’92旅游地理学进展

通过1992年各种相关会议和刊物展示旅游地理学的最新动态,探讨国内旅游地理学持续发展的一些问题。     

Understanding Place as ‘Home’ and ‘Away’ through Practices of Bird-watching

Bird-watching is an increasingly popular leisure activity. Previous research has taken for granted the identity of people who watch birds, often categorised by their level of skilled practice as ‘dude’, ‘birder’ or ‘twitcher’. Feminist geographers encourage us to explore identity work as an outcome of the reciprocal relationships between practices and place. Our feminist approach illustrates that the practices of bird-watching are always much more than categorising birds as species. This paper illustrates how the practices of bird-watching are integral to the making and remaking of sense of place as ‘home’ and ‘away’, to sustain identities beyond accepted categories of ‘dude’, ‘birder’ and ‘twitcher’. The creation and application of different types of ‘bird-lists’ helps to explain the ways in which practices of bird-watching facilitate making sense of place as simultaneously ‘home’, ‘away’ and habitat, as well as the identity work of home-maker, citizen-scientist and tourist. Our insights into these leisure practices of bird-watching are drawn from analysis of data gathered from 21 people who actively bird-watch and reside on the South Coast, New South Wales, Australia by combining research methods of talking, walking, drawing and photography.     

关“‘冰臼’与‘壶穴’之争”专家笔谈

编者的话 <热带地理>自1999年第4期起开辟了"争鸣园地”栏目,并以粤东"‘冰臼'与‘壶穴'之争”为题开展热烈讨论.至今两年来,在广大读者竭诚支持下,本栏目在国内外地学界已产生了广泛影响,争鸣至今热度未减.现因内容安排等原因,对本专题的讨论只能暂告一段落. 为继续贯彻"学术争鸣”方针,加强地学各相关专业之间的交流,促进学科发展,本刊编辑部于7月20日在广州地理研究所组织举行了关于"‘冰臼'与‘壶穴'之争”的专题讨论会.与会者有来自广州地区有关的专家、学者和专业科技人员共20多人,南方日报并派记者到会采访.会议自始至终充满热烈气氛,专家们以严肃认真、实事求是的科学态度进行了全面深入的探讨.在此基础上,为满足广大读者的迫切要求,现将所收到的专家书面发言稿,包括未能到会的专家为本栏目撰写的稿件一并刊出.为客观地反映会议情况,同时解决稿件多而版面不足的矛盾,特别是为持不同见解者提供发表意见的一席之地,稿件一律以简短的笔谈形式编发.又根据"文责自负”原则,稿件处理力求在内容、观点、风格等方面保留其"原汁原味”. 虽然,对本专题的讨论现已暂告一段落,但这绝不意味着争鸣已"划上了圆满句号”.广大读者通过对两年来争鸣过程的深入了解和分析,当可作出各自的判断.今后,如有新的意见和建议,还可直接向本刊提出,我们仍会以各种适当方式予以及时反映. <争鸣园地>将是一个常设栏目,希望广大读者继续给予有力支持,我们也将一如既往竭诚为读者提供周到服务. 曾昭璇(华南师范大学地理系教授): 近来争论的冰臼和壶穴问题看来应该结束了.想利用"冰臼”这个珍奇地貌现象来办旅游点的同志是不会放弃他的观点的,学术界对"冰臼”论的错误,也不会同意的. 本人认为所谓冰臼,实为壶穴,即为近代流水作用所成.理由可举几个例说明. 1. 40年前,本人研究红土荒坡时见到,大雨后红土荒坡被流水冲蚀一条小沟.小沟内的水流呈急速旋涡状流动.因此,很快小沟两坡就被蚀出一个个小型的"壶穴”地形来了.可见壶穴是近代流水所成的. 2. 1956年考察"韩江上游地形”时,在急流冲刷的花岗岩河床上,即可见到壶穴成群发育,并且有些呈"管状”壶穴,成行成排时,就把河床掘出一条深深刻入岩体中的小沟,成为河谷加深的部分.这表明洪水期流水涡流侵蚀作用的强烈. 3. 北方我去黄河壶口瀑布考察时,也在瀑布两侧的石质河床面上看见散布的壶穴.在陕西岸段看到一个标准的壶穴,它的上覆地层为红色土及黄土层,不见冰碛物.这也说明即使在北方,壶穴地貌也是流水侵蚀的结果. 4. 有一年,黄河修刘家峡水库,我有幸随水利部工程车去参观.亦见峡底出露后呈现巨型壶穴群的地貌,壶穴直径大至5～8 m,使河底每呈小型瀑布式的涡流,正如今天山区的瀑布潭一般,也说明黄河峡谷水下峡谷底部壶穴地貌,也是现代流水侵蚀的结果. 5. 在新出版<热带地理>2001年第21卷第2期封三照片②"揭西石肚溪冰碛砾石表面形成的‘钉头鼠尾'冰川擦痕”是错定的.这是泥石流中的擦痕,泥石流流动时,石块互相撞击产生的.因为本人在北欧平原(波兰)及北美冰碛区(加拿大地区)所见的"钉头鼠尾”砾石上刻痕,有它的特征,不是这样的. ①冰川刻痕石块是成群分布,不是个别出现,要小心去找才能找到.我曾在庐山大校场冰川末端找到过,所以不相信李四光教授说这是冰川堆积物.那里大小石块是一起堆着的. ②冰刻条痕是有个磨面的,磨面很光滑.磨面上还有一群不同走向的磨痕,也是成群的作同一走向. ③冰刻痕是在光滑磨面上,以几组深度不同、大小不等、方向不一的刻痕存在的. ④"钉头鼠尾”刻痕与石块节理、矿物成分无关.如庐山的石壁上冰川水平擦痕,是花岗岩体近水平排列的长石成带状时,长期风化后呈槽状水平刻痕似的风化槽形凹入.故本人不相信这几条凹槽是冰川U形谷两侧的冰磨痕. ⑤刻痕冰碛层产状也是每呈层状,磨圆也不错,且下部多在冰川磨光岩面上堆积着,即冰碛物也是呈层状产出,不像"蛇形丘”(冰川下河流)的大小不同石块与沙泥堆积在一起. 以上的成果都是国际地理学会、地质学会的野外共同考察后的共识.本人参加国内学会组织的考察所见所谓"冰碛物”没有这些情况,而是与泥石流的情况一致的.     

关于“‘冰臼’与‘壶穴’之争”专家笔谈

《热带地理》自 1999年第 4期起开辟了“争鸣园地”栏目 ,并以粤东“‘冰臼’与‘壶穴’之争”为题开展热烈讨论。至今两年来 ,在广大读者竭诚支持下 ,本栏目在国内外地学界已产生了广泛影响 ,争鸣至今热度未减。现因内容安排等原因 ,对本专题的讨论只能暂告一段落。为继续贯彻“学术争鸣”方针 ,加强地学各相关专业之间的交流 ,促进学科发展 ,本刊编辑部于 7月 2 0日在广州地理研究所组织举行了关于“‘冰臼’与‘壶穴’之争”的专题讨论会。与会者有来自广州地区有关的专家、学者和专业科技人员共 2 0多人 ,南方日报并派记者到会采访。会议自始至终充满热烈气氛 ,专家们以严肃认真、实事求是的科学态度进行了全面深入的探讨。在此基础上 ,为满足广大读者的迫切要求 ,现将所收到的专家书面发言稿 ,包括未能到会的专家为本栏目撰写的稿件一并刊出。为客观地反映会议情况 ,同时解决稿件多而版面不足的矛盾 ,特别是为持不同见解者提供发表意见的一席之地 ,稿件一律以简短的笔谈形式编发。又根据“文责自负”原则 ,稿件处理力求在内容、观点、风格等方面保留其“原汁原味”。虽然 ,对本专题的讨论现已暂告一段落 ,但这绝不意味着争鸣已“划上了圆满句号”。广大读者通过对两年来争鸣过程的深入了解和分析 ,     

Empowering Freetown’s women farmers

In Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone, rapid urbanisation combined with the lingering impacts of the devastating decade long civil war (1991–2002), has left large portions of the population without reliable work or income. One response to this has been an increase in urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) which provides participants with employment, income and food security. According to local government estimates, women comprise around 80% of Freetown’s UPA community, and many women rely totally on UPA as a livelihood strategy to feed and support their households. This article focuses on the experiences of these women farmers, and in doing so sheds new light on their vital contribution to Freetown’s growing UPA community who are not thus far represented in published literature. Globally, women are also underrepresented in UPA literature, and as a result their distinct challenges are not well understood. Reporting on field-based research, this article identifies challenges facing Freetown’s women farmers, including land tenure, access to clean water, limited capital for purchasing tools, fertilisers, and pesticides, and difficult relationships with government, NGOs, and other farmers. The manner in which these challenges manifest themselves in relation to women farmers, as distinct from their male counterparts, are identified, and opportunities for Freetown’s UPA community to support and empower women farmers will be highlighted.     

‘Like touching with your roots’: migrants’ children visiting the ancestral homeland

Many migrants and their descendants make journeys to their homelands, and these visits form an important part of their ethnic identities, kinship relations and transnational connections. While such journeys have attracted increased attention recently, there has been relatively little exploration of the experiences that migrants’ children have when visiting their parents’ homeland, especially in an exile context when there has been little contact with the homeland for an extended period. This paper examines why the children and grandchildren of Estonian migrants to Australia journey to Estonia, and the experiences they have there. Motivations for visiting are complex and varied, and typically interweaved with parents’ stories, ethnic identities, kinship and curiosity. While visiting was a positive but emotional experience for some, it involved awkward encounters for others. This paper explores how these journeys led to respondents reconceptualising their senses of identity, belonging and home, and how many came to align their identities to both Estonia and Australia simultaneously.     

Assessing China’s human-environment relationship

Journal of Geographical Sciences - China’s coupled human-environment system (CHES) is assessed here via a systems schema that emphasizes the complex interactions of components and their...     

Teachers’ Concepts of Map-Skill Development

Maps are an increasingly used source of information and it is therefore essential to develop map skills in students. A fundamental factor affecting the choice of map skills and the way they are developed is the teacher and his/her concept of map work. Based on the results of a survey and semi-structured interviews among Czech teachers, this study identifies three basic conceptual types of teachers: “Navigators” and “Problem-Oriented” and “Source-Oriented” teachers. Similarities with teachers’ concepts of map-skill development identified in previous studies are discussed together with means of improvement.     

“‘神舟九号’天庭二度握手‘天宫一号’”试题设计

《新闻早报》【天宫一号与神舟九号今日将实施手控交会对接】组合体在轨飞行6天后,天宫一号与神舟九号2012年6月24日11时9分将短暂分离,并在12时58分实施第二次交会对接,12时55分成功完成。此次对     

Creative destruction in urban planning procedures: the language of ‘renewal’ and ‘exploitation’21

This paper examines the language and phraseology of ‘creative destruction‘ (‘renewal‘ and ‘exploitation’) expressed in urban planning procedures concerning one particular house in West Jerusalem: 28 Radak Street. Through a forensic examination of the planning-related communications about this address, the work analyzes the various stages of the ’destruction’ and ’renewal’ of the property. It demonstrates how each of the various actors involved (Municipality, planning committees, legal courts, private entrepreneur and local residents) uses different language and phraseology to present their argument, while the voice of the original Palestinian owners of the house is entirely absent from the planning battle.     

China’s corridors-in-the-sky design and space-time congestion identification and the influence of air routes’ traffic flow

Journal of Geographical Sciences - With rapid development of air transportation, the airspace structure of the future will need to be flexible and dynamic to accommodate the increase in traffic...     

Future Teachers’ Spatial Thinking Skills and Attitudes

The spatial thinking skills and attitudes of geography majors were compared with those of future teachers majoring in elementary education and secondary social studies education. Scores were obtained for each group on two measures: the spatial skills test and the attitude toward spatial thinking inventory. Mean differences were examined based on five factors: major, gender, travel experience, geography courses, and experience using geographic information systems (GIS). For both outcome measures, results showed that the mean scores for elementary education majors were significantly lower than scores from secondary social studies majors and geography majors. Geography majors outperformed both groups of education majors on both measures. Implications for the preparation of geography teachers are discussed.     

Kiribati: an environmental ‘perfect storm’

Recent environmental discourses and headlines on small island developing states (SIDS) have heralded the grave and impending threats of global warming and associated sea-level rise. These are undoubtedly significant challenges for SIDS, including atoll nations such as Kiribati. Nevertheless, securing small island state futures also requires a renewed commitment to addressing the obvious and immediate threats of urbanisation, pollution and sanitation. Looking at pressures of development on freshwater, this article argues that the future survival of small island states and their societies also greatly depends on managing the impacts of development. Approaches which can concurrently strengthen the resilience of communities and their ecosystems will result in mutual benefits for both sustainable development and climate change adaptation.     

Large-scale features of Africa’s diurnal climate

This study explores the structure and modulation of the mean diurnal climate of Africa with a focus on satellite rainfall. Solar heating over tropical mountains and land-sea temperature gradients initiate moisture convergence in the afternoon-evening. The diurnal temperature range is from 5 °C along the coast to 20 °C in arid zones with low vegetation fraction. NCEP2 reanalysis reveals the diurnal circulation via continental-scale drainage and seabreeze flows. Factors modulating the diurnal cycle vary across four sub-regions: South Africa, East Congo, Ethiopia, and Guinea. In the Congo and Guinea coast the surface moisture and heat fluxes are important, while in South Africa convective available potential energy and vertical motion are influential. Ethiopia’s evening orographic convection is out of phase with surface fluxes. The diurnal residual calculated from NCEP2 fields exhibits a 2 km depth for thermal gradients and 200 km inland penetration of onshore flow by evening.     

David Mark’s contribution to ethnophysiography research

This article describes Professor David Mark’s considerable contributions over the last 11 years to research in Ethnophysiography, the study of terms used for landscape features in different languages, and toponyms (place-names). His preceding research is briefly discussed to provide a summary of the foundation from which ethnophysiography emerged. This article describes the key stages of development of this new field, including David Mark’s collaborations with Andrew Turk, David Stea, and others. It briefly summarizes the key theories used and the two ethnophysiography case studies undertaken thus far. This article provides an overview of how this collaborative transdisciplinary area of research has developed. It highlights the importance of David Mark’s scholarship in this process and indicates some of the impacts of the research.     

‘WHY FAMILIES MOVE’: A RE-EXAMINATION

Abstract

This study examines the role of surface geomorphic features in tree establishment at the alpine treeline in Glacier National Park, Montana, through the presentation of a multiscale, conceptual model of biogeomorphic relationships at alpine treeline. Empirical observations gathered through a multiscale field methodology over three summers serve as a base for the model. The model highlights the importance of surface geomorphic features, specifically boulders and terrace risers, in creating favorable local site conditions, largely by protecting seedlings from wind. The sheltering effect of surface features enables initial seedling establishment, and in some cases survival, above current treeline locations, thereby initiating a positive feedback effect that encourages subsequent tree establishment. Geomorphic features are therefore important in linking scales of pattern and process at the alpine treeline ecotone.