浙西北前陆褶皱冲断带初步研究

浙西北地区上二叠统长兴组(P_2c)和大隆组(P_2d)以及下三叠统政棠组(T_1z)是一套深水相浊积岩建造;区域构造环境初步分析表明浙西北地区具被动大陆边缘沉积楔特征.下三叠统政棠组(T_1z)与二叠系协调变形,构造变形样式总体上以向北西逆冲的冲褶席(duplex)~1)和逆冲叠瓦扇为特征,由东南往西北构造变形样式依次出现复式冲褶席(multi-duplex)、背形堆垛(Antiformal stack)和叠瓦扇组合,其中褶皱样式依次出现大型紧闭平卧-斜卧褶皱、中尺度尖棱褶皱和具圆筒状转折端的开阔褶皱.断层变化则由断层面产状几乎水平的多重复杂冲褶席系到缓倾的顶板冲断层-底板冲断层组合样式到叠瓦扇冲断层,显示出构造变形强度自南东向北西递减的特点.上三叠统乌灶组(T_3w)为前陆磨拉石盆地建造,变形样式以宽缓褶皱和逆断层组合为主.构造样式的空间展布规律变形强度向北西衰减的构造极性沉积-大地构造分析,均表明在(T_1-T_3)期间及随后的后构造变形作用中,浙西北持续地经历了自南东向北西的强烈挤压变形.     

文莱-沙巴盆地深水褶皱冲断带构造变形特征及成因机制

为揭示活动陆缘深水褶皱冲断带的特征及成因,本文利用地震和区域地质资料的综合分析,系统阐述了文莱—沙巴盆地深水褶皱冲断带的构造变形特征,并结合盆地演化动力学特点,探讨其构造变形机制及其对深水区油气成藏的影响.研究结果表明,文莱—沙巴盆地深水褶皱冲断带具有"垂向分期、平面分段"的特点,垂向上,以中中新统底界面为界可划分为下部（始新世-早中新世）和上部（中中新世-现今）两套逆冲褶皱冲断体系,其中下部逆冲褶皱冲断带的形成与古南海的俯冲作用密切相关,上部逆冲褶皱冲断带是中中新世以来三角洲前缘重力滑动与苏禄海扩张造成的区域挤压应力远程效应共同作用的结果,且苏禄海扩张造成的远程挤压效应主控平面上南北段褶皱冲断带变形的差异性,导致北段褶皱变形强度大于南段,具有背斜褶皱数量多、褶皱间距离短、逆冲断层倾角陡的特点,南段反之;且晚上新世以来北段深水区地层缩短量大于陆架区伸展量,两者之差为2~6 km,而南段两者相当,仅受三角洲前缘重力滑动影响.整个褶皱冲断带发育断弯、断展、断滑褶皱等3种断层相关褶皱以及叠瓦扇和冲起构造2种逆冲构造组合,是多期NW向挤压应力作用下形成的大型逆冲推覆构造,以前展式向盆地扩展.此外,由于中中新世以来逆冲断层的持续活动,研究区深水褶皱冲断带发育众多构造圈闭,油气成藏条件优越,且南段优于北段,靠近陆坡的近端优于远端,可作为勘探部署重点.     

准噶尔盆地东缘构造:阿尔泰与北天山造山带交接转换的陆内过程

准噶尔盆地位于中亚造山带西段,地表地质已有大量成果,但对该盆地深部结构构造研究相对薄弱,这制约了对该区构造演化的认识.通过对研究区大量二维地震剖面的详细构造解释,揭示出准噶尔盆地东缘主要的逆冲断裂有:乌伦古东、红盆、红盆南、喀拉萨依、滴水泉北、滴水泉南和沙西等断裂.断裂整体组合表现为向北西发散、向南东收敛的逆冲-走滑构造特征,可分为三组构造体系.北部叠瓦式褶皱-逆冲体系位于研究区北部,走向北西,倾向北东,表现为自北向南的叠瓦式逆冲推覆构造,整体上具有北老南新的特征,断裂最早形成于石炭纪,之后向南不断拓展.中部逆冲-走滑体系位于研究区中部,近东西走向,断面陡立,印支期为左行压扭,燕山期发生右行走滑,伴生少量小型正断层.南部褶皱-逆冲体系位于研究区南部,北东走向,倾向北西,分支断裂主体均为走向北东的逆断层.全区断层相关褶皱常见有断展和断弯褶皱.区域构造对比表明,在南阿尔泰和北天山两大造山带的挤压汇聚作用下,准噶尔盆地东缘在三叠纪-早白垩世期间持续发生陆内变形.其中研究区北部主控断裂指示了自北向南的逆冲推覆,动力来自南阿尔泰造山带的持续挤压;南部褶皱不对称性和主逆冲断层指示动力来自北天山造山带的持续挤压;中部走滑断裂早期逆冲作用较强,后期叠加走滑构造,是南、北两大动力系统发生复杂交接转换的结果,并调节了盆地内部次级块体的运动,使其向西挤出.     

准噶尔盆地构造分区和变形样式

准噶尔盆地经历了晚海西、印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期多次构造运动的影响,多期构造变形叠加复合使盆地内构造变形复杂多样。由于各期构造运动影响的范围、应力作用方式不尽相同,因而盆地不同地区的构造变形样式、圈闭类型和分布特征各不相同。西北部构造区( 带) 发育“鱼鳞”状冲断推覆构造;东北部构造区( 带) 以雁列状展布的冲断构造为主;东、西部构造区( 带) 发育近直线状冲断构造;南部构造区(带) 发育“瓦垅”状推覆构造;中央构造区变形较弱,以隆坳变形为主,发育少量正断层和逆断层。各构造区(带) 发育了特征不同的油气圈闭     

马尼拉俯冲带北段增生楔前缘构造变形和精细结构

马尼拉俯冲带是南海的东部边界,记录了南海形成演化的关键信息,同时也是地震和海啸多发区域.本文利用过马尼拉俯冲带北段的高分辨率多道地震剖面,分析了研究区内海盆和海沟的沉积特征,精细刻画了区内增生楔前缘的构造变形、结构以及岩浆活动特征.研究区内增生楔下陆坡部分由盲冲断层、构造楔和叠瓦逆冲断层构成,逆冲断层归并于一条位于下中新统的滑脱面上,滑脱面向海方向的展布明显受到增生楔之下埋藏海山和基底隆起的影响;上陆坡的反射特征则因变形强烈和岩浆作用而难以识别;岩浆活动开始于晚中新世末期并持续至第四纪.马尼拉俯冲带北段增生楔的形成时间早于16.5 Ma,并通过前展式逆冲向南海方向扩展;马尼拉俯冲带的初始形成时间可能在晚渐新世,而此时南海海盆扩张仍在持续.南海东北缘19°N-21°N区域为南海北部陆坡向海盆的延伸,高度减薄的陆壳的俯冲造成马尼拉海沟北段几何形态明显地向东凹进.     

库车前陆褶皱带盐相关构造样式

塔里木盆地库车前陆褶皱带中段中新生代地层中发育一套下第三系盐岩层, 对该区构造变形起着重要控制作用. 根据野外地质调查、地震资料和钻井资料对盐相关构造研究表明, 库车前陆褶皱带发育盐上、盐间和盐下三套不同的构造样式. 盐上构造样式主要包括逆冲断层及断层相关褶皱、盐推覆构造、三角带构造和盐成凹陷. 盐间构造样式主要包括盐枕构造、盐间断褶构造和盐焊接构造等. 盐下构造样式主要包括叠瓦冲断带、双重构造、背冲断块或断褶构造. 研究表明, 库车前陆褶皱带盐上、盐间和盐下构造样式形态迥异, 但它们是在统一应力场作用下形成的, 在成因上有着密切联系, 其动力学机制与重力作用、挤压作用和盐岩层塑性流动作用密切相关.     

龙门山冲断带多层次滑脱带与滑脱构造变形

龙门山冲断带发育多层次的滑脱层,通过野外地质考察、地震剖面解释和平衡剖面分析,可以将其划分为:(ⅰ)深层次滑脱带,包括壳幔滑脱带、壳内滑脱带和前震旦系基底滑脱带,所发育的构造变形样式主要有壳幔拆离滑脱变形、基底韧性剪切变形等;(ⅱ)中层次滑脱带,包括寒武-奥陶系滑脱带、志留系滑脱带等,发育的构造变形样式主要有等厚褶皱、尖棱褶皱、构造虚脱及其构造组合等;(ⅲ)浅层次滑脱带,包括上三叠统须家河组滑脱带、侏罗系滑脱带等,发育的构造变形样式主要包括逆冲推覆构造和重力滑动构造样式、背冲断块、三角带构造和双重构造等.多套滑脱层不仅使褶皱-冲断带自深层往浅层发育了不同的构造变形样式,同时还使得局部构造发生了明显的构造作用的叠加,研究表明,多套滑脱层在龙门山冲断带的形成和演化过程中具有重要的作用.     

渤海湾盆地区燕山期构造特征与原型盆地

结合近几年来渤海湾盆地区深层地震勘探与解释的成果，重点论述了渤海湾盆地区燕山期构造特征与盆地原型，提出燕山期构造变形样式总体在纵向上可分为三个构造层，分别称为上部、中部和下部；横向上总体可分为三个构造带，西部为向西逆冲的薄皮逆冲带，中部为冲断—走滑带，东部为厚皮褶皱—冲断带，主体由两期挤压方向皆为NW—SE向的褶皱—逆冲变形形成；并将其演化分为三个阶段：燕山早期、燕山中期和燕山晚期。但是，渤海湾盆地区燕山期的构造变形特征和原型盆地有所变化，其空间上的差异是基底构造格局及其空间差异叠合的结果。综合其它研究结果还表明，渤海湾盆地区燕山期构造是在西太平洋大陆边缘弧的挤压构造背景下，陆内壳下拆沉和壳内挤出逃逸构造的综合动力作用下形成的。     

中西部冲断带多尺度地球物理解释及其物理模拟实验

中西部冲断带形成于两古板块"镶嵌式"拼接成陆后的再冲断.多尺度地球物理资料解释表明,浅层构造变形具有"横向有序分带、垂向多属性分层、纵向差异分段"特征,深部构造变形表现为分层解耦和差异收缩,造山带与盆地的岩石圈在咬合冲断时强-弱层对置.本文利用物理模拟实验和延时摄影方法,基于"挤压-碰撞"模型正演了冲断带变形过程,实验结果表明:造山带仰冲盆地并相互拼接,前者冲起折返,后者前陆冲断;盆内滑脱层的存在会产生构造分层,上构造层的变形以断层相关褶皱为主,且扩展范围受控于滑脱层;上构造层的挤压缩短量比下构造层大,变形扩展更远;下构造层的变形以叠瓦构造和双重构造为主,其断层倾角由前陆向腹陆逐渐增大,断面由下凹变为上凸,断片由侧向叠置变为垂向叠置;高角度逆断层的变形经历了脆性变形、韧-脆性变形和韧性变形三个阶段.     

辽南大和尚山区及其邻区的盖层滑移带

辽南大和尚山区及其邻区存在一个盖层滑移带,它在盖层中引起了一系列逆掩叠瓦状冲断层,并伴生有花岗质岩脉注入,为今后深入研究本地区构造提供了有利条件     

Structural features and petroleum geology of the fold-thrust belt in the southern Tarim basin, China

The west Kunlun fold-thrust belt (WKFTB) and the Altun fold-thrust belt (AFTB) are respectively located in the southern margin of the Tarim basin, NW China. The analyses of typical structures and regional dynamics of the fold-thrust belts reveal their different structural and petroleum features and mechanisms. WKFTB differs from AFTB by abundant fault-related folds and triangles zones, and was formed by northward extrusion of the west Kunlun orogen. AFTB was affected synchronously by northward extrusion of the Altun orogen and the sinistral strike-slipping of the Altun Fault, so it is characterized by the minor scale and the monotonous structural styles. The Aqike anticline and the Aqike fault, of which the strikes are orthogonal to the strike of the fold-thrust belts, are regarded as the adjustive structures between both of the fold-thrust belts. The oil-gas pools of WKFTB develop mainly in the faulted-related anticline traps, but the oil-gas pools of AFTB develop mainly in the low fault-block and anticlines traps related with the paleo-uplifts. There are different exploration countermeasures for both of the fold-thrust belts.     

Salt-related structural styles of Kuqa foreland fold belt,northern Tarim basin

It is indicated that the salt beds have a bearingupon the hydrocarbon accumulation more than 80%discovered oil-gas reserves of the world[1]. The saltbeds can change the occurrence of overlying horizons,forming various structural traps[2,3]. The salt bed itselfis the most effective caprocks. The deposits ofhigh-saliniferous environment may have favorablepetroleum-generating conditions[4]. The salt beds withlow specific thermal conductivity may result in highergeothermal gradient of sub-salt str…     

磨子潭-晓天断裂(晓天至佛子岭间)的构造分析

根据断裂带切割变质围岩中各期变形旋回形成的褶皱,断裂带中的断层岩为形成于地表条件下的角砾岩和碎裂岩并切割围岩中各种糜棱岩带,构成上侏罗统火山岩盆地的边界断层等特征,磨子潭-晓天断裂应是晚侏罗世形成于地表条件下的断层;根据断层附近上侏罗统砂岩夹层中的裂隙焊接,磨子潭-晓天断裂在晚侏罗世形成后,还有两次较强烈的活动。据地表、钻探和地震资料,断层面向北倾,倾角向深部变缓     

帕米尔北缘弧形推覆构造带东段的基本特征与现代地震活动

帕米尔北缘弧形推覆构造带东段由强烈活动的艾卡尔特弧形活动褶皱－逆断裂带与卡兹克阿尔特弧形活动褶皱－逆断裂带南、北两条巨型边缘弧形构造带及其间的推覆构造构成。每个弧形带分别由多个不同级别的、相对独立的次级弧形构造组成。每个弧形构造实际上就是一个独立的逆冲推覆席体，都有其各自独特的几何学、运动学、动力学特征，但同时又具有自相似性特征。独立地震破裂区或形变带与独立活动的弧形推覆构造可能具有一定的对应关系     

Fault-related folds and an imbricate thrust system on the northwestern margin of the northern Fossa Magna region, central Japan

Abstract   The Nishikubiki Mountains, which are located on the northwestern margin of the northern Fossa Magna region, central Japan, and the area offshore to the north of the mountains are underlain by folded and faulted Neogene and Quaternary sequences. The folds are composed of open, symmetric anticlines or tight, asymmetric anticlines trending north 20–70° east. On the basis of the geometry of the anticlines and growth strata, the symmetric and asymmetric anticlines are interpreted as fault-bend folds and fault-propagation folds, respectively. The formation of the anticlines is attributed to the growth of an imbricate thrust system composed of three thrust sheets that developed, from southeast to northwest, mainly in the late Pliocene, early Pleistocene, and middle Pleistocene–Holocene. The horizontal component of the northwestern-most sheet was estimated to be approximately 1.2 km on the basis of the width of the growth triangle, and the thickness of the sheet at its southeast margin was estimated to be 8.5 km on the basis of area balancing along one of the seismic profiles. The thrust is inferred to extend to a depth of more than 10 km toward the southwest. The three thrust sheets are probably connected by a detachment zone along the boundary between the upper and lower crusts. The anticlines are bounded by the Itoigawa–Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ISTL) to the west and by lateral ramps or tip lines to the northeast. The ISTL possibly continues northward offshore into the Toyama Trough. The structural model proposed in this paper suggests that similar thrust systems are wide spread in the northern Fossa Magna region and that active deformation zones have migrated and switched during the past 2–3 million years along the fold belt.     

南大巴山前陆褶皱带荆竹坝—石窝剖面磁组构特征及其对构造演化的制约

通过野外构造观测、岩石磁学与磁组构综合分析,本文研究了南大巴山前陆褶皱带荆竹坝—石窝剖面的叠加构造特征及其形成演化.从北东向南西,剖面构造变形总体呈减弱趋势,褶皱轴面总体倾向北东,大尺度褶皱枢纽均以小角度向北西倾伏.古应力分析显示最大主压应力为北东—南西向,反映以南大巴山的推覆为主.剖面J₃之前的采样层位主要表现为变形组构,而J₃-K₁的采样层位则表现为初始弱变形组构.磁线理呈NW-SE向的优势方位,与剖面主构造线基本平行,主要反映来自南大巴山的推覆挤压.剖面发育特殊磁组构：①磁面理与地层面斜交,主要与褶皱作用中的平行层简单剪切相关;②磁线理均不同程度斜交于地层走向,指示构造叠加背景.沿剖面北东向南西区段K_min的倾伏角随构造变形强度减弱而增大,据此相关性可将K_min的倾伏角作为判别弱变形沉积岩变形强度的标志.本文认为,在晚侏罗世以南大巴山的推覆为主而米仓山短轴背斜与川东褶皱带挤压次之的联合作用使南大巴山前陆褶皱带具有构造叠加特征,之后的早白垩世仍主要表现为南大巴山的推覆,而其他两个方向的挤压较之前相对较弱.该结果也反映了秦岭J₃-K₁陆内造山作用及燕山期雪峰陆内构造变形的影响,为探索陆内构造与陆内造山的大陆动力学提供了佐证.     

青藏高原东北缘、鄂尔多斯和华北唐山震区的地壳结构差异——深地震测深的结果

划分大陆活动地块的重要标志之一是它们在地壳结构间的差异。大陆不同地块具有不同的地壳结构特征。这些结构和构造上的不同反映了它们在地壳内部的变形特征和动力过程的差异。文中利用深地震宽角反射 /折射剖面的结果 ,讨论了青藏高原东北缘东昆仑巴颜喀拉地块、鄂尔多斯地块和华北地块唐山震区地壳结构的差异。它们分别是变形强烈的活动地块、内部变形小相对稳定的地块和现代发生过强震的活动地块。在地壳结构上它们之间的差别是明显的。这些差异表现在地壳的分层性质、上地壳和下地壳的结构、地壳结构的不均匀尺度、壳 /幔分界的性质、壳内低速层的分布、地壳界面、特别是莫霍面的构造形态等方面     

Measurement of terrace deformation and crustal shortening of some renascent fold zones within Kalpin nappe structure

The Kalpin nappe structure is a strongest thrust and fold deformation belt in front of the Tianshan Mountains since the Cenozoic time. The tectonic deformation occurred in 5―6 striking Meso-zoic-Cenozoic fold zones, and some renascent folds formed on the recent alluvial-proluvial fans in front of the folded mountains. We used the total station to measure gully terraces along the longitudinal to-pographic profile in the renascent fold zones and collected samples from terrace deposits for age de-termination. Using the obtained formation time and shortening amount of the deformed terraces, we calculated the shortening rate of 4 renascent folds to be 0.1±0.03 mm/a, 0.12±0.04 mm/a, 0.59±0.18 mm/a, and 0.26±0.08 mm/a, respectively. The formation time of the renascent folds is some later than the major tectonic uplift event of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 0.14 Ma ago. It may be the long-distance effect of this tectonic event on the Tianshan piedmont fold belt.     

南海北部潮汕坳陷上白垩统盆地原型及其大地构造背景分析

潮汕坳陷MZ-1井揭示的中生界为深入分析南海北部晚中生代的构造演化提供了关键性的资料.基于MZ-1井的标定,开展了系统的地震剖面构造-地层解释,在中生代地层内识别出Tm30区域性不整合面,同位素定年确定该界面发育于早白垩世末至晚白垩世初,落实了潮汕坳陷上白垩统的分布.此外,在研究区西南部识别出大型的兴宁—东沙逆冲推覆带,主要由多条NW—SE向延伸、西倾的叠瓦状逆冲断层及其伴生的不对称褶皱组成,其明显控制了上白垩统厚度分布.由此可见,上白垩统构造层不具有张裂盆地的典型特征,因此南海北部主动陆缘向被动陆缘的转换不会早于晚白垩世末.研究认为,在南海地区特提斯残留洋盆关闭的总背景下,在约80 Ma时期,南海地块与华南陆块强烈碰撞挤压,在靠近碰撞带处的礼乐滩、潮汕坳陷西南部形成褶皱冲断构造体系,进而控制了潮汕坳陷晚白垩世周缘前陆盆地的发育.     

A preliminary study of NW Zhejiang foreland fold and thrust belt in Southeast China

The Upper Permian Dalong Formation (P₂d) and Changxing Formation (P₂C), and the Lower Triassic Zhengtang Formation (Tlz) are of deep-water turbidites. The sedimentary features of the NW Zhejiang are of SE-dipping passive continental margin from the Paleozoic to the early Triassic. Together with the foreland molasse basin during the late Triassic (T₃w), the tectonics of the NW Zhejiang is characterised by a tectogenesis which took place in the middle Triassic. From SE to NW, the structural style varies from multi-duplex, antiformal stack to imbricate fans, and then to Jura Mountain-type fold zone with fold-style varying gradually from large-scale tight fold to midscale chevron fold, then to cylindrical fold, reviewing a preliminary scenario of foreland fold and thrust belt. The space-distributed structures and the tectonic vergence indicate the significance of deformation in (T1-T₃). Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences.