一种基于全球动力模式和SMART原理结合的统计降尺度区域季节气候预测方法

针对江苏夏季旱涝和高温热浪等异常气候的预测难题，以江苏夏季站点降水和气温为预测目标，建立了一种基于全球动力模式BCC_CSM1.1（m）和最优可预测气候模态和异常相对倾向（SMART）原理结合的统计降尺度季节气候预测方法。利用历史观测资料和SVD方法提取决定中国夏季降水异常相对倾向的同期热带地区向外长波辐射（Outgoing Longwave Radiation，OLR）和北半球中高纬500 hPa位势高度场异常相对倾向的最优可预测气候模态，并利用逐步回归法构建其与同期江苏站点降水和气温异常相对倾向同期关系的统计降尺度模型；将动力模式对最优可预测气候模态的预测带入统计降尺度模型，实现对区域降水和气温异常相对倾向的预测；最后通过引入观测的近期背景异常实现对降尺度的降水和气温总距平的预测。通过对1991—2019年江苏夏季降水和气温的回报检验表明，本文建立的统计降尺度模型效果较BCC_CSM1.1（m）动力模式的直接预测效果有显著提高，为区域精细化季节气候预测提供了一种有效的手段。     

RegCM4.4对中国夏季气候的回报和2014年预测

利用区域气候模式对全球气候模式季节预测产品进行动力降尺度,是获取未来高分辨率季节气候预测结果的重要途径。使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4单向嵌套国家气候中心气候系统模式BCC_CSM1.1(m)输出结果,进行东亚19912013年逐年3月1日—9月1日的气候回报试验及2014年3月1日9月1日的气候预测试验。分析模式对中国地区夏季（6-8月）地面气温和降水的回报结果表明:RegCM4.4对夏季气候态的回报优于驱动场模式BCC_CSM1.1(m),并能提供更详细可靠的局地信息;RegCM4.4回报和观测的多年平均气温、降水的空间距平相关系数（ACCs）分别为-0.04和0.01,空间距平符号一致率（PCs）分别为51.1%和50.6%,趋势异常综合评分（PS）分别为64.2和70.3,均方差误差（MSE）分别为1.09 ℃和0.30 mm/d。RegCM4.4对中国地区2014年夏季气候预测结果表明,模式对夏季气温、降水距平整体分布的预测较好,但在次区域尺度上预测结果和观测存在差别。本研究只进行了一个区域气候模式RegCM4.4嵌套一个全球模式BCC_CSM1.1(m)单样本回报和预测试验的动力降尺度试验研究,未来在改进驱动场模式和区域气候模式模拟预测性能、订正驱动场模式输出系统误差及提高运算能力的基础上,进行多模式多样本的集合试验研究,有助于提高精细化短期气候预测产品的质量。     

新疆夏季降水和冬季气温预测方法及效果评估

本文利用4个国内外先进的气候模式（国家气候中心、ECMWF、NCEP和JMA）业务预测数据,采用2种多模式集合方法（等权平均和超级集合）、3种降尺度方法（BP-CCA、EOF迭代、高相关回归集成）和3种统计方法（CCA、最优气候值、高相关回归集成）以及降尺度集成和降尺度-统计方法集成,分析了目前季节模式、多模式集合、降尺度、统计方法、降尺度-统计集合等目前常用气候预测技术对新疆夏季降水和冬季气温的业务预测能力。 研究表明,以上技术方法对新疆夏季降水和冬季气温的预测预测能力有较大差别。目前先进的气候业务模式的预测技巧普遍很低,多模式超级集合和降尺度方法的技巧常高于单个模式,并且最佳的降尺度方法通常技巧高于最佳多模式集合方法。同时,统计方法和降尺度方法的预测技巧通常较为接近,而对二者进行超级集合可以具有相对很高的预测技巧。此外,现有常用气候预测技术方法对新疆夏季降水和冬季气温的趋势有一定的预测能力,但对气候异常的空间分布基本无预测能力。建议新疆气候预测技术围绕统计和降尺度方法集合发展。     

CWRF模式对长江流域极端降水气候事件的模拟能力评估

基于1980—2016年长江流域站点观测降水,评估了CWRF区域气候模式对长江流域面雨量和极端降水气候事件的模拟能力.结果表明:CWRF模式能较好地再现1980—2016年长江流域及不同分区降水空间分布及月/季面雨量年际变率,且在冬、春季表现较好,夏、秋季次之.CWRF模式对长江流域面雨量存在系统性高估,对面雨量的模拟...     

CWRF对青藏高原气温和降水模拟效果的综合评估

利用CWRF(Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国区域气候的31 a多物理集合模拟试验,分析了该模式对青藏高原气温和降水的模拟效果及其对水平分辨率和物理过程参数化方案的敏感性.结果表明:1)CWRF降尺度全面改善了全球模式对高原气温和降水的模拟,使气温年循...     

基于DERF的SD方法预测月降水和极端降水日数

针对动力气候模式对区域或更小空间尺度内的日降水预测技巧偏低的问题,应用最优子集回归 (OSR) 方法对国家气候中心业务化的月动力气候模式 (DERF) 输出的高度场、风场和海平面气压场进行降尺度处理用于降水预测,旨在提高预测准确率。1982—2006年交叉检验结果表明:OSR方法能显著提高降水预测技巧,其中11~40 d改善效果最为显著。在此基础上,应用一步法和两步法两种统计降尺度方法预测极端降水日数,交叉检验结果表明:两种方法均优于随机预测,冬季两步法预测技巧略高于一步法,夏季一步法略优于两步法。综合认为OSR,OSR结合随机天气发生器 (WG) 两种统计降尺度方法对月尺度降水或极端降水日数的预测均具有较高的技巧,可作为短期气候预测的重要参考信息。     

多模式动力降尺度对中国中东部地区极端气温指数的模拟评估

利用LMDZ4变网格大气环流模式分别嵌套于BCC-csm1.1-m、CNRM-CM5、FGOALS-g2、IPSL-CM5A-MR和MPI-ESM-MR等5个全球模式,进行中国中东部地区1961-2005年动力降尺度模拟试验,对比分析降尺度前后各模式对中国中东部极端气温指数的模拟能力。结果表明,相较全球模式,LMDZ4模式较好地刻画了青藏高原、四川盆地等复杂地形的变化,能更好地表现出中国中东部地区极端气温的空间分布。但降尺度改善效果具有明显的区域性差异,对于最高气温、最低气温和霜冻日数,降尺度之后主要在东北、西北、青藏高原以及西南地区改善明显,与观测场的空间相关系数提高至0.95以上,均方根误差低于0.5℃（0.5 d）,且降尺度后模式对最低气温和最高气温空间相关系数的改善程度随地形升高而增大;对于热浪指数,降尺度后在东北、华南以及西南地区热浪分布大值区改善效果明显,但模式间的一致性不高。降尺度在一定程度上模拟出与观测一致的最高、最低气温的线性趋势空间分布,在东北、华北、青藏高原和西南地区最低气温和霜冻日数趋势误差较全球模式小。降尺度模式集合（RMME）对极端气温气候平均场和线性趋势均有较高的模拟能力。多模式动力降尺度能够提高全球模式对中国区域极端气温的模拟能力,为提高未来预估能力提供了基础。     

非齐次隐马尔可夫降尺度方法对江淮流域夏季逐日降水的模拟及其评估

引入非齐次隐马尔可夫模型(Nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model,NHMM)统计降尺度方法,利用1961—2002年江淮流域夏季逐日降水资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的ERA-40再分析资料建立模型,检验其对东部季风区(以江淮流域为代表)夏季日降水的模拟能力,并对比BCC-CSM1.1(m)模式NHMM降尺度前后的模拟效果。结果表明,NHMM降尺度方法通过建立降水概率分布态间转移参数与大尺度环流变量的联系,对江淮流域逐日降水量具有较好的降尺度效果。模拟的各站日降水量概率分布函数(PDF)曲线与观测非常接近,布赖尔评分(Brier Score,S_B)均小于0.11%,显著性评分(Significance Score,Ss)均大于0.84;夏季总降水量、降水日数、中雨日数、降水强度和95%分位降水量指数的多年平均场偏差百分率绝对值低于10%,前3个指数的空间相关系数高于0.9;该方法对各降水指数的年际变率也有一定的模拟能力,模拟得到的各指数的区域平均年际序列与观测序列的相关系数为0.62—0.87。对BCC-CSM1.1(m)模式的模拟结果进行降尺度后,SB较降尺度前平均减小0.57%,Ss平均增大0.23,皆表明降尺度后的概率分布函数曲线更接近于观测;各降水指数在多数台站的偏差百分率绝对值由大于40%降至10%以内,空间相关系数普遍提高至0.8以上。NHMM降尺度方法能够有效提高BCC-CSM1.1(m)模式对江淮流域夏季日降水的模拟能力,相对气候模式具有显著的"增值",未来可进一步利用该方法进行气候变暖背景下的日降水变化预估。     

基于时间尺度分离的中国东部夏季降水预测

基于时间尺度分离,利用NCEP第2代气候预测系统 (CFSv2) 每年4月起报的夏季月平均预测资料, 结合实际观测资料和再分析资料,对江淮流域及华北地区夏季降水距平百分率进行降尺度预测。将预测量和预测因子分为年际分量和年代际分量,在两个时间尺度上分别建立降尺度模型,两个预测分量之和为总预测量。对1982—2008年拟合时段的夏季降水距平百分率的回报结果表明:降尺度预测结果相对于原始模式结果预测技巧显著提高。降尺度预测与实况降水在江淮流域和华北地区的空间相关系数最大值超过0.8,多年平均值也分别提高到0.53和0.51;时间相关在每个站点也显著增强,相关系数为0.38~0.65。对2009—2013年进行独立样本检验,结果表明:降尺度模型能较好地预测出该时段的降水异常空间型态。同时,该模型对2014年夏季降水长江以南偏多、黄淮地区偏少的分布形势也有一定预测能力。     

SEAS5模式对新疆月尺度气温和降水的预测性能评估

检验评估气候模式，有利于发挥这一客观预测方法在新疆气候预测业务中的应用效果，提高新疆气候预测能力。基于欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代季节预测系统SEAS5模式的历史回报数据和新疆98个气象站的气温、降水观测资料，利用距平符号一致率Pc、趋势异常综合评分Ps、距平相关系数ACC、时间相关系数TCC等方法，综合评估了SEAS5模式对新疆1993—2019年月尺度气温和降水的预测性能。结果表明：SEAS5模式对新疆月气温、降水的总体预测性能较好，对降水趋势和量级有一定的预测能力。模式的预测性能存在明显的月际差异和空间差异。模式对新疆4—9月气温和4月、6—8月降水的预测性能较好。气温预测评分中，4月Pc最高（61.3分），7月Ps最高（74.4分），6月ACC最高（0.17）。降水预测评分中，4月Pc最高（58.7分），7月Ps最高（72.1分），4月ACC最高（0.16）。空间分布上，模式对1月、3月、6月和12月南疆的气温预测性能普遍高于北疆，对7月和9月南疆西部的预测性能低于其他地区。模式对南疆的降水预测性能普遍高于北疆。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.