研究成果,此工作具有切实的学术意义并对后续相关研究的展开具有指导意义。     

Population geography in China since the 1980s: Forging the links between population studies and human geography

This paper reviews the progress of population geography in China since the 1980s. The review results suggest that contrary to the common perception of its invisibility and marginalized status in the field, tremendous progress has been made in population geography in China since the 1980s. Population geographers have made significant contribution to the understanding of a wide range of population issues from geographical perspectives, including migration, urbanization, population distribution, the relationships between population, environment and resources, aging, marriage patterns, and migrants’ crimes, although such contribution often did not appear in the geographical circle. Furthermore, population geographers have played an indispensable role in revitalizing population studies in China and forging its links to human geography, occupying an important position in this multi-disciplinary field. Population geographers’ contribution to the areas of migration and urbanization research has been particularly significant, reflected in their leading roles in these areas’ research. The paper demonstrates that as latecomers in the field after more than 20 years of isolation, population geographers in China have gone through a process of catching up and increasing engagement with developments in social sciences and increasing interaction with social scientists since the 1980s, and have benefited greatly from it; however, there is a tendency for population geography to be increasingly alienated from the main stream human geography, a phenomenon similar to but not exactly the same as Anglo-American geography in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The paper argues that population geography is only half way in the course to forge the links between population studies and human geography, and it needs to return to geographical sciences to strike a healthy balance between the field of population studies and that of human geography, and promote its further development in a multi-disciplinary field.     

Think globally and act locally: Voices of Chinese human geographers in the international arena

With the help of the mapping software Citespace and based on analysis of international human geographers’ journal outputs in terms of countries of residence, institutions, journals and key topics, this article demonstrates Chinese scholars’ contributions to both top and regional journals in the field. The analysis shows that Anglophone geographers have been leading the development of human geography. It also demonstrates that human geographers have taken a more micro and dynamic perspective to explain environmental and social phenomena, rather than a macro and narrative approach. Scholars tend to focus more on daily life, with research topics such as home, food, body and other micro-material matters. The analysis further finds that emotional geography, geography of embodiment, food geography as well as non-representational theory have drawn increasing attention from researchers. People's perceptions of nature have been constructed through the development and negotiation of social relations. As China becomes more visible internationally in the context of a highly globalized and mobile world, increasing numbers of Chinese geographers have become involved in research on human geography. Some representative scholars and institutions, especially those based in Hong Kong, act as academic leaders by articulating their own voices to tell the unique Chinese story internationally through the publication of their research.     

国外儿童地理学研究进展与启示

20世纪70至80年代,在地理学“空间转向”的背景下,国外儿童地理学研究兴起。2003年Children’s Geographies诞生,成为儿童地理学的旗帜性刊物,标志着儿童地理学的发展进入新阶段。借助可视化工具,系统梳理国外儿童地理学研究的核心主题、研究热点以及研究方法。研究发现：（1）国外儿童地理学的科研人员、科研机构以及研究所属区域都呈现高度集中性,欧美国家占据主导地位;（2）核心研究主题包括移民与流动身份、伦理与地区差异、教育与青年志向、童年与多元空间以及游戏与情感体验等;（3）亚洲儿童地理研究成为近期研究热点,聚焦于“跨国儿童移民”以及“亚洲青年教育及就业问题”两部分;（4）研究方法历经探索期、发展期、繁盛期以及信息技术广泛应用时期的演进,技术手段随时代发展不断更新。     

Sentinels of geography: legacy,public policy and contemporary relevance

Many geographers, past and present, have addressed public policy issues facing nations and peoples and in the process offered solutions to highly complex problems. Three ‘sentinels’ of the discipline, Halford Mackinder, Carl Sauer and Thomas Griffith Taylor, served as protectors of geography speaking up for the science in a way often confronting public officials, politicians and others. They contributed significantly to the development of geography in Britain, the USA, Australia and Canada, while engaging in public policy debates on topics such as geopolitics, geographical constraints on land use and natural resource management. All three were advocates for the unity of geography, stressing how an understanding of the interconnectedness of natural and human phenomena can assist in decision making. They were often frustrated by what they saw as ill-informed policies which did not respect geographic realities. Given their varied contributions, it is difficult to fully assess their impact both during their long and productive lifetimes, and subsequently, especially given the interdisciplinary and contested nature of their research. Today, academic geographers are faced with having to increasingly ‘prove the impact’ of their research, something beyond the comprehension of previous generations. Lessons from an analysis of the work of these ‘sentinels’, as well as my own experience, show how difficult a task this will be.     

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS: A FORTY-YEAR REVIEW

For a decade or so after World War II, human geographers working in the American tropics found socio-political conditions and resultant research topics little changed from those before the war. This was in contrast to the Old World tropics where decolonization processes and the demands of economic development and new nation building produced divergent research currents, For the first half of the period under review, the American tropics continued to be the province largely of geographers with culturalhistorical questions grounded in natural historical bases. The legacy is Humboldt's; the practitioners most notably students of Carl Sauer or German counterparts such as Carl Troll. French and British regionalist approaches, strong in the region before World War II, survived less successfully. By the 1980s, however, broad pan-tropical currents of geographic discourse and debate had become established. New practices and theories were formulated and tested as North Atlantic geographers borrowed from antipodean innovators and others working in the Asian and African tropics. Since the 1980s, there have been greater efforts at dialogue and collaboration with host country colleagues. As might be expected in this era of ‘globalization’, national research styles and agendas have become less evident. This paper offers a highly selective map of research nodes within tropical Americanist geography since the early 1950s. The selection of examples includes qualitative criteria, but more importantly, research that signify stasis or intensification as well as turning points and departures in the overall development of this literature. The contours of this history suggest some highly evolved, even idiosyncratic enterprises, but in the main, it is an unfolding that suggests broad congruencies with human geographic work elsewhere in the tropics.     

中国学者在国际人文地理学界的发声——看世界地理,走中国道路（英文）

With the help of the mapping software Citespace and based on analysis of international human geographers' journal outputs in terms of countries of residence, institutions, journals and key topics, this article demonstrates Chinese scholars' contributions to both top and regional journals in the field. The analysis shows that Anglophone geographers have been leading the development of human geography. It also demonstrates that human geographers have taken a more micro and dynamic perspective to explain environmental and social phenomena, rather than a macro and narrative approach. Scholars tend to focus more on daily life, with research topics such as home, food, body and other micro-material matters. The analysis further finds that emotional geography, geography of embodiment, food geography as well as non-representational theory have drawn increasing attention from researchers. People's perceptions of nature have been constructed through the development and negotiation of social relations. As China becomes more visible internationally in the context of a highly globalized and mobile world, increasing numbers of Chinese geographers have become involved in research on human geography. Some representative scholars and institutions, especially those based in Hong Kong, act as academic leaders by articulating their own voices to tell the unique Chinese story internationally through the publication of their research.     

20世纪80年代以来的中国人口地理学——铸就人口研究与人文地理学间的纽带（英文）

This paper reviews the progress of population geography in China since the 1980 s. The review results suggest that contrary to the common perception of its invisibility and marginalized status in the field, tremendous progress has been made in population geography in China since the 1980 s. Population geographers have made significant contribution to the understanding of a wide range of population issues from geographical perspectives, including migration, urbanization, population distribution, the relationships between population, environment and resources, aging, marriage patterns, and migrants' crimes, although such contribution often did not appear in the geographical circle. Furthermore, population geographers have played an indispensable role in revitalizing population studies in China and forging its links to human geography, occupying an important position in this multi-disciplinary field. Population geographers' contribution to the areas of migration and urbanization research has been particularly significant, reflected in their leading roles in these areas' research. The paper demonstrates that as latecomers in the field after more than 20 years of isolation, population geographers in China have gone through a process of catching up and increasing engagement with developments in social sciences and increasing interaction with social scientists since the 1980 s, and have benefited greatly from it; however, there is a tendency for population geography to be increasingly alienated from the main stream human geography, a phenomenon similar to but not exactly the same as Anglo-American geography in the late 1990 s and early 2000 s. The paper argues that population geography is only half way in the course to forge the links between population studies and human geography, and it needs to return to geographical sciences to strike a healthy balance between the field of population studies and that of human geography, and promote its further development in a multi-disciplinary field.     

On Geographic and geography

New Zealand Geographic is one of a number of geographical magazines published in the English‐speaking world that make little or no reference to work by academic geographers. It recently launched a New Zealand Geographic Trust to promote research into ‘New Zealand's life, culture and sciences’ and collaborated with four other publishers of geographical magazines to raise awareness of climate change: the work of academic geographers is again ignored. This exclusion of academic and school geography from such enterprises raises important issues regarding the discipline's public profile in New Zealand and suggests the need for greater public engagement activity by the country's geographers.     

Subjectivity,Power, and the IRB

A substantial literature in social sciences, including law and society, examines the intersections of research ethics and institutional review board (IRB) frameworks. Although geographers have engaged this literature, we argue that further involvement in ethical and regulatory discussions will advance opportunities for better understanding and negotiating the complex subjectivities produced in the IRB structure. Drawing on illustrative experiences of researchers, we focus specifically on the institutions convening IRBs, the researchers, and the human “subjects” produced in the IRB process. We conclude with a call for greater open discussion of the power dynamics, subjectivities, and challenges of formal ethical research structures.