不同温度、盐度和培育密度对脉红螺浮游幼虫生长存活的影响

为实现脉红螺苗种规模化生产,确立适宜苗种生长的环境条件。本文分析了6个不同温度、6个不同盐度和5个不同培育密度对脉红螺浮游幼虫生长和存活的影响。温度实验结果显示:适宜脉红螺浮游幼虫生长的温度范围是24~30℃,最适生长温度是30℃;适宜的存活温度范围是24~30℃,最适存活温度是27℃。盐度实验结果显示:适宜脉红螺浮游幼虫生长的盐度范围是22~30,最适生长盐度是26;适宜的存活盐度范围是22~34,最适存活盐度是26。密度实验结果显示:脉红螺浮游幼虫培育密度不应高于1个/mL,适宜的培育密度范围是0.1~0.5个/mL。     

温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响

为查明波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)幼贝最适生长条件,采用响应面法研究了温度、盐度和密度交互作用对波纹巴非蛤幼贝生长的影响。利用Box-Behnken中心组合进行3因素3水平的实验设计(3因素为温度(A),盐度(B),密度(C);3水平为-1,0,1),以幼贝生长率为响应值,以A(26℃,28℃,30℃)、B(28,30,32)和C(0.56,1.4,2.24个/cm2)为影响因子。实验结果表明：(1)盐度对幼贝生长影响最显著(P<0.05),3种生态因子对幼贝生长率影响程度大小顺序是：B>A>C;(2)通过SAS软件分析,得出波纹巴非蛤幼贝最适生长环境组合是温度为26.93℃、盐度为31.39、密度为1.12个/cm2,理论最佳生长率为41.47%。为验证响应面法预测结果的准确性,以预测结果为实验条件,相同实验时间后,得到的生长率为42.30%,结果与理论预测值相近,响应面方法可靠。     

水温和盐度对长牡蛎“海大1号”早期生长发育的影响

为确定长牡蛎新品种"海大1号"苗种繁育的最适环境条件,研究了盐度对其胚胎发育的影响以及盐度、水温对其幼虫生长、存活率和附着率的影响。结果表明:长牡蛎"海大1号"受精卵孵化的最适盐度为30~35,孵化率最高可达90%。幼虫生长的适宜盐度为20~35,最适盐度为20~30;存活的适宜盐度为20~35,最适盐度为20~25;幼虫附着的适宜盐度为20~35,最适盐度为25~30;对长牡蛎"海大1号"幼虫生长、存活、附着的适宜水温分别为为20~30℃、20~25℃、20~30℃,最适水温分别为30、25、30℃,高温35℃时幼虫全部死亡。综上,长牡蛎"海大1号"苗种培育的适宜盐度为20~35,适宜水温为20~25℃。上述结果为长牡蛎"海大1号"规模化苗种繁育提供了重要的基础资料。     

温度与盐度对壳金长牡蛎面盘幼虫生长和存活的影响

本文采用单因子分析方法研究了不同温度和盐度对壳金长牡蛎幼虫生长和存活的影响。在实验条件下,分别设置5个不同盐度(20、25、30、35和40)和4个不同温度(20、25、30和35℃),定期测量壳金长牡蛎面盘幼虫的壳高和存活率,采用单因子分析法进行数据分析。温度实验表明,高温条件(30~35℃)下,幼虫死亡率较高,适宜幼虫存活的温度为20~25℃;升温能促进幼虫的生长,适宜幼虫快速生长的温度为25~35℃;均衡生长和存活两个指标,最适幼虫人工培育的温度为25℃。盐度实验表明,高盐对幼虫的生长和存活有明显的抑制作用,适宜幼虫存活和生长的盐度均为20~30;均衡生长和存活两个指标,最适合幼虫人工培育的盐度为25。研究结果表明,壳金长牡蛎苗种培育的适宜水温为25℃,适宜盐度为25。本研究结果将为壳金长牡蛎的大规模人工繁育和养殖推广提供基础资料。     

不同盐度对施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫存活与生长的影响

为提高施氏獭蛤(Lutraria sieboldii)育苗成活率,作者采用单因子实验设计,研究了不同海水盐度对北部湾海域施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫存活与生长的影响。结果表明,施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫的临界存活盐度为22.84~33.12、适宜存活盐度为24.54~31.54、较适宜存活盐度为25.83~30.17、最适宜存活盐度为26.8~29.4;临界生长盐度为~35.67、适宜生长盐度为22.51~31.66、较适宜生长盐度为27.51~31.37、最适宜生长盐度为29.4;综合盐度对存活率和生长率的影响,施氏獭蛤浮游期幼虫最佳的培育盐度为29.4。研究结果为施氏獭蛤育苗场的选址及人工育苗提供了参考。     

黄姑鱼胚胎发育及其与温度和盐度的关系

为研究温度和盐度对黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)胚胎发育的影响,作者观察了黄姑鱼受精卵的形态和胚胎发育过程。实验结果表明,温度18~28℃范围内,温度对孵化时间和初孵仔鱼有显著影响,对孵化率影响不大,24~28℃是黄姑鱼胚胎发育的适宜温度范围;盐度低于24时受精卵下沉,26~28内悬浮于水体中,盐度高于34时受精卵浮于水面;黄姑鱼胚胎发育的最适盐度范围26~32,盐度超过或低于其适宜范围时,孵化率明显下降或者幼虫畸形率明显增大。另外,根据其Q10值推算的胚胎发育的适宜水温与实验结果相似。     

温度和盐度对栉江珧受精卵孵化及早期幼虫生长与存活的影响

室内条件下,通过单因素实验设计方法,研究了温度(18、22、26、30、34℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35)对栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)受精卵孵化及早期幼虫生长与存活的影响。研究表明:栉江珧受精卵的适宜孵化温度为22~30℃,最适温度为26℃(孵化率为73%);适宜孵化盐度为25~30,最适盐度为30(孵化率为70%)。栉江珧早期幼虫生长的适宜温度为22~30℃,最适温度为26℃(壳长日生长率为4.7μm/d,存活率为50%(7d));适宜盐度为20~30,最适盐度为25(壳长日生长率为4.5μm/d,存活率为55%(7d))。研究结果表明:栉江珧受精卵孵化的适宜温、盐条件为温度22~30℃,盐度25~30;早期幼虫生长发育的适宜温、盐条件为温度22~30℃,盐度20~30。本研究为栉江珧人工育苗提供了重要的基础资料。     

温度、盐度对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys,farreri)胚胎和幼虫的影响

采用温度和盐度单一和组合因子设计实验方法,系统地研究了温度、盐度对栉孔扇贝胚胎和幼虫的影响。结果表明,栉孔扇贝胚胎发育适宜温度为16．0—22．0℃,盐度为27．5—32．5;最佳温度为18．0～22．0℃,盐度为30．0—32．5;幼虫培育适宜温度为16．0—26．0℃,盐度为27．0—39．0;最佳温度为19．0—22．0℃,盐度为27．0—32．0。相对而言,栉孔扇贝胚胎和幼虫对低温高盐适应能力较强,温度显著影响胚胎孵化和幼虫发育,盐度显著影响幼虫生长;二者组合影响对胚胎孵化不显著：随着幼虫的发育。组合影响对幼虫存活十分显著;对幼虫生长不显著。     

盐度、pH对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulate)滤水率的影响

在实验室条件下,用流水系统分别测定了盐度和pH对波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)滤水率的影响.对盐度梯度分别为24,28,32,36和pH值分别为7.0,7.5,8.0,8.5,9.0 梯度下波纹巴非蛤的滤水率进行了测定.结果表明:盐度和pH对波纹巴非蛤的滤水率有显著影响.在盐度24～32范围内滤水率随着盐度的升高而增大,在盐度32～36范围内随着盐度的升高而减小,盐度28和32时滤水率明显高于其它盐度组.在pH值7.0～9.0范围内,波纹巴非蛤的滤水率变化迅速,呈现一个峰值变化,pH值为8时达到最大值.     

彩虹明樱蛤Moerella iridescens人工育苗的初步研究

自1988年以来,我们在实验室内进行了彩虹明樱蛤的人工育苗试验。幼虫适宜生活环境是:pH:6.00—9.11;海水比重1.020—1.030;面盘幼虫期最适培养密度每毫升30—50个;壳顶期幼虫培养每毫升2—5个。附着后稚贝的生存适宜范围更大。本文还就亲贝的育肥、催产技术作了一些探讨。     

三种贝类的核型分析

采用体内注射PHA和秋水仙素的方法,利用成体的鳃组织,对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、长竹蛏(Solen strictus)和菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarus)的核型进行了研究.结果表明毛蚶的2倍体数目为2n=38,核型为18m+16sm+2st+2t,NF=72.长竹蛏的2倍体数目为2n=38,核型为30m+6sm+2t,NF=74.菲律宾蛤仔的2倍体数目为2n=38,核型为28m+10sm,NF=76.     

斑节对虾TSG101基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究肿瘤易感基因101(简称TSG101)对斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)的免疫应答作用,了解在细菌刺激下斑节对虾的机体发生的变化机制,本研究以哈维弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)为实验组,以磷酸缓冲液(PBS)为对照组,通过荧光定量分析展开对斑节对虾对菌刺激的免疫应答作用。结果显示,斑节对虾的TSG101在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的表达量最高。在金黄色葡萄球菌刺激下,斑节对虾的TSG101在肝胰腺中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第12小时的TSG101 mRNA的表达量达到最大(为对照组的21.60倍);在鳃中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第6小时斑节对虾TSG101的表达量达到最大值(为对照组的3.64倍)。在注射哈维弧菌第9小时,肝胰腺中的PmTSG101 mRNA表达量极显著上调(P0.01)且达到最大(为对照组的2.50倍)。实验结果初步表明,斑节TSG101参与斑节对虾的先天免疫反应,在金黄色葡萄球菌和哈维弧菌的刺激的情况下,该基因RNA水平的表达情况发生明显变化。     

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用的回顾与展望

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用是海洋农牧业及工业的重要组成部分。20世纪经过几代人的努力,我国在海带、紫菜、裙带菜及龙须菜的繁育、养殖关键技术等方面成功取得突破,为这些海藻的产业化提供坚实的保障,为我国成为世界海藻大国奠定了基础。海藻养殖产业为人们提供了食品、藻胶及其它丰富的产品,这包括保健品、功能食品、化妆品及药物等。海藻养殖产业也对人类经济、社会的发展起到重要作用,通过吸收环境中的二氧化碳、氮和磷,为海洋生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。本文对我国海藻繁育、养殖及综合开发的历程进行简要回顾,对当前我国、中国科学院海洋研究海藻研究与应用进行了总结,对海藻研究发展的未来进行了展望;适应海藻产业从量向质的方向转变,同时兼顾生态环境效益,为我国海藻研发及应用提供参考。     

Arm regeneration frequency in eight species of ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from European sea areas

Eight ophiuroid species, six from the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak and three from the northern Adriatic Sea, were examined for regeneration of arms. The species were separated into groups based upon mode of feeding and habitat. Comparison between groups collected in the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak showed that infaunal suspension- and deposit-feeding species (Amphiura filiformis and A. chiajei) had significantly more scars per arm (mean number 0.78) than epibenthic suspension feeders (Ophiothrix fragilis and Ophiocomina nigra, 0.29) or epibenthic carnivores and deposit feeders (Ophiura ophiura and O. albida, 0.13). Spatial variation in arm regeneration incidence was found between sampling sites in the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak for Amphiura filiformis and in the northern Adriatic Sea for Ophiothrix quinquemaculata. The ash-free dry weight (AFDW) and nitrogen (N) contents were measured in arms of six species of brittle-stars from the northern Kattegat-eastern Skagerrak. Differences between species were found, with highest concentrations of AFDW and N in Amphiura filiformis, intermediate in A. chiajei, Ophiocomina nigra and Ophiothrix fragilis, and lowest in Ophiura ophiura and O. albida. As the infaunal suspension- and deposit-feeding brittle-stars (Amphiura spp.) had the highest proportions of damaged arms and highest AFDW and N contents in their arms in this comparison, it is suggested that selective cropping of arms by demersal fish is the main cause of arm damage on Amphiura spp. in this area.     

水体中添加两种菌剂对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及消化酶活力的影响

向水体中添加不同浓度的短小芽孢杆菌CGMCC1004（Bacillus pumilus）和胶红酵母菌CGMCC1013（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）以研究凡纳滨对虾（Litoenaeus vapznamei）体长、体质量、存活率、胃蛋白酶、肝胰腺淀粉酶和肝胰腺脂肪酶的影响,以及需钠弧菌（Vibrio natriegens）的感染效果。结果表明：向水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌能提高对虾体长、存活率,但结果不显著,但对体质量增长率具有显著提高作用;水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌对提高需钠弧菌感染后对虾成活率有一定的提高作用;水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌能显著提高胃蛋白酶活性,但是对肝胰腺淀粉酶活性有一定抑制作用;添加复合菌剂比添加单一菌种的作用要好;亦证明了向水体中添加细菌的方式对凡纳滨对虾的体长、体质量、存活率以及水质指标影响比较小,但是对消化酶具有一定的提高作用。     

Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, southern Africa

The depth-distribution profiles of meiofauna in four transects in the Mngazana River, Transkei were studied during summer 1980. Highest densities [±1000(100 cm³)⁻¹] were encountered within the top 10 cm of the sediment. Nematodes dominated (80%) and the remainder was made up of ciliates, oligochaetes, gastrotrichs, and low numbers of polychaetes, copepods, kinorhynchs and various crustacean larvae. Among chemical parameters Eh correlated most consistantly with distribution, particularly at the lower tidal levels. Temperature and pH appeared to be of lesser importance. The maximum estimated depth of penetration was on average 72 cm at the HW levels; 32 at MW and 23 at LW. The mean dry biomass was estimated at 1073 mg m⁻²; 941 mg m⁻² and 196 mg m⁻² at these tidal levels respectively. The importance of preliminary studies designed to estimate the depth distribution of meiofauna is discussed.     

Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. ¹⁵N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen.     

4 种病原弧菌外膜蛋白的提取及抗原性初步分析

利用十二烷基磺酸钠抽提并结合超速离心的方法提取了鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、河口弧菌(V.aestuarianus)、霍乱弧菌(V.cholerae)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)4种致病性弧菌的主要外膜蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE分析比较4种弧菌主要外膜蛋白的组分。结果表明:4株弧菌的外膜蛋白电泳图谱一般可得到5～10条蛋白带,分子量多数集中在26~40 kD和48~85 kD。对所提取的4种弧菌主要外膜蛋白进行SDS-PAGE后,分别与自制的兔抗鳗弧菌血清、抗河口弧菌血清、抗副溶血弧菌血清进行Western-blotting印迹分析。结果显示每种全菌抗血清可与相应菌的外膜蛋白部分组分发生免疫反应,并与其他3种弧菌外膜蛋白的部分组分产生交叉免疫反应,这些反应条带分子量主要集中于30~48 kD之间。本研究为进一步研究致病性弧菌外膜蛋白免疫学特性提供参考。     

短角异剑水蚤对克氏双锯鱼稚鱼成活、生长和脂肪酸组成的影响

为评估短角异剑水蚤(Apocyclops royi)作为海水鱼类仔稚鱼的饵料价值和投喂效果,比较分析了其与卤虫无节幼体(Artemia nauplii)的脂肪酸组成及2种生物饵料对克氏双锯鱼(Amphiprion clarkii)稚鱼存活、生长和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果显示,短角异剑水蚤DHA、EPA和ARA含量分别达21.185%、11.088%和3.250%,海水仔稚鱼必需脂肪酸(EFA)总含量高达37.417%,均显著高于卤虫无节幼体。投喂短角异剑水蚤的克氏双锯鱼稚鱼(5~20 d)成活率(80.71%±8.23%)与投喂卤虫无节幼体组(76.30%±7.00%)差异不显著;稚鱼体长(7.75 mm±1.18 mm)、体重(0.0163 g±0.0080 g)和体长特定生长率(3.46%±0.75%)均显著高于卤虫无节幼体投喂组;稚鱼体内DHA(21.843%)、EPA(6.914%)和ARA(2.725%)含量也均显著高于后者。研究表明,短角异剑水蚤适于作为海水鱼类仔稚鱼的生物饵料,在水产养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。