河北保定气象站长序列气温资料缺测记录插补和非均一性订正

基于多源的气温月值资料,在数据整合和初步质量控制基础上,同时采用标准化序列法和多元线性回归法对河北保定气象站1913-2014 年月平均气温、最高气温和最低气温资料进行了插补。通过交叉检验法分析发现,标准化序列法插补得到的气温序列效果较好,并且气候统计特征与同区域周边站的研究结果更具一致性。利用惩罚最大F 检验（PMF）对插补后序列的均一性进行了检验,结果表明：通过插补得到的保定站百年气温月值序列的均一性相对较好,仅月平均最低气温序列存在2 个显著间断点,分别由同类型仪器的更换和台站迁移导致,研究中采用分位数匹配（QM）对其进行了订正,建立了保定站百年气温月值序列。通过与邻近单站及我国中东部区域均一化百年气温序列的综合对比显示,本文建立的保定站百年气温月值序列与邻近单站的相关性基本达到0.8 以上;从增暖趋势来看,保定站与中东部区域平均序列分别达0.121 ℃/10a、0.204 ℃/10a,基本在同一量级内：这一定程度上说明建立的保定站百年气温序列相对合理。     

近49年珠海气温变化及城市化影响初探

根据珠海站1962-2010年逐日地面气温观测数据与1979-2010年NCEP/NCAR R1再分析资料,分析了珠海市平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温的年和四季变化特征,探讨城市化对珠海气温变化的影响.研究结果表明,近49年珠海市年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈增温趋势,增温率分别为0.14℃/10a、0.22℃/10a、0.12℃/10a.城市化及土地利用类型改变使年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温增暖0.16℃/10a、0.10℃/10a、0.15℃/10a,对观测气温增暖的贡献分别为46.0％、27.6％、46.1％;四季变化中以冬季和春季较显著.     

北京1841年以来均一化最高和最低气温日值序列的构建

长期连续的日值观测资料是研究百年来极端气候事件及其变化特征的重要基础支撑.目前中外由于缺乏可靠的逐日百年尺度气候资料,使得20世纪50年代以前的极端气候变化规律仍然没有得到很好的认识.基于国家气象信息中心收集整理的日最高和最低气温观测资料,构建北京1841—2019年气温日值序列.首先,通过数据质量控制剔除原始基础资料...     

攀枝花市区33年气温变化趋势研究

本文利用攀枝花市区1977~2009年年平均气温、年平均极端最高气温、年平均极端最低气温以及逐日最高气温资料,运用气候趋势系数、累计距平、MK突变检验等方法研究分析了攀枝花市区气温变化趋势,主要结论有:(1)33年来该地区年平均气温呈现弱的下降趋势,与全球升温趋势相悖。(2)年平均极端最低气温升温趋势率为0.24℃/(10a),大大高于年平均极端最高气温升温趋势率0.09℃/(10a)。(3)高温日数及热积温均呈下降趋势,其中热积温下降趋势率为8.4℃/(10a)。(4)市区炳草岗年平均气温相对稳定,不存在突变现象。      

内蒙古气温序列均一性检验

通过构建参考序列、找出间断点、结果集成等步骤对内蒙古地区119个地面气象站逐日平均气温、逐日最高气温、逐日最低气温进行均一性检验。结果表明:内蒙古地区大部分地面气象站气温资料均一性状况良好;部分台站气温资料不均一的原因主要是受迁站影响,其次是观测站周围环境变化、观测仪器的更换以及观测标准的变更。不均一现象对最低气温影响较大,其次是平均气温,最高气温受影响相对最小。     

西安观测站长序列气温资料缺测记录插补和非均一性检验

以西安观测站1971—2013年日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温序列为研究对象,利用标准序列法和多元线性回归法进行插补实验,计算插补值与实测值的平均误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差和插补值与实测值误差在0.5℃以内的样本比例,对比分析两种插值方法的相对优劣。结果表明：多元线性回归法插补得到的气温序列效果好于标准序列法,并且气候趋势特征与实际观测值序列更具一致性。采用t检验法、惩罚最大T检验（PMTT）、惩罚最大F检验（PMFT）对西安站1951—2020年平均气温序列的均一性进行检验。依据台站历史沿革数据进行的t检验,在6次台站历史沿革变化中,只有2次造成了年平均气温和年平均最高气温序列间断,分别由观测时次增加和仪器换型导致;年平均最低气温有4次出现间断,分别由台站站址迁移、观测时次增加、仪器换型、缺测值插补造成。PMTT和PMFT检测中发现的4次间断点因无元数据支持,认为属于合理间断点,这2种方法均未检测出因缺测值插补引起的间断点,一定程度上说明采用多元线性回归法对缺测值插补得到的西安站1951—2020年气温序列相对合理,气温序列的均一性较好。     

城市化进程对南京市气温变化影响的主成分分析

为揭示城市环境气象的蠕变过程,利用南京站1956—2007年逐日气温资料及南京市1995—2006年的统计年鉴数据,通过主成分分析法,研究了南京市年平均气温变化与城市化进程之间的关系。结果表明:(1)1956年以来南京市年平均气温、年平均最高、最低气温总体呈上升趋势,增温率分别为0.28℃/(10 a)、0.18℃/(10 a)、0.33℃/(10 a),特别是1990年以后,增温速率进一步加大。(2)城市化进程中影响气温变化的主导因子为:城市下垫面性质、工业排污和人口数量。(3)1990年代后南京市城市化进程与年平均气温和年平均最低气温之间存在显著的正相关关系。     

资料均一化对沈阳站气温趋势和城市化偏差分析的影响

利用国家气象信息中心2013年发布的逐日均一化气温资料,对沈阳站资料均一化处理前后平均气温和极端气温指数序列的线性趋势及其城市化影响偏差进行了比较评价。结果表明:1)资料均一化处理对日最高气温及其衍生的极端气温指数序列趋势估计的影响较弱,但对日最低气温及其衍生的极端气温指数序列趋势估计具有显著影响。2)经资料均一化处理后,平均气温序列中的城市化影响偏差有所增大,平均最低气温序列中的城市化影响偏差增大尤其明显;与冷事件有关的极端气温指数序列的城市化影响偏差数值有所减小,与暖事件有关的极端气温指数序列的城市化影响偏差数值有所增加。3)资料均一化处理有效纠正了因迁站等原因造成的地面气温观测记录中的非均一性,但却在很大程度上还原了城市站地面气温观测记录中的城市化影响偏差。     

日气温数据缺测的插补方法试验与误差分析

对缺测气象观测记录进行插补是建立连续气象数据集的基础.将孤立1日或数日缺测资料进行插补的线性回归模型法应用于连续缺测数月的逐日最高、最低和平均气温的插补,并进行了一系列改进,包括:(1)用滑动选优法确定邻近参考气象站站数和数据样本时间窗的最佳值;(2)在记录缺测站与邻近参考站之间建立逐日气温的线性回归模型,并选取以最小绝对误差(Least Absolute Deviation,LAD)为目标函数求取模型参数的方法,取代以最小均方根误差为目标函数的最小二乘法(Least Squares Estimate,LAD)求解模型参数的方法,可提高计算效率和参数的稳定性;(3)进一步提出将LAD法与DeGaetano标准化序列法插补结果平均的综合插补方法,以减少极端误差.通过对湖北蔡甸气象站1961-2006年插补试验表明:(1)以4个邻近站和年数为8年、日数为15天时间窗的样本资料建模进行插补误差达到最小;(2)逐日最高、最低和平均气温的平均绝对误差分别为0.32℃、0.45℃、0.28℃,误差在±0.8℃以内的频次分别占总数的94.1%、84.8%、96.1%,观测值与插补值月相关系数在0.886以上.插补与观测资料平均值和相关系数分别通过了显著水平为0.05和0.01的检验.     

1961~2015年青藏高原极端气温事件的气候变化特征

利用1961~2015年CN05.1高分辨率的逐日最高、最低气温格点资料,计算6个极端气温指数（极端最高气温、极端最低气温、结冰日数、霜冻日数、暖日日数、冷夜日数）,通过趋势分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验,考察青藏高原极端气温事件的时空变化规律。结果表明:青藏高原极端最高气温、极端最低气温的总体分布呈现西冷东暖的特征,与地形西高东低一致;该地区极端最高气温、极端最低气温及暖日日数均呈上升趋势,倾向率分别为0.25℃/10a、0.42℃/10a、2.14d/10a,极端最低气温的线性增温趋势较极端最高气温更为明显;而结冰日数、霜冻日数及冷夜日数均呈下降趋势,倾向率分别为?3.09d/10a、?4.75d/10a、?2.31d/10a;从空间分布看,青海地区极端最高气温的增温趋势最为显著,柴达木盆地是明显的升温中心;在时间变化上,极端最高气温、结冰日数、暖日日数均在1997年发生了突变。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.