Preparation of hemocyanin polyclonal antibody and the identification of 35 kDa hemocyanin fragment in HaHotis diversicolor Reeve

以杂色鲍（Haliotis diversicolor Reeve）为研究对象,通过密度梯度离心方法纯化得到高纯度血蓝蛋白,以其作为抗原皮下注射免疫新西兰大白兔,从而获得高效价的兔源多克隆抗血清。进一步通过ProteinA抗原亲和纯化的方法对该抗血清纯化,最终获得效价更高、检测特异性更好的血蓝蛋白多克隆抗体。应用该抗体进行Western检测发现,鲍血淋巴中存在着多样的血蓝蛋白衍生产物;进一步结合质谱技术对其中35kDa条带进行鉴定发现,其来源于血蓝蛋白I型亚基的H结构域。     

凡纳滨对虾4种血蓝蛋白亚型的特征分析

血蓝蛋白是对虾体内的氧运输蛋白,占血浆中蛋白含量的95%以上.研究表明,它参与了许多生理功能,包括蛋白储运,渗透压调节,蜕皮过程以及骨架形成等等.近年来的研究表明,血蓝蛋白还参与了对虾的先天性免疫反应,具有酚氧化酶,抗菌肽、抗病毒等相关生物活性.本研究从凡纳滨对虾中克隆获得了血蓝蛋白L亚基LvHcL,并对其基因组织结构进行了分析.该基因具有丰富的多态性,含有多个SNP位点.研究中发现该基因亚基至少存在4种亚型,其中一种亚型缺失第二个外显子,仅含有2个外显子.对各个亚型的转录水平分析表明,抗病对虾在病毒感染刺激下,各个亚型的转录水平均会被诱导提高.而普通对虾在病毒感染刺激下,各个亚型的转录水平则被抑制.研究结果表明,血蓝蛋白参与了对虾的抗病毒免疫反应.这些结果不仅有助于深入了解对虾血蓝蛋白的免疫学特点,也有助于促进对无脊椎动物抗病毒免疫机制的认识.     

中国明对虾血蓝蛋白的组织器官分布特点

本文对实验室前期研制的抗中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)血蓝蛋白单克隆抗体进行特性分析,并以该单抗为第一抗体,采用石蜡切片、免疫组化方法,研究了血蓝蛋白在中国明对虾鳃、心、胃、中肠、淋巴器官、卵巢和肝胰脏等组织器官中的分布特点.结果表明:血蓝蛋白在鳃丝小叶边缘的微血腔、心肌束间隙、淋巴器官的淋巴腔中以及肝小管中阳性信号较强;在卵巢卵母细胞之间的血窦、胃内壁环肌层结缔组织的血窦和中肠结缔组织血窦中有阳性信号.结论认为,中国明对虾血蓝蛋白阳性信号大多来自血淋巴而非实质组织,且在血淋巴含量多、血流量大的部位含量丰富,在某些血淋巴无法到达的部位(肝小管内壁)也有血蓝蛋白分布,血蓝蛋白含量的这种组织特异性与各组织器官的功能有着密切的联系.     

对虾病毒IHHNV衣壳蛋白的克隆表达及新型双抗夹心ELISA的高效检测

通过利用分子生物学手段克隆IHHNV衣壳蛋白基因并构建原核表达载体,筛选抗原特性好的多肽免疫兔以制备高效的特异性IHHNV多克隆抗体,最终建立高效的检测对虾IHHNV的新型双抗夹心ELISA方法.实验结果表明该方法成功表达了对虾病毒IHHNV衣壳蛋白基因的抗原多肽,并制备出了高灵敏性的多克隆抗体.将抗原多肽及多克隆抗体用于ELISA的检测,抗体的效价在1∶12 800以上,最低可检测到1 pg的抗原蛋白,表明已成功建立高效的双抗夹心ELISA方法,对于对虾的海水养殖及IHHNV病毒性疾病的防控具有重要的参考价值.     

斑马鱼卵黄原蛋白的纯化鉴定及其2种ELISA的开发

斑马鱼卵黄原蛋白(Vitellogenin,VTG)是检测环境雌激素活性的重要生物标志物。为了确定最佳的斑马鱼VTG检测方法,本研究利用纯化的斑马鱼VTG及其多克隆抗体同时建立了竞争ELISA与夹心ELISA,并比较了2种方法对VTG的敏感度与精确度。采用凝胶过滤与离子交换层析相结合的方法从17β-雌二醇暴露后的斑马鱼整体匀浆液中纯化获得了2种高分子量的糖磷脂蛋白,SDS变性电泳显示分子量为180与143kDa的两条主带,证实纯化的蛋白为斑马鱼VTG。Western blot结果表明制备的抗血清对斑马鱼VTG具有很高的特异性,利用纯化的VTG及其多克隆抗体建立了定量斑马鱼VTG的竞争ELISA和夹心ELISA。与竞争ELISA相比,夹心ELISA不需要抗原抗体共孵育的过程,操作更加省时、简便,其工作范围为3.9~250ng/mL,检出限约为2.2ng/mL,组内与组间变异系数则分别为2.1~5.7和3.0~7.3,表现出更高的敏感度与精确度,推荐该方法用于环境雌激素活性的检测。     

曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶样活性研究和相关功能单元片段的克隆

采用分光光度法对曼氏无针乌贼血蓝蛋白及相关功能单元(FUs)的酚氧化酶活性进行研究,并获得该功能单元的序列信息.结果表明,曼氏无针乌贼血蓝蛋白能氧化左旋多巴和邻苯二酚而不能氧化酪氨酸单酚,说明该血蓝蛋白可能具有酚氧化酶活性,并属于儿茶酚酶类;进一步研究显示,曼氏无针乌贼血蓝蛋白酶解片段FUg的酶活特性显著区别于其它功能...     

血蓝蛋白功能研究新进展

血蓝蛋白是位于节肢动物和软体动物血淋巴中的含铜呼吸蛋白,脱氧状态为无色,结合氧状态为蓝色。业已证明,节肢动物和软体动物的血蓝蛋白在分布、氨基酸序列和空间结构上均存在较大差异[1]。节肢动物门血蓝蛋白主要存在于螯肢类、甲壳类、多足类和蜘蛛类中[2],一般由3~8个不同的     

杂色鲍血蓝蛋白HtH1基因第16内含子SNP密度的分析

单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）是继RFLP和SSR多态性标记之后的新一代遗传标记系统.本文采用EPIC的方法,分析了45个杂色鲍样品的血蓝蛋白HtH1基因第16内含子（H1 intron 16）的SNP数据.这45个个体分别来自日本、台湾和汕头3个不同海域的野生或养殖群体.日本群体的血蓝蛋白HtH1基因第16内含子呈现出长度多态性,共有3种不同长度,分别是1 900、780、440 bp,测序结果表明3个等位基因可以互相比对;而台湾和汕头杂色鲍养殖群体的均为1 900 bp.初步研究结果表明日本杂色鲍个体大约96 bp长的片段含有1个自身杂合SNP位点;台湾杂色鲍个体约133 bp含有1个自身杂合SNP位点;汕头杂色鲍个体约153 bp含有1个自身杂合SNP位点.13个台湾杂色鲍个体包含的SNP密度为约31 bp含有1个SNP;23个汕头杂色鲍个体包含的SNP密度为约21 bp含有1个SNP.这些数据表明现有的杂色鲍养殖群体包含了丰富的SNP位点,利用SNP分子标记进行高密度遗传图谱的构建是可行的.     

钝顶螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白提取纯化新工艺

对钝顶螺旋藻（Spirulina platensis）中藻蓝蛋白的提取和纯化方法进行了改进。用磷酸盐缓冲液循环冻融联合超声波破碎法，50％硫酸铵沉淀获得藻蓝蛋白（phycocyanin，PC），提取率达到13．1%。粗蛋白提取液再经过两次羟基磷灰石柱（HA）层析和sephacryl-HR-200凝胶层析对其进行纯化，纯度达到4．71％。纯化后的PC在12％十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）中得到两条带，分别是α和β两个亚基，分子质量分别为21．4ku和17．0ku。结果表明，通过上述分离纯化过程得到了较高提取率和电泳纯度的藻蓝蛋白。     

血蓝蛋白

血蓝蛋白hemocyanin一词来源于希腊文haimos二血液;kyanos二深蓝。许多无脊椎动物(如:虾、蟹、贝、蛤、乌鱼、鲎等)的血液均呈不同深浅的蓝色,这是因为在它们的血液中的呼吸蛋白不是习见的血红蛋白,而是血蓝蛋白。     

哈维弧菌和鲍类疱疹病毒刺激对杂色鲍免疫相关因子的影响

以哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、鲍类疱疹病毒(Abalone herpesvirus,Ab HV)悬液对杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)注射刺激,研究其血淋巴中可溶性总蛋白浓度,免疫相关酶超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、酸性磷酸酶(Acid Phosphatase,ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline Phosphatase,AKP)活性的变化,杂色鲍外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺、腹足中血蓝蛋白(Hemocyanin,Hc)基因Hc1、Hc2相对表达量的变化以及感染后杂色鲍无细胞血浆的抑菌性。结果显示:(1)杂色鲍血淋巴中可溶性总蛋白浓度变化显著,呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。(2)无细胞血浆中的SOD、ACP、AKP活性与对照组相比变化显著,哈维弧菌注射组的SOD活性在感染后第6小时显著升高;Ab HV注射组SOD活性与对照组比较在注射后的各个时相均呈下降趋势,从注射后6 h各个时相的SOD活性与对照组相比均差异显著(P0.05)。哈维弧菌注射组ACP活性在注射后的第48小时显著升高;Ab HV注射组ACP活性在注射后的第12小时显著升高。哈维弧菌注射组AKP活性在注射后48 h显著升高;AbHV注射组AKP活性在注射后第12小时显著升高。(3)杂色鲍外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺以及腹足中血蓝蛋白两个基因Hc1、Hc2的相对表达量均在注射后的不同时间点出现升高。(4)杂色鲍无细胞血淋巴对哈维弧菌、创伤弧菌和溶珊瑚弧菌这三种贝类病原均表现出了不同程度的抑菌性增强的作用。这些结果表明细菌和病毒的刺激引起了杂色鲍免疫相关因子的变化,使得血淋巴的抑菌性增强。本研究为今后进一步研究杂色鲍的非特异性免疫以及在生产实践中应用免疫技术防治病害提供参考。     

Cadmium accumulation by the blue crab, callinectes sapidus: Involvement of hemocyanin and characterization of cadmium-binding proteins

The accumulation of cadmium from seawater by the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was studied as a function of metal concentration and exposure time, with special emphasis on cadmium-binding proteins. Cadmium was found, in decreasing order of magnitude, in gills, digestive gland and hemolymph. When exposed to 0·5 ppm cadmium for 2–24h, virtually all of the cadmium in the cytosolic fraction of the gill was associated with a low molecular weight (LMW) cadmium-binding protein (MW 8000). However, after 48h of exposure only 50% of the cadmium in the cytosol was bound to this protein. The rest wasfound to be associated with proteins of a molecular weight of 300 000 and 60 000. This pattern of cadmium distribution did not change over a 12-day depuration period. Similar results were obtained upon exposure to 0·1 ppm cadmium. The pattern of cadmium accumulation in the cytosolic fraction of the digestive gland was in marked contrast to that observed for the gill. Initially, the cadmium was distributed over three low molecular weight fractions. During depuration the distribution of cadmium changed and all of the metal became bound to a low molecular weight protein (MW 9000). The cadmium concentrations in the gill and digestive gland remained essentially constant during depuration (12 days). The LMW cadmium-binding proteins were purified by a combination of gelpermeation and ion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weight, spectral properties and amino acid composition are characteristic of the vertebrate metallothioneins. During exposure to cadmium the metal rapidly appeared in the hemolymph, mainly associated with hemocyanin. During depuration cadmium was transferred from the hemolymph to the digestive gland, demonstrating that hemocyanin acts as a carrier in trace metal transport.     

牙鲆芳香化酶Cyp19a多克隆抗体制备及其应用

芳香化酶Cyp19a在鱼类性别决定和性别分化中起关键作用,通过调控体内雌、雄激素的转化来影响鱼类性别表型形成。为深入研究Cyp19a在牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)性腺分化和发育过程中的表达规律及作用机制,本文从牙鲆cDNA中克隆获得1557bp的cyp19a基因编码序列,并成功构建了原核重组表达质粒。经体外重组与纯化获得较高纯度的重组Cyp19a蛋白;以此作为抗原免疫兔子,制备多克隆抗体。用间接酶联免疫吸附剂测定(ELISA)技术检测抗血清效价,评估其免疫原性。结果表明免疫结束后得到的抗体血清效价超过了1∶50000,且纯化后抗体具有较好活性。Western Blot(WB)检测结果表明Cyp19a兔多抗可以特异性识别牙鲆重组Cyp19a蛋白和内源性Cyp19a蛋白。蛋白水平的雌雄性腺差异表达分析显示,牙鲆Cyp19a蛋白在卵巢中高表达,在精巢中微量表达。利用Foxl2和Dmrt1重组蛋白处理牙鲆性腺分化期幼鱼可分别显著上调和下调Cyp19a的表达(P<0.05)。综上所述,本研究成功制备了牙鲆Cyp19a多克隆抗体并进行了应用,为深入研究牙鲆等鱼类性别分化机制提供有力工具。     

三种赤潮藻多克隆抗体制备及特异性分析

Polyclonal antibodies against three red tide algae with different size, Heterosigma akashiwo, Gymnodinium sp and Alexandrium catenella were raised in this study. Block affinity treatment was done to enhance the specificity of the antibodies. The titer of three polyclonal antibodies was determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the specificity against polyclonal antibody was determined by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assy(icELISA). The result showed that Heterosigma akashiwo and Gymnodinium sp antibodies without block treatment got titer higher than 1:32000 and 1:10000, respectively, an indicating of high affinity antibodies. The titer of Alexandrium catenella antibody reached 1:2500, relatively lower than the previous two. The specificity of three polyclonal antibodies after affinity treatment was raised remarkably. However, the titer declined. All the polyclonal antibodies showed a high affinity with their own cells. Polyclonal antibodies were not remarkable cross reacted with other algae in the icELISA, The antibody of Alexandrium catenella reacted to its own cells, no cross activity was found with Alexandrium tamarense, which will be applicable in distinguishing species within the genus. The immunology technique was specific, sensitive and simple with low expend. This was provide a valuable tool for further experiment and had signafication to qualitative and quantitative monitoring of red tide algae.     

牙鲆血清中免疫球蛋白M的分离及其测定

通过提取健康养殖牙鲆(Paraliehthys olivaceus)血清中的免疫球蛋白(Ig),并测定其相对分子质量,其中重链(H链)的相对分子质量为74．2ku,轻链(L链)的相对分子质量为23．8ku。用纯化的牙鲆血清中的Ig作抗原,制备多克隆抗体,确立牙鲆血清中免疫球蛋白的最佳测定方法。     

Effects of molting and environmental factors on trace metal body-burdens and hemocyanin concentrations in the American lobster, Homarus americanus

Hemocyanin concentrations in the hemolymph of marine crustacea are dependent on the molt cycle and on environmental conditions. Studies in our laboratories have found that hemocyanin levels in blue crabs are reduced after ecdysis and under conditions of environmental stress (Engel, Brouwer, & McKenna, 1993. Hemocyanin concentrations in marine crustaceans as a function of environmental conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93, 233-244). We have extended those studies to include the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Hemolymph and digestive gland tissues from Long Island Sound lobsters were analyzed for hemocyanin, copper, and zinc during different stages of the molt cycle. Hemocyanin, copper and zinc in the hemolymph were highest in premolt stages (D1-D4), and lowest in the postecdysal papershell stages (B1-B2). Concomitantly, copper in digestive glands decreased significantly following ecdysis, but no significant changes in the metals bound to metallothionein (MT) were observed. Copper-MT was the predominant form throughout the molt cycle, presumably because lobsters were obtained from copper-contaminated areas. To examine the effects of environmental factors, intermolt lobsters were collected from locations of different environmental quality along the Atlantic coast, and were analyzed for hemocyanin and trace metals. In general, animals from areas with a history of contamination showed the highest hemocyanin concentrations.     

中国明对虾血蓝蛋白C末端片段在毕赤酵母中的表达及其抗菌活性

为研究中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)血蓝蛋白C末端(FcHC-C)的抗菌功能,将血蓝蛋白基因FcHC的2个C末端基因片段连接到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,构建酵母表达载体pPIC9K/FcHC-C。该载体经SalI酶切后,采用PEG法转化毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris GS115)。转化子经过PCR鉴定后,阳性克隆通过含有G418的YPD平板筛选,获得高拷贝重组子。重组毕赤酵母利用甲醇诱导表达目的基因。经Tricine-SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析结果表明,利用酵母工程菌成功表达了血蓝蛋白C末端片段(rFcHC-C1和rFcHC-C2)。抑菌活性鉴定实验结果显示,重组蛋白rFcHC-C1和rFcHC-C2作为阴离子抗菌肽具有抗真菌和抗细菌的活性。     

应用免疫荧光技术对三种赤潮藻的研究

为探索和建立免疫学结合荧光技术对赤潮生物的定性、定量检测,制备了3种粒径不同的赤潮藻——赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、共生甲藻(Symbiodinium sp)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)的多克隆抗体,并采用封闭吸附处理以提高抗体的特异性;采用间接酶联免疫法检测了抗体的效价;结果表明未经吸附处理的赤潮异弯藻、共生甲藻的效价分别为1:41 000,1:18 000以上,显示是高亲合力的抗体;链状亚历山大藻抗体的效价达到1:3 500,相比另两种藻的效价较低;吸附处理后的3种多克隆抗体的特异性明显提高,而效价有所下降。3种多克隆抗体与各自藻细胞均有很强的结合力,赤潮异弯藻和共生甲藻的荧光信号均匀分布于细胞表面,链状亚历山大藻细胞的荧光信号在细胞表面分布不均匀,主要集中在腹部横沟内。制备的多克隆抗体只与自身藻细胞结合,与另外2种藻细胞无交叉反应。链状亚历山大藻抗体只与自身藻细胞结合,与塔马亚历山大藻无交叉反应,可作为同属内不同种的鉴别。结合了免疫学和荧光技术,具有特异、灵敏、直观和简便的优点,并且费用低,对于开拓赤潮准确定性、定量检测方法和技术具有重要价值。