广义纵弯褶皱叠加机制、类型及其应用

早期褶皱的迁移机制和迁移型叠加类型的发现扩大了对广义纵弯褶皱叠加机制和类型的认识。广义叠加机制有多种,其中包括迁移和位移,褶皱变缓和展平,岩层变陡和变缓等。广义叠加类型中除基本类型外还有限制型、展平残留型、叠加挠曲、共轴重褶等。本文将用几个地质实例予以说明。此外还将讨论叠加褶皱层应变和小构造的多成因和应用问题,其中包括斜纵弯应变和褶皱变缓展平引起的应变和小构造。     

大巴山西北缘叠加褶皱研究

大巴山晚侏罗纪叠加褶皱可能是世界上区域规模或填图规模最典型的褶皱叠加构造之一,具有完美的干涉图像。作者在两期褶皱近乎正交的大巴山西北缘开展1/万填图和构造分析,重点研究露头尺度上的横跨褶皱的几何学、运动学特征。厘定了晚三叠世和晚侏罗世两期构造运动及其两期褶皱变形,确定地壳浅层发育的纵弯褶皱机制,在三维几何形态研究基础上,特别是根据同褶皱层间滑动线理的几何学和运动学及其相互配置关系,基于叠加褶皱力学作用方式和变形干涉图像将区内叠加褶皱划分为3类10种基本样式。研究表明晚侏罗世近南北-北北西向褶皱（F2）近垂直地跨过晚三叠世近东西-北东向褶皱（F1）,是大巴山地区最主要的定型构造,构成大巴山晚侏罗纪弧形前陆褶皱山系主体;而北西向褶皱（F3）与近南北-北北西向褶皱（F2）在其中-西部以小的角度相交,总体具非共轴的旋转应变特征,并主要表现为并置或重褶作用。     

低级变质沉积岩区压溶作用在褶皱变形中的意义

拉卡兰褶皱带中,发育于Ballarat-Bandigo冲断带中的低级变质砂、泥岩的宏观构造以间离劈理和人字形褶皱为特征,而且劈理在褶皱中呈扇形发育。劈理和褶皱的几何关系分析显示:劈理和褶皱的形成为压溶作用、压扁作用、弯曲作用和被动旋转共同作用的结果,而褶皱砂、泥岩中变形构造则以与压溶作用和再沉淀过程有关的显微构造为其典型特征。Fry法进行的全岩应变测量显示,褶皱砂岩的内部应变相当低(X/Z=1.40—1.83),褶皱应变格局给出变形机制的信息包括:缩短过程中的压扁作用和压溶作用、褶皱过程中由弯滑导致的层平行剪应变、以及褶皱后期发育阶段内弧区强烈的压溶作用。宏观构造、显散构造以及应变特征多方面信息证明:低级变质的沉积岩在褶皱变形过程中,压溶作用为一重要的变形机制。应变分解显示在30％—50％的总地壳水平缩短量下,弯曲导致的缩短最为14％—36％,压扁导致的缩短量为3％—14％,压溶导致的缩短量为8％—26％,而且压溶作用主要发生在褶皱内弧区。     

叠加褶皱研究进展综述

叠加褶皱作为地壳构造变形中一种常见的地质现象, 对于确定多期变形和构造运动期次, 探讨构造演化历史以及内外生矿床的空间分布、形成与变形特征均有重要研究意义。在回顾叠加褶皱研究历史与近年来取得的主要进展基础上, 系统地总结了叠加褶皱几何学与运动学特征, 指出叠加褶皱主要有纵弯褶皱作用、横弯褶皱作用及剪切褶皱作用3种成因机制。在此基础上, 选取典型的叠加褶皱, 剖析了其构造样式及形成机制, 并探讨了叠加褶皱研究的难点与可行研究方法。      

宣汉双石庙地区纵弯褶皱叠加特征及应力场、应变场分析

本文对川东北双石庙地区横跨褶皱特征作了详细论述,对其早晚两期褶皱形成时应变力场特征进行了较深入的讨论,并对岩石有限应变进行了Fry法研究、分析,指出了单个褶曲为平面应变,且核部应变程度大于翼部,复合地区应变程度大于非复合地区等特点。     

内蒙古大梁道班地区叠加褶皱构造分析

内蒙古大梁道班地区位于二连-贺根山缝合带和西拉木伦断裂带之间,区内广泛发育大面积浅变质岩和火山岩。该地区横跨叠加褶皱较为典型,通过1:5万区域地质调查和研究横跨叠加褶皱的几何学、运动学特征,并对其形态、组合关系以及产状要素等进行半定量分析,大量统计与不同期次褶皱相配置的线理和面理数据,利用赤平投影,厘定出本区的三期叠加褶皱变形,同时建立本区的构造变形序列。认为第一期褶皱以区域规模的大型紧闭平卧褶皱为特征;第二期褶皱是在第一期褶皱的基础上发生的横跨叠加褶皱;第三期褶皱是以第二期褶皱轴面劈理和面理在走向上的蛇形弯曲为标志形成的宽缓直立褶皱。     

青海赛什塘矿区叠加褶皱特征及其构造意义——叠加褶皱区的矿区构造研究

新的资料揭示,青海赛什塘铜矿区是褶皱叠加变形区。为矿山勘探工作提供基础地质支撑,采用露头构造解析基础上的构造综合分析方法,在露头条件欠佳的矿区中下三叠统中首次厘定出4期褶皱组合样式,形成露头和区域尺度上的各类叠加构造。第二期褶皱(F2)叠加在第一期褶皱(F1)之上,主要形成Ramsy(Ramsay et al.,1987)的第三类叠加,表明二者可能是同一构造事件中连续的2阶段变形作用的结果,代表了从分层剪切到横向缩短的地壳变形机制转换过程,其间同时发生了印支期岩浆杂岩的侵入就位,推测是对区域上印支期西秦岭地块与柴达木地块之间从俯冲向碰撞转换的远程效应的响应。褶皱构造对赛什塘铜多金属矿的形成、改造和保存都起了重要作用。     

黔西南地区叠加褶皱及其对金矿成矿的意义

黔西南地区燕山-喜山运动期间发生过4期褶皱，它们通过跨褶、移褶、限褶、重褶、弯转、加强等方式叠加，在区内形成穹-盆构造，蛇形褶皱、环状褶皱等复杂的露头干涉型式。叠加褶故对金矿田具有重要的控制作用，多数矿田不仅受叠加褶皱形成的穹隆控制，而又大致按15—20km的等间距排列。本区叠加褶皱的深入研究，对基础地质、成矿规律研究及成矿预测等均具重要意义。     

纵弯褶皱叠加机制和类型的研究现状

叠加褶皱的研究是以叠加机制和叠加类型为基础的。从变质岩构造研究中形成的叠加褶皱理论是以剪切褶皱为基础,而沉积岩的纵弯褶皱叠加机制和类型均与之不同。国外有学者分别指出再褶皱时的斜纵弯褶皱机制和早期褶皱枢纽的迁移机制以及四种基本叠加类型。我国有人论述了早期褶皱的枢纽、拐线的迁移是正纵弯再褶皱的一种机制,依此提出了正纵弯叠加褶皱的三种基本类型。本文对这些成果的主要认识和依据予以介绍。     

金沙江溪洛渡地区叠加褶皱及工程地质意义

金沙江溪洛渡地区古—中生代沉积地层中发育复杂的褶皱构造，它们是喜马拉雅运动期间经3期褶皱叠加而成，其叠加方式主要有跨褶、移褶、限褶、重褶等。大比例尺填图及构造解析表明，区内第3期褶皱——箐口复式背斜形成地下分水岭，构成了金沙江溪洛渡水电站库首至下游可能渗漏路径上的挡水墙，岩溶管道式渗漏不会发生。区内第3期褶皱的首次厘定及研究，对溪洛渡巨型水电站库首渗漏研究具有极为重要的意义。     

龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱磁组构及其有限应变

龙门山南段位于四川盆地以西,其新生代构造变形特征对于认识青藏高原东缘的变形机制具有一定的指示意义。磁组构是一种灵敏的应变指示计,在变形微弱的沉积岩地区尤为适用。在龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱不同构造部位选取48个采样点开展磁组构研究,分析断层转折褶皱的有限应变特征及区域构造变形机制。实验结果表明,邛西地区上白垩统中主要载磁矿物为高矫顽力的赤铁矿,背斜整体应变较弱,且存在3种类型的磁组构,以沉积磁组构和初始变形磁组构为主,铅笔状磁组构少见,主要存在于靠近褶皱中段的前翼部位,说明断层转折褶皱前翼较后翼和核部应变强,且中段地层应变较其他部位更为强烈。此外,各采样点磁线理的优势方位为近南北向（N10°E）,表明邛西断层转折褶皱的形成与龙门山南段晚新生代近东西向的地壳水平缩短有关,暗示龙门山南段的最大主压应力方向在晚新生代存在转变的可能。     

龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱磁组构及其有限应变

龙门山南段位于四川盆地以西,其新生代构造变形特征对于认识青藏高原东缘的变形机制具有一定的指示意义。磁组构是一种灵敏的应变指示计,在变形微弱的沉积岩地区尤为适用。在龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱不同构造部位选取48个采样点开展磁组构研究,分析断层转折褶皱的有限应变特征及区域构造变形机制。实验结果表明,邛西地区上白垩统中主要载磁矿物为高矫顽力的赤铁矿,背斜整体应变较弱,且存在3种类型的磁组构,以沉积磁组构和初始变形磁组构为主,铅笔状磁组构少见,主要存在于靠近褶皱中段的前翼部位,说明断层转折褶皱前翼较后翼和核部应变强,且中段地层应变较其他部位更为强烈。此外,各采样点磁线理的优势方位为近南北向(N10°E),表明邛西断层转折褶皱的形成与龙门山南段晚新生代近东西向的地壳水平缩短有关,暗示龙门山南段的最大主压应力方向在晚新生代存在转变的可能。     

Strain analysis in Jurassic argillites of the Monte Sirino area (Lagonegro Zone,southern Apennines,Italy) and implications for deformation paths in pelitic rocks

Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped reduction spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction (X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pretectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis (X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction (X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks.     

大巴山弧形构造带中段渔渡地区侏罗纪叠加变形研究

大巴山构造带是秦岭造山带南部发育的一个以逆冲推覆构造为特征的构造带。通过在大巴山弧形构造带中段渔渡地区进行的详细构造解析发现,大巴山构造带在侏罗纪以来经历了至少两期变形叠加,变形地层三叠系嘉陵江组—侏罗系沙溪庙组。早期变形以与滑脱构造相关的轴向北西—北北西向箱状或隔挡状褶皱为主,并在深部发育顺层滑脱构造,变形时代为晚侏罗世到早白垩世。晚期变形与北侧逆冲相关,导致右行走滑变形,主要形成右行走滑断层和北西—北北西向紧闭褶皱,变形时代比第一期稍晚,为晚侏罗世之后到早白垩世。两期变形形成的褶皱延伸方向一致,与区域构造线的方向协调,而且在远离北侧镇巴断裂的地区变形强度有减弱的趋势,两期变形叠加形成共轴或斜交叠加构造。研究表明,变形与大巴山冲断—推覆构造带向南逆冲有关。     

Usage of strain and vorticity analyses to interpret large‐scale fold mechanisms along the Sanandaj–Sirjan HP‐LT metamorphic belt,SW Iran

3D finite strain analyses and kinematic vorticity measurements were carried out on the Loghon Anticline within the HP‐LT Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic belt (Neyriz area, SW Iran). Rƒ/φ and Fry methods were used on the strain markers (e.g. deformed fossils) to interpret geometric relationships between the fold axis, strain ellipsoid axes and shear zone boundaries. The results indicate the predominance of prolate strain in the anticline. Quantitative kinematic analyses show that the W_k parameter is 0. 67 ± 0. 06 (i.e. pure‐shear dominated non‐coaxial flow). This study quantitatively supports the establishment of a dextral transpressive system, which is responsible for the development of the large‐scale right‐lateral shear zones that strike sub‐parallel to the major folds. Flexural shear combined with regional dextral‐shear is suggested to be the most common mechanism of folding in this area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冀东高级变质区的构造特征──冀东太古宙地质问题讨论之三

按照韧性剪切带的发育程度，将区内划分为迁西群分布区的弱变形域和遵化群分布区的强变形带。根据各种形变特征，认为迁西群及遵化群分别存在三次及两次叠加褶皱，其中迁西期形成的为轴面南倾的东西向线状同斜褶皱；遵化期第一幕为北东向摆动的紧密线形倒转褶皱。由于边界条件的限制，叠加在迁西群上的褶皱，轴向转为近南北向。迁西期褶皱因属同斜而具简单层状体特征，故每个单体的叠加背向形并非三斜对称，主要部分也并非穹盆构造，而为ｗ形蛇形弯曲，不存在原生的穹隆或卵形群构造；遵化期第二幕表现为舒缓的东西向叠加褶皱。区内的主要构造样式为包括迁西群在内的由叠加褶皱及两组共轭韧性剪切带共同作用所形成的迂西－曹在卵形隆起区；遵化群的弧形褶皱群被密云－喜峰口－王厂左行平移韧性断裂带带动形成的宽城－遵化帚状构造亚区以及由遵化群形成的青龙王厂－迁安重熔片麻岩穹隆亚区。     

显微构造中应变标志物及应变测量

显微构造的运动学差别原理及方法目标已得到广泛应用，但其定量计算的标志还局限于石英颗粒、鲕粒、化石等球形物体及少数别的标志物。本文介绍的是书斜构造了、布丁构造、显微褶皱构造、揉皱构造和滑脱构造等5种显微构造的应变特征及测量方法，这些标志的识别和测量有助于提高平衡剖面和缩短量的计算精度。在这五种情况下，测量应变量首先要找到视域内代表最大应变方向的变形前和变形后的长度，然后计算不同视域下的变形量并找出最大应变量，利用应变公式计算变形率。例如：大别山构造带龟山组是一套单斜地层，它的显微变形很发育，显微褶皱显示其缩短变形量达57％，由于龟山组是单斜地层，其样品所代表的地层厚度内其缩短量为57％。     

雪峰山区韧性剪切构造带

雪峰山区存在着三条与山脉步向一致的北东向弧形韧性剪切带(Fl、F_2、F_3),F_1以左旋剪切为主,F_2、F_3以右旋剪切为主,但均系同一次构造剪切力所致。由变形岩石中的旅转应变体估算出剪切中心地带的剪切应力值大约是7-8,有限应变沿X最大拉伸量195％,沿Z方向最大缩短量为62％。其深部韧性剪切发生于加里东构造期,这之后又遭受浅部脆性应变叠加而构成断裂构造综合实体。     

Transpressive Structures in the Ghadir Shear Belt,Eastern Desert,Egypt: Evidence for Partitioning of Oblique Convergence in the Arabian‐Nubian Shield during Gondwana Agglutination

Transpressional deformation has played an important role in the late Neoproterozoic evolution of the ArabianNubian Shield including the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The Ghadir Shear Belt is a 35 km-long, NW-oriented brittleductile shear zone that underwent overall sinistral transpression during the Late Neoproterozoic. Within this shear belt, strain is highly partitioned into shortening, oblique, extensional and strike-slip structures at multiple scales. Moreover, strain partitioning is heterogeneous along-strike giving rise to three distinct structural domains. In the East Ghadir and Ambaut shear belts, the strain is pure-shear dominated whereas the narrow sectors parallel to the shear walls in the West Ghadir Shear Zone are simple-shear dominated. These domains are comparable to splay-dominated and thrust-dominated strike-slip shear zones. The kinematic transition along the Ghadir shear belt is consistent with separate strike-slip and thrustsense shear zones. The earlier fabric(S1), is locally recognized in low strain areas and SW-ward thrusts. S2 is associated with a shallowly plunging stretching lineation(L2), and defines ～NW-SE major upright macroscopic folds in the East Ghadir shear belt. F2 folds are superimposed by ～NNW–SSE tight-minor and major F3 folds that are kinematically compatible with sinistral transpressional deformation along the West Ghadir Shear Zone and may represent strain partitioning during deformation. F2 and F3 folds are superimposed by ENE–WSW gentle F4 folds in the Ambaut shear belt. The sub-parallelism of F3 and F4 fold axes with the shear zones may have resulted from strain partitioning associated with simple shear deformation along narrow mylonite zones and pure shear-dominant deformation in fold zones. Dextral ENEstriking shear zones were subsequently active at ca. 595 Ma, coeval with sinistral shearing along NW-to NNW-striking shear zones. The occurrence of upright folds and folds with vertical axes suggests that transpression plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the Ghadir shear belt. Oblique convergence may have been provoked by the buckling of the Hafafit gneiss-cored domes and relative rotations between its segments. Upright folds, fold with vertical axes and sinistral strike-slip shear zones developed in response to strain partitioning. The West Ghadir Shear Zone contains thrusts and strikeslip shear zones that resulted from lateral escape tectonics associated with lateral imbrication and transpression in response to oblique squeezing of the Arabian-Nubian Shield during agglutination of East and West Gondwana.