纵弯叠加褶皱地区岩石有限应变特征：以川东北地区典型叠加褶皱为例

纵弯叠加褶皱地区岩石有限应变特征是所受历次变形的综合结果.远离叠加区应变型式的伸长方向与褶皱轴向一致而缩短方向与褶皱轴垂直,叠加区应变型式不规则,且应变椭球伸长量和缩短量之差值较小.     

黔东南隔槽式褶皱成因分析

隔槽式褶皱与隔档式褶皱构成侏罗山式褶皱。传统观点认为,侏罗山式褶皱是滑脱作用所形成,其典型实例是在刚性岩体(基底)之上有一层软弱岩层,在软弱层之上的岩层发生“台布式”滑动而形成隔档隔槽式褶皱。黔东南地区隔槽式褶皱实地调查发现：（1）隔槽式向斜核部的地层比两翼和背斜核部的地层厚;（2）沿隔槽式向斜核部发育多期次活动的纵向断层,断层走向与褶皱枢纽一致;（3）背斜产状平缓变形弱而向斜产状急变变形强,背斜与向斜相间出露构成典型的强弱应变域,复杂变形发生在向斜核部。在湘黔交界处的寒武系内发育了典型的露头尺度隔槽式褶皱。通过隔槽式褶皱的露头尺度解析与宏观变形分析,认为黔东南隔槽式褶皱的形成受多期活动的断层控制,早期沉积阶段的正断层,控制了隔槽式褶皱紧闭向斜的发育位置,构造反转之后,先期断层是应力集中区,正断层转为平移或逆冲断层,在隔槽式褶皱向斜核部发育复杂变形。其次,正断层对隔槽式褶皱发育与逆断层对断弯褶皱发育的控制不同,前者断层发育早,后者断层发育晚。     

断层相关褶皱在塔里木盆地玛东地区的应用

玛东褶皱-冲断带是世界上保存最好的早古生代褶皱冲断带之一,也是塔里木油气勘探的重点区域之一。褶皱-冲 断带浅部构造由于遭受强烈剥蚀,为玛东褶皱-冲断带的构造样式和变形机制研究带来巨大的挑战。断层相关褶皱理论定 量化建立了断层形态和褶皱形态几何学和运动学的关系,是一种有效的利用断层形态来推测褶皱形态的方法,为恢复玛东 地区被剥蚀区域的构造形态提供了可能。文中详细介绍了断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱的几何学和运动学特征,并将其应 用于玛东地区的典型构造中,建立2 种玛东地区构造变形模式。最后结合工业地震剖面和钻井资料,认为玛东地区的主要 构造样式是断层转折褶皱, 并分析了构造样式对油气圈闭的影响。     

冀东迁安铁矿区早前寒武纪硅铁岩矿层褶皱变形序列

文中根据硅铁矿层的褶皱形态、复合关系等确定迁安铁矿区在中元古代之前发生过6期褶皱变形,叙述了这6期褶皱的特征和分布,讨论了褶皱的成因。区内各期褶皱形态演化规律反映了变形过程中岩石塑性有规律递减的特点。这一演化规律对研究早前寒武纪地区褶皱变形和指导该区找矿工作有重要意义。     

龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱磁组构及其有限应变

龙门山南段位于四川盆地以西,其新生代构造变形特征对于认识青藏高原东缘的变形机制具有一定的指示意义。磁组构是一种灵敏的应变指示计,在变形微弱的沉积岩地区尤为适用。在龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱不同构造部位选取48个采样点开展磁组构研究,分析断层转折褶皱的有限应变特征及区域构造变形机制。实验结果表明,邛西地区上白垩统中主要载磁矿物为高矫顽力的赤铁矿,背斜整体应变较弱,且存在3种类型的磁组构,以沉积磁组构和初始变形磁组构为主,铅笔状磁组构少见,主要存在于靠近褶皱中段的前翼部位,说明断层转折褶皱前翼较后翼和核部应变强,且中段地层应变较其他部位更为强烈。此外,各采样点磁线理的优势方位为近南北向(N10°E),表明邛西断层转折褶皱的形成与龙门山南段晚新生代近东西向的地壳水平缩短有关,暗示龙门山南段的最大主压应力方向在晚新生代存在转变的可能。     

龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱磁组构及其有限应变

龙门山南段位于四川盆地以西,其新生代构造变形特征对于认识青藏高原东缘的变形机制具有一定的指示意义。磁组构是一种灵敏的应变指示计,在变形微弱的沉积岩地区尤为适用。在龙门山南段邛西断层转折褶皱不同构造部位选取48个采样点开展磁组构研究,分析断层转折褶皱的有限应变特征及区域构造变形机制。实验结果表明,邛西地区上白垩统中主要载磁矿物为高矫顽力的赤铁矿,背斜整体应变较弱,且存在3种类型的磁组构,以沉积磁组构和初始变形磁组构为主,铅笔状磁组构少见,主要存在于靠近褶皱中段的前翼部位,说明断层转折褶皱前翼较后翼和核部应变强,且中段地层应变较其他部位更为强烈。此外,各采样点磁线理的优势方位为近南北向（N10°E）,表明邛西断层转折褶皱的形成与龙门山南段晚新生代近东西向的地壳水平缩短有关,暗示龙门山南段的最大主压应力方向在晚新生代存在转变的可能。     

岩石流变特征和单层褶皱尖角度

岩石中的很多褶皱展示了具有尖锐枢纽和平直翼部的尖角状外形。不少作者的研究表明，多层岩层中的这类褶皱形态是由层状或叶理状岩石固有的不均匀性造成的。二维有限元模拟的结果显示，具有尖锐枢纽和平直翼部的褶皱也可以发育在适当流变环境下的孤立的强硬层中。影响褶皱形态的两个基本物质特性是非线性和各向异性。粘塑性流动、幂律流动（应变率软化）和应变软化是３种非线性行为。这些都可导致具有尖锐枢纽和平直翼部的褶皱。各向     

川西盐井沟断层传播褶皱的三维构造建模与磁组构分析

当前断层相关褶皱研究的发展方向是从二维向三维的转换。文中基于Arcgis、Discovery以及Gocad等三维软件平台,对川西盐井沟地区地震资料进行精细的解析,得出盐井沟背斜是一个典型的三剪断层传播褶皱,并建立了它的三维模型。同时考虑到单纯符合几何约束的构造解释普遍存在着多解性和不确定性,结合几何学的三维建模和动力学的有限应变分析研究断层相关褶皱。在川西盐井沟地区18个采样点钻取了184块定向岩心样品,通过磁组构的分析结果发现,盐井沟地区的磁组构基本上都是弱应变的初始变形组构,褶皱前翼应变强度比后翼略强。断层传播褶皱三剪带是有限应变最为集中的区域,在模型预测的三剪带内,磁组构反映的有限应变也较为强烈。磁组构所指示的构造应力场大致为NW-SE向挤压缩短,与断层相关褶皱的几何学与运动学模型的预测相一致。     

川西盐井沟断层传播褶皱的三维构造建模与磁组构分析 推荐 下载阅读CAJ格式全文 下载阅读PDF格式全文

当前断层相关褶皱研究的发展方向是从二维向三维的转换。文中基于Arcgis、Discovery以及Gocad等三维软件平台,对川西盐井沟地区地震资料进行精细的解析,得出盐井沟背斜是一个典型的三剪断层传播褶皱,并建立了它的三维模型。同时考虑到单纯符合几何约束的构造解释普遍存在着多解性和不确定性,结合几何学的三维建模和动力学的有限应变分析研究断层相关褶皱。在川西盐井沟地区18个采样点钻取了184块定向岩心样品,通过磁组构的分析结果发现,盐井沟地区的磁组构基本上都是弱应变的初始变形组构,褶皱前翼应变强度比后翼略强。断层传播褶皱三剪带是有限应变最为集中的区域,在模型预测的三剪带内,磁组构反映的有限应变也较为强烈。磁组构所指示的构造应力场大致为NW-SE向挤压缩短,与断层相关褶皱的几何学与运动学模型的预测相一致。     

褶皱构造应力场及其演化

为了弄清褶皱构造形成过程中应力场的分布及动态演化状况,运用弹性力学理论对褶皱构造形成过程中的应力场进行了分析并对其动态演化进行了探索。通过分析给出了单一岩层褶皱启动时应力场的解析式;根据解析式求出了褶皱波长与岩层厚度、刚度模量之间的关系,从而揭示了褶皱等距性的成因;同时研究了褶皱驱动应力与岩层厚度、刚度模量以及褶皱波长之间的关系,从而指出褶皱作为"古地应力记录仪"用以测量古地应力的可能性。通过对不同结合状态复合岩层的分析,揭示了平行褶皱、相似褶皱、不协调褶皱的成因;在单一岩层褶皱启动时应力场解析式的基础上,提出了能体现褶皱应力场演化状况的解析式并做了部分求证,进而对褶皱应力场的演化做了分析。     

断层相关褶皱的三维构造几何学分析:以川西三维地震工区为例

现有的断层相关褶皱理论均基于平衡剖面原理而建立的二维几何学模型。所谓的假三维模型则是通过一系列的二维剖面复合而成的,真正意义上的三维断层相关褶皱理论尚未确立,仍然处于探索阶段。本文采用Trishear 4.0和GoCad软件,分别构建一系列不同位移量的断层转折褶皱和三剪断层传播褶皱的二维正演剖面,将这些正演剖面按照一定的线性位移梯度平行排列,从而建立起断层转折褶皱和三剪断层传播褶皱的假三维理论模型并加以分析和讨论。进而选取川西南盆地中三维地震勘探所覆盖的邛西断层转折褶皱和盐井沟断层传播褶皱,作为真三维实际解释模型的两个实例。研究表明,邛西背斜是一个典型的剪切断层转折褶皱,盐井沟背斜是一个典型的三剪断层传播褶皱;断层相关褶皱的假三维理论模型与实际解释模型的对比分析,可以看出沿背斜走向的位移梯度是控制三维构造几何学特征的基本因素,然而自然界断层面几何学的复杂多变以及岩层力学性质的各向异性,是造成断层相关褶皱真三维理论模型难以建立的主要原因。     

纵弯叠加褶皱地区应力场研究-以川东北地区为例

川东北地区主体构造为北西向大巴山弧形构造带和北东-北东东向川东弧形褶皱带,发育早期北东向纵弯褶皱和晚期北西向纵弯褶皱,两者构成明显的纵-纵复合叠加,形成典型的限制褶皱、横跨褶皱、斜跨褶皱和移褶等。早、晚两期褶皱和共轭“X”节理均反映出早期应力场为北西-南东向水平挤压,晚期应力场为北东-南西向挤压。     

Constriction structures related to viscous collision,southern Prince Charles Mountains,Antarctica

Macroscopic structures are investigated in a zone of highly contorted migmatites from the southern Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica. Here, L-tectonite fabrics, rods, mullions, boudin pods, elongate enclaves, and fold hinges, are persistent linear features all plunging gently to the northeast. In contrast, amoeboid folds, ptygmatic folds and folded boudins with different orientations are the characteristic structures in transverse sections (perpendicular to the lineation). No consistent shear sense is recognised in any dimension. Together with strain and shape analysis, these observations strongly suggest that the deformation pattern is one of folding and stretching by constriction. Previous timing constraints indicate that this deformation overlapped with the waning stages of anatexis during decompression at approximately 510 Ma, up to 30 million years after initial orogeny at 540 Ma. The zone affected by constriction is several kilometres wide and has a contorted flower-like shape confined between two broad domal antiforms. In this context, the constricted zone is interpreted as a relatively late tectonic feature that could have formed via deep-seated viscous collision in response to orogenic collapse and doming.     

内蒙古中部大青山地区推覆构造系统及与断层相关的褶皱

对内蒙古大青山地区西部推覆构造及与断层相关的褶皱的研究表明，大青山构造系统自南向北分为根部逆冲推覆岩席带、中部斜歪倒转褶皱一逆冲断层带和前缘断层相关褶皱带，变形强度由根带向前缘带逐渐减弱，前缘带发育典型的断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱。推覆构造运动方向由SSE向NNW推覆，主要形成于中侏罗世末期，推覆距离达10～20km，其形成可能与鄂霍次克洋在燕山期的闭合有关。     

大巴山西北缘浅层次叠加褶皱变形分析:以镇巴县简池地区为例

在大巴山西北侧镇巴县简池地区开展1∶10 000的地质填图和构造解析工作,重点研究露头和区域尺度上叠加褶皱变形的时空变化、成因,确定褶皱的构造属性及变形时限。研究表明未拆离的中上三叠统-中侏罗统沉积岩系中发育两组褶皱：(1)北东近东西向褶皱(F1),成组、分区断续相连,线性展布发育,代表了区域米仓山主背斜较陡倾南翼上的次级大型褶皱的枢纽带;(2)北西北北西向褶皱(F2),区域呈弧形展布,发育隔挡式褶皱组合型式,构成大巴山前陆坳陷带东部边缘的复式向斜。北西北北西向褶皱向西横跨在北东近东西向褶皱之上,形成露头尺度上的2类4种基本样式,发育大角度叠加交切的两组褶皱弯滑擦痕。北东近东西向褶皱减弱消失在同造山的上三叠统-中侏罗统(Ts1Ts4岩性段)中,上被中侏罗世晚期Ts5与Ts6岩性段包络覆盖,属中生代南秦岭碰撞造山相关的前陆生长褶皱,时限约为213~178 Ma,与米仓山构造形成晚期阶段的指向南的非共轴剪切变形有关。北西北北西向褶皱将研究区的中生代及之前岩系普遍卷入了变形,属晚中生代大巴山陆内造山带的前陆构造褶皱,时限约为160~120 Ma,区域褶皱变形长期保持稳定的总体近似纯剪的应变状态。尽管两期挤压收缩褶皱事件的时间间隔不长,但两组褶皱的样式、形成时间、构造属性与形成机制都存在巨大差异,表明区域构造环境和地壳变形机制的重大变动和转换。     

Structural repetition of the Hutchison Group metasediments,Eyre Peninsula,South Australia

Progressive deformation of the Palaeoproterozoic Hutchison Group metasediments, eastern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, accompanied the development of a ～200 km‐long suture, the Kalinjala Shear Zone. High‐strain structures that developed during the Kimban Orogeny preserved in this supracrustal sequence at Sleaford Bay, southern Eyre Peninsula are: (i) KF₁ sheath folds; and (ii) KD₂ tight folds and reverse shears. Basement Archaean Sleaford Complex gneisses are interpreted to have been thrust over their cover rocks. Interleaving of individual Hutchison Group units by imbricate shears and folds are suggested to have caused an estimated strike‐normal shortening of up to 50%. However, this calculation is of less significance than the >15:1 strike‐parallel elongation of the package during KD₁. Identical structural elements reported by earlier workers are also preserved in the stratigraphic type areas of the Hutchison Group, central Eyre Peninsula. Importantly, the stratigraphic Upper and Lower Middleback Jaspilites, in the Middleback Range, are reinterpreted as one unit structurally repeated by a kilometre‐scale KF₁ sheath fold. Imbricate KD₂ shear zones are inferred to have inverted original disconformities throughout the package. In light of these observations, we suggest that the currently constructed stratigraphic succession of the Hutchison Group should be regionally re‐examined, with a special focus in those areas less affected by the imbricate structures.     

Complex and imitation Tectonites from the Kosciusko Pluton,snowy mountains,New South Wales

Rocks of Upper Precambrian age near Adelaide show evidence of two or more phases of deformation. The first phase has resulted in concentric and similar folds with an associated slaty cleavage. Structures of this phase are overprinted by folds with associated crenulation cleavage. Minor occurrences of later kink folds are also observed. The hypothesis that the first phase folds overprint very large folds not observable in the field is examined. The observed variation in the attitude of first phase folds could also have resulted from large scale inhomogeneities of strain.

1 “Torrens Group” is used in place of the “Torrensian Series” of Mawson and Sprigg (1950) at the suggestion of Daily (1963) since the Torrensian Series has an unwarranted time significance.

2 The scale of folds follows that of Weiss (1957). Macroscopic‐folds larger than a single outcrop. Mesoscopic‐folds on the scale of a hand specimen or single outcrop. Microscopic‐folds on the scale of a thin section.     

Strain determination from concentric folds

A new technique to determine flattening strain from initially concentric folds is described in this paper. The proposed method is simple and involves direct measurements on fold profiles. It requires measurement of the distance between the center of the fold to the middle of the layer, and this is plotted as a function of line orientation. The method needs few measurements at fixed angular spacing resulting in quick estimation of strain.     

论中国煤矿中的叠加褶皱

中国煤矿中的叠加褶皱发育普遍。形态复杂。类型繁多。根据不同期农构造应力或是一次应力的递进变形作用以及构造叠加的特征和强度,将中国煤矿中发育的叠加褶皱划分为增强型、寄生型、包容型。交接型、镶边型、跨越型、弯褶型和重褶型等8类。其中增强型又分紧闭增强和倒转增强;交接型又分为丁字形组合、新月形组合。菱形组合和分叉形组合;跨越型再分为横跨褶皱与斜跨褶皱。这些褶皱的特征是处于地表浅层次、规模较小、叠加改造的强度相对较弱,并常与断裂构造伴生。在煤矿中进行叠加褶皱的研究,对分析区域构造形变史。查明和预测煤层赋存规律。研究煤的耗散流变以及预防谋与瓦斯突出都具有重要作用。     

Experimental decipherment of the soft-sediment deformation observed in the upper part of the Talchir Formation (Lower Permian), Jharia Basin, India

Four types of soft-sediment folds of distinct geometry can be recognized in the upper part of the Talchir Formation (Lower Permian) of Jharia Basin, India. These folds, on systematic examination, indicate some events of progressive deformation. Experimental study reveals that if a layered stack of clay and overlying sand is allowed to flow slowly down a slope, differential velocity due to viscosity contrast leads to the deformation of the rheologic interface. The sharp planar contact gradually becomes wavy leading to the development of round-hinged folds involving sediments adjacent to it. With the advancement of the flow these folds gradually become overturned with the rotation of the axial plane in the direction of flow. Computer simulation suggests that progressive deformation of these folds by simple shearing may lead to the formation of tight isoclinal folds, which on dislocation along intrastratal normal faults may lead to the development of rootless isoclinal folds. The sheath folds observed in the studied section also indicate accentuation of the curved hinge due to simple shearing. The spatial distribution of these fold types in conjunction with the inferred direction of progressive deformation indicate basinward translation of the slump slice. If the same stack of sediments rapidly flows down the slope, the waveform generated at the interface quickly breaks in the form of roll-up recumbent fold due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.