数字近景摄影测量在工业检测中的应用

论述了利用数字相机与实时数字近景摄影测量技术相结合建立的工业零件检测系统的方法.该方法通过直接线性变换提供的概略初值,由理论严密的自检校光束法平差完成高精度的平差计算的数字近景摄影测量的处理的基本过程,并经后续处理,完成工业目标的自动检测.本系统利用目标点位的概略定位与最小二乘影像匹配相结合,达到目标点位的子像素级的精确配准和数字影像的自动量测技术.这种通过非接触方式建立的工业检测系统在精度、可靠性、灵活性、自动化程度、实时性等方面具有更大的优越性,能较好地满足高精度工业检测的要求.     

基于坐标归一化和奇异值分解的直接线性变换解法

直接线性变换方法是数字摄影测量和计算机视觉领域最常用的解析处理方法之一,特别适用于未检校数码相机的三维测量,但直接线性参数间的相关性、物方控制的约束和设计矩阵元素数量级的较大差异,均可导致法矩阵严重病态,从而影响解的稳定性。本文借鉴改进的八点基本矩阵估计算法,采用基于坐标归一化和奇异值分解的解法,即首先将像点和物点坐标进行相似变换得到归一化坐标后组成法矩阵,其次利用矩阵奇异值分解方法代替常规的最小二乘方法,模拟和真实数据表明,此方法可以有效提高解算精度和稳定性。     

基于普通数码相机的旋转全景摄影测量方法

普通数码相机固定在高精度旋转平台上可集成为旋转全景相机,水平旋转多位置拍摄,可获取全景影像。给出了旋转全景相机的成像几何关系模型,实现了旋转全景相机的标定,利用稀疏分布的少量控制点（最少3个）,即可解算出平台旋转中心坐标与起始方位角,及每张像片的外方位元素,再利用多站旋转拍摄的影像进行前方交会就可获得物方点坐标。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法在实际摄影测量中可少受视野和控制点数量的限制,通过较少的控制点即可解算出物方点坐标,且测量精度较好。该方法是在困难场景进行近景摄影测量的一种新的有效手段。     

数字近景摄影测量中人工标志点快速自动匹配

针对数字近景摄影测量中的人工标志点快速自动匹配问题,提出了一种基于双片空间前方交会的匹配算法。首先,通过计算投影线间的最短距离确定一组初始匹配点;然后通过双片空间前方交会计算相应物方点坐标;最后反求该物方点坐标在其他像片上的像点坐标,通过比较该像点与初始匹配点的坐标差确定同名像点。两组实验均证明,该算法计算速度快,具有高匹配率和低误匹配率。     

《解析摄影测量》课程基础理论的教学主线分析

解析法是摄影测量学、数字摄影测量与遥感影像纠正处理的基础理论和基本数学模型。通过多年的教学实践,总结出了解析法摄影测量基础理论教学的两条主线,从而有效地帮助学生在学习这门课程时从其繁杂的知识体系中理清思路,找到掌握摄影测量解析法的一条捷径。     

High Resolution Still Video Camera for Industrial Photogrammetry

Still video cameras are easy to handle, portable, digital image acquisition devices for close range photogrammetry. They allow fast object recording without being connected to a computer. As an example of the new camera type, the high resolution Kodak DCS200 is presented in this paper, combined with the DPA digital photogrammetric station used for image measurement and object reconstruction. The performance of this three dimensional measurement system is illustrated by calibration results as well as applications to high precision dimensional inspection in industry.     

The `Digital Projector': Raytracing as a tool for digital close-range photogrammetry

In close-range applications, digital methods are increasingly used. In addition to the software and techniques which were adopted from aerial photogrammetry, new strategies for the restitution and presentation of digital data have been developed. The `Digital Projector' is a strictly photogrammetric approach using raytracing techniques and off-the-shelf software to provide 3D models with complete texture. It works regardless of the shape of the object while allowing digital presentation (`photomodels') with numerous derivative results (e.g., orthoimages and animations).     

Automatic Surface Reconstruction Based on the Fusion of Fuzzy Logic and Robust Estimation Techniques

Automatic surface reconstruction by means of digital image matching essentially involves computation in both image and object spaces. In image space, image matching is performed according to certain radiometric and geometric similarity criteria for conjugate point determination. The matching operations may therefore be regarded as decision–making processes. In practice, however, the similarity criteria for conjugate point determination demonstrate non–deterministic behaviour. Thus, the nature of these decision–making processes is more compatible with fuzzy reasoning concepts. In object space, on the other hand, surface reconstruction procedures, which operate on the basis of previously determined conjugate points, are essentially deterministic in nature and hence demand rigorous geometric modelling. In this paper, a new approach for automatic surface modelling is proposed, based on two different mathematical treatments: a fuzzy logic reasoning method for the conjugate point determination in image space; and a robust finite elements approach for the surface modelling in object space. Tests carried out on real data demonstrate the high potential of the strategy proposed.     

THE CURRENT INVOLVEMENT OF IGN IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY

A review of some recent activities undertaken by the Institut Géographique National, France (IGN) in photogrammetry is given in this paper, especially with regard to digital and space data processing, assessment of SPOT images and the development of new instruments and experimental map products. The main topics considered can be divided into three groups: aerial surveying, digital photogrammetry and space photogrammetry (including the possibility of further planetary missions).     

基于ECR与ECI星历数据的遥感影像定位

经典的共线方程中物方坐标系建立在地球表面,在航天摄影测量中,地面摄影测量坐标系的应用,增加了不同类型测量数据间联合处理的难度,限制了影像数据摄影测量处理的空间范围。本文介绍了基于视线方向的影像对地定位算法原理,并以此为基础建立了地心系下的航天影像摄影测量共线方程。针对地固地心系和空固地心系下星历数据的不同点,建立了基于两种地心系下星历数据的航天遥感影像定位严密模型,并对两种模型中偏流角处理的不同点进行了分析,最后给出了一个应用试验。     

Evaluation of the geometric stability and the accuracy potential of digital cameras — Comparing mechanical stabilisation versus parameterisation

Recent tests on the geometric stability of several digital cameras that were not designed for photogrammetric applications have shown that the accomplished accuracies in object space are either limited or that the accuracy potential is not exploited to the fullest extent. A total of 72 calibrations were calculated with four different software products for eleven digital camera models with different hardware setups, some with mechanical fixation of one or more parts. The calibration procedure was chosen in accord to a German guideline for evaluation of optical 3D measuring systems [VDI/VDE, VDI/VDE 2634 Part 1, 2002. Optical 3D Measuring Systems–Imaging Systems with Point-by-point Probing. Beuth Verlag, Berlin]. All images were taken with ringflashes which was considered a standard method for close-range photogrammetry. In cases where the flash was mounted to the lens, the force exerted on the lens tube and the camera mount greatly reduced the accomplished accuracy. Mounting the ringflash to the camera instead resulted in a large improvement of accuracy in object space. For standard calibration best accuracies in object space were accomplished with a Canon EOS 5D and a 35 mm Canon lens where the focusing tube was fixed with epoxy (47  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). The fixation of the Canon lens was fairly easy and inexpensive resulting in a sevenfold increase in accuracy compared with the same lens type without modification. A similar accuracy was accomplished with a Nikon D3 when mounting the ringflash to the camera instead of the lens (52  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Parameterisation of geometric instabilities by introduction of an image variant interior orientation in the calibration process improved results for most cameras. In this case, a modified Alpa 12 WA yielded the best results (29  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space). Extending the parameter model with FiBun software to model not only an image variant interior orientation, but also deformations in the sensor domain of the cameras, showed significant improvements only for a small group of cameras. The Nikon D3 camera yielded the best overall accuracy (25  μm maximum absolute length measurement error in object space) with this calibration procedure indicating at the same time the presence of image invariant error in the sensor domain. Overall, calibration results showed that digital cameras can be applied for an accurate photogrammetric survey and that only a little effort was sufficient to greatly improve the accuracy potential of digital cameras.     

双目序列影像3维运动物体定位跟踪

将计算机视觉中立体和运动视觉相结合,通过数字摄影测量方法,对智能视觉监控中计算机系统所获得的双序列图像通过物方“图像”分析法完成对运动物体空间位置的定位、量测及其跟踪,其中包括:摄像机检校,立体-运动双匹配约束,运动参数的求解及其云台运动控制等内容。给出采用所述方法,从真实双目序列影像中获取物体以匀速直线运动和匀加速直线运动云台运动控制的实验结果。     

广义点摄影测量在建筑物立面轮廓重构中的应用

采用广义点摄影测量理论对建筑物立面框架轮廓进行重构。广义点是对当代线摄影测量以及无穷远点（灭点）理论的升华。实验结果表明,采用线面基元进行立面重构相比于经典的点云重构方法,不仅简洁、高效,还能获得清晰的三维边缘轮廓,且自动化程度较高。     

Automating Landscape Illustration with Pen and Ink Style Rendering

This paper introduces object space procedures for extracting silhouettes, slope lines, and drainage features from digital elevation models (DEMs) to direct the rendering of landform features in the style of pen-and-ink landscape illustrations. Unlike image space procedures which generally extract feature information through 2-dimensional (2D) rendered image processing techniques, object space procedures operate directly on 3-dimensional (3D) surface models. The ultimate goal of this work is to produce fully automated tools that can imitate the styles characterized by the traditional pen-and-ink techniques of Lobeck, Imhof, Raisz, and other scientific illustrators to bring the beauty of their effective and economical visual techniques to automated cartographic environments. Through the implementation of a Java 3D application programming interface (API) prototype, a testing platform was established for the application of stylistic elements to linework representing surface form lines. This paper explores the aesthetic effects of silhouette lines, creases, and slope lines on the rendering of terrain features. It also introduces the use of adaptively resampled triangulated irregular networks (TINs) as a basis for perspective rendering applications.     

房屋震害预测数字化辅助方法

为提高房屋震害预测效率,将数字化技术应用于房屋震害预测分类工作中。利用航空摄影测量、遥感及地理信息系统技术,提出两种房屋震害预测分类数字化辅助方法。若预测区域有符合条件的遥感影像对,利用航空摄影测量技术可获得DSM及DEM模型,进一步从层数上对建筑物进行分类。另一种方法则是利用遥感技术提取有关建筑物阴影信息,由阴影计算建筑物层数,进而对建筑物进行分类。利用地理信息系统自动统计不同类建筑物总面积,画出不同类建筑的地理分布图。与传统方法相比,这种方法效率高,可以纵览全局,减少房屋震害预测现场调查工作量,提高震害预测工作效率。     

The Z/I Imaging Digital Camera System

Market needs for airborne and spaceborne imagery used in photogrammetry and GIS applications are changing. Fundamental changes in sensors, platforms and applications are currently taking place. Most recently, new high resolution spaceborne sensors have become available. Besides classical photogrammetry, new thematic applications will drive the future image market. Savings in cost and time, together with the need for higher and reproducible radiometric resolution or spectral information will push forward the change from analogue to digital imagery. High resolution satellites will compete with airborne film-based photography and digital camera systems.
With the availability of a digital airborne camera, it is possible to completely close the digital chain from image acquisition to exploitation and data distribution. The key decision regarding the camera design in this case is whether a linear or area array sensor should be used. In view of the high geometric accuracy requirements in photogrammetry, Z/I Imaging has focused development on a digital camera based on an area sensor. An essential aspect of this decision was not only the aerial camera system, but also the entire photogrammetric process to the finished photographic or mapping product. If this point of view is adopted, it becomes clear that the development of a digital camera involves more than simply exchanging film for silicon. Aspects such as data transfer rates, in-flight data processing and storage, image archiving, georeferencing, colour fusion, calibration and preprocessing have the same influence on the economic assessment of a digital camera system. This paper describes current development activities and application aspects of a digital modular airborne camera system.     

Geometric test field calibration of digital photogrammetric sensors

Test field system calibration will be a fundamental part of the future photogrammetric production line. Accurate calibration and performance evaluations are necessary for fully assessing the stability and accuracy of digital sensing techniques. In this paper, a method of comprehensive geometric calibration in a test field has been developed and empirically tested using eight image blocks collected with three UltraCamD digital large format photogrammetric cameras. Permanent photogrammetric test fields form the basis of the method. Important components of the method are determination of system parameters, evaluation of systematic errors, and assessment of geometric accuracy. The results showed that UltraCamD images contained systematic deformations that could not be modeled with single lens additional parameter models. Good point determination accuracy was obtained despite the systematic errors; the typical accuracy was 2–3 μm in image space in the horizontal coordinates and 0.05–0.09‰ of the object distance in height. One of the cameras had significantly poorer performance. In the worst cases, the horizontal accuracy was 5 μm in image space and the height accuracy was 0.18‰ of the object distance. The analog cameras gave better results than the UltraCamD, but the development of appropriate mathematical models for UltraCamD as well as improvements in digital sensors may change the situation in the near future.     

数字近景摄影测量系统PV-1的几何精度

本文系统地介绍了所建立的一个数字近景摄影测量系统PV—1的检校方法,并得出了该系统的点定位精度。初步实验表明。运用直接线性变换法进行点定位精度评定,物方坐标的中误差为:M_x=0.247mm,M_y=0.158mm,M_z=0.272mm,象方坐标的中误差为0.2像元,相对精度为1/6000。