湘南宝山铅锌银矿床硫同位素的地球化学特征及地质意义

成矿热液的总硫同位素组成(ΣS)可以更加准确地反映成矿流体中硫的来源。本文通过对湖南宝山矿床硫同位素以及总硫同位素的研究发现,金属硫化物样品的δ~(34)S值绝大多数为正值,变化区间为6.40‰~6.91‰,一般为-6.40‰~5.29‰,均值为2.22‰,其中黄铁矿δ~(34)S变化范围为-1‰~4.61‰,均值为2.92‰;方铅矿δ~(34)S变化范围为-0.80‰~1.70‰,均值为0.53‰;闪锌矿δ~(34)S变化范围为1.80‰~4.31‰,均值为2.69‰。具有集中的δ~(34)S值分布以及单一的峰值,表明硫的来源比较单一,具有岩浆硫特点,同位素组成具有δ~(34)S_(黄铁矿)δ~(34)S_(闪锌矿)δ~(34)S方铅矿的特征,证明成矿物质沉淀时基本达到了硫同位素分馏平衡。通过总硫同位素的分析,得出高温与低温两组数据,通过Pinckney图解计算获得中低温阶段的δ~(34)S_(ΣS)为1.28‰,高温阶段的δ~(34)S_(ΣS)为1.68‰。表明成矿流体的硫同位素组成变化很小,仅有0.4‰,且其总硫同位素组成为1.78‰,均显示矿床成矿流体具有地幔硫的特点,表明矿床中的硫可能来自地幔。     

浙西北地区大桥坞铀矿床硫同位素特征研究

大桥坞矿床是赣杭构造-火山岩带中典型火山岩型铀矿床之一,文章旨在研究大桥坞矿床硫同位素特征及其物源示踪意义。研究表明,大桥坞矿床铀矿石δ34 SV-CDT值介于-2.18‰～-10.43‰,蚀变围岩中的δ34SV-CDT值介于6.67‰～8.63‰,两者硫同位素组成存在明显的差异。分析认为,造成铀矿石的δ34SV-CDT值一致为负,而蚀变围岩的δ34SV-CDT值一致为正的原因,可能是成矿流体本身产生的沸腾去气作用导致硫同位素分馏效应;大桥坞矿床成矿流体中的硫具有幔源属性。     

湖南祁东清水塘铅锌矿床成矿物质来源同位素示踪

清水塘铅锌矿床位于湖南省祁东县北东部,是一个中型矿床。在详细的野外地质调查基础上,本文通过矿石硫、铅同位素,含矿石英氢、氧同位素和含矿方解石碳、氧同位素等综合研究,探讨清水塘铅锌矿床成矿物质来源和成因。硫同位素研究结果表明,清水塘铅锌矿床中黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的硫同位素δ~(34)S介于-7.41‰~2.91‰之间,重晶石的硫同位素δ~(34)S介于11.49‰~12.34‰之间,表明矿石中的硫主要来源于深源岩浆,并受到上部地壳物质的混染。黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿的Pb同位素~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb介于17.810~18.710之间,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb介于15.497~15.726之间,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb介于37.858~38.834之间;其中闪锌矿变化范围略偏大,表明矿石中的铅主要来源于地壳,可能混有少量地幔物质。含矿石英的氢、氧同位素δD_(SMOW)介于-87.4‰~-79.3‰之间,δ~(18)O_(H_2O)介于-8.10‰~0.63‰之间,表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主,晚期有大气降水的混入。含矿方解石的碳、氧同位素δ~(13)C_(VPDB)介于-5.3‰~-4.6‰之间,δ~(18)O_(SMOW)介于12.30‰~13.48‰之间;与地层灰岩的δ~(13)C_(VPDB)(0.9‰~2.6‰),δ~(18)O_(SMOW)(21.86‰~23.39‰)不一致;说明成矿流体中的碳主要来自深源岩浆。以上研究表明,清水塘铅锌矿床的成矿物质主要来自地壳熔融形成的岩浆,混合作用是成矿的主要机制。     

膏盐在金顶铅锌矿成矿中的作用：硫和锶同位素证据

云南金顶铅锌、天青石、石膏和硫铁矿超大型复合矿床位于兰坪盆地的北缘,矿床中富含沥青和重油等有机质和膏盐类矿物。大部分硬石膏和石膏的δ34SV-CDT集中分布在+12‰~+16‰之间,与三叠纪末期海洋硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT值+15‰相近;天青石的δ34SV-CDT较为离散,+6‰~+26‰,但在整体上围绕着硬石膏分布。除少部分早期成岩-矿化阶段形成的硫化物具有极低的生物成因特征的δ34SV-CDT以外,大部分金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT呈现出“两段式”的分布特征,一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-12‰~-20‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约30‰;另一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-8‰~-2‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约20‰。在200℃的主成矿温度下,硫酸盐与硫化氢之间的硫同位素分馏刚好为30‰,在300℃为20‰,这与金顶矿床中石膏-硫化物之间硫同位素分布规律一致,表明矿床中的大部分硫源自有机质还原三叠纪膏盐所产生的硫化氢。当富含Pb2+、Zn2+、Sr2+等阳离子的成矿溶液与富含有机质、CO2、H2S和硫酸盐的热水溶液在推覆穹窿构造中汇合时,Pb2+、Zn2+与H2S结合生成方铅矿和闪锌矿,Sr2+与SO42-结合生成天青石。另外,矿区天青石、石膏、灰岩角砾和金属硫化物的锶同位素数据表明膏盐类矿床中的锶 (87Sr/86Sr=0.707765~0.710553)可能并非仅来自于三叠纪海相地层(87Sr/86Sr=0.70695~0.70845),而是成矿热液对各个流经地层和蒸发岩的萃取;受成矿热液中高锶同位素组成的混染,灰岩角砾岩的锶同位素组成相对于三叠纪的灰岩有明显增高。膏盐-有机质(油气)-金属硫化物矿床三位一体可能是普遍规律。     

胶西北新城金矿床硫同位素地球化学

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其热液成矿作用可划分为四个阶段:黄铁矿-石英-绢云母阶段(I)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(II)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(III)和石英-方解石阶段(IV),其中金主要赋存于II和III阶段的黄铁矿内。该矿床赋矿围岩为郭家岭岩体,岩性为石英二长岩和二长花岗岩,主要为胶东群变质基底经部分熔融形成。胶东群变粒岩硫同位素较为均一(δ34S值介于6.9‰~9.4‰,均值为8.0‰);郭家岭岩体的δ34S值介于6.0‰~16.0‰,均值为8.6‰,反映了其硫同位素组成总体上继承了变粒岩的硫同位素特征;长英质脉岩的δ34S值变化范围为0.8‰~8.5‰(均值为6.7‰),其中4件样品的δ34S值变化范围为7.4‰~8.5‰,反映了其硫主要源自于郭家岭岩体,变粒岩可能提供了部分硫源;而其中1件样品的δ34S值仅为0.8‰,符合岩浆硫来源特征,表明深部岩浆可能也提供了部分硫源。新城金矿床矿石中硫化物δ34S值变化范围较大(4.3‰~10.6‰,均值为8.3‰),表明矿石硫可能源于郭家岭岩体、变粒岩和长英质脉岩,最终主要来源于胶东群变质基底。I阶段黄铁矿颗粒较小(5~600μm),晶形主要为立方体,反映其处于温度较高(300~350℃)、成矿流体的过饱和度较低、低氧逸度和硫逸度、冷却快速、物质供应不足的成矿环境;黄铁矿δ34S值变化范围为8.4‰~10.6‰,均值为9.7‰,反映了矿石硫可能源自于δ34S值较高的郭家岭岩体和变粒岩。II和III阶段黄铁矿粒径变化较大(3μm~2.5mm),晶形主要为五角十二面体,反映其处于中-低温度(200~300℃)、成矿流体过饱和度高、高氧逸度和硫逸度、缓慢冷却同时物质供应充分的成矿环境。其中,II阶段黄铁矿δ34S值变化范围为7.7‰~9.7‰,均值为8.7‰,表明矿石硫源除郭家岭岩体和变粒岩外,δ34S值较低的长英质脉岩可能也提供了部分硫源。III阶段硫化物δ34S值变化范围较大(4.3‰~9.4‰,均值为7.1‰),闪锌矿-方铅矿硫同位素热力学平衡温度范围为180~282℃,氧逸度约为10-37.3~10-36.8,反映了矿石硫源自于郭家岭岩体、变粒岩和长英质脉岩,硫化物δ34S值变化范围较大可能是硫同位素分馏达到平衡的结果。IV阶段黄铁矿粒径最小(1~5μm),为晶形完好、表面光滑的立方体晶形,表明其处于较低温度(200℃),成矿流体的过饱和度较低、氧逸度和硫逸度较低、物质供应不足的成矿环境。     

云南思茅盆地上白垩统勐野井组自形黄铁矿成因及地质意义

云南思茅盆地位于特提斯成矿带东南段,上白垩统勐野井组是该区域一套广泛分布的含盐地层,该组内赋存有中国目前唯一的前第四纪固体钾盐矿床。对思茅盆地江城地区勐野井组石膏和黄铁矿样品,利用电子探针和质谱仪进行了主、微量元素和硫同位素分析,结果表明黄铁矿的n(S)/n(Fe)平均值为202,为硫富集型黄铁矿;黄铁矿的w(Co)/w(Ni)值为301~1074,变化范围较大;黄铁矿的δ34SV-CDT值为-836‰~-336‰,平均值为-633‰,而石膏的δ34SV-CDT值为66‰~107‰,平均值为948‰。通过对黄铁矿n(S)/n(Fe)、w(Co)/w(Ni)、硫同位素以及石膏硫同位素进行分析,认为勐野井组石膏层在成岩期后受到了热液蚀变的作用,热液蚀变导致石膏被还原形成S2-,S2-与热液带来的Fe结合形成了粒状黄铁矿。通过对思茅盆地江城地区勐野井组黄铁矿、石膏的成因机制研究得出,受印度板块俯冲活动控制,深部热液对该区上白垩统勐野井组内原生蒸发岩有明显改造作用并有多种金属矿物伴生。思茅盆地晚白垩世以来热液活动频繁,多期次的热液作用对盆地金属成矿有积极影响,对勐野井组钾盐有不利的改造作用,使得原生钾盐发生蚀变,普遍发生重结晶作用。     

辽宁白云金矿床稳定同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因

白云金矿床是辽东地区的一个大型金矿床,其成矿物质来源及矿床成因一直存在争议。本文系统地研究了白云金矿床的氢、氧、硫和碳同位素地球化学特征。研究结果显示:成矿流体中δ~(18)OV-SMOW值变化范围为13.5‰15.9‰,δD_(V-SMOW)为-107‰-83‰,表明成矿流体以岩浆水为主;矿石中黄铁矿的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)为-8.3‰2.9‰,以富轻硫和贫重硫为特征,与辽河群围岩中黄铁矿的硫同位素组成(δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)为7.0‰18.7‰)有明显差异;矿石中方解石的碳同位素δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)为-2.2‰-0.4‰,类似于火成碳酸岩或地幔包体来源的碳同位素特征,也与辽河群大理岩的碳同位素组成明显不同。成矿元素特征对比也显示,成矿物质来源与辽河群没有必然联系。综合矿床地质特征和地球化学特征,认为白云金矿床是与深部岩浆流体活动有关的岩浆热液型金矿床。     

安徽宁国大坞尖钨矿床成矿流体及成矿物质来源——来自氢、氧和硫同位素证据

大坞尖钨矿床位于扬子陆块南缘与华夏古陆块的接合部位,是皖南地区典型的层控矽卡岩型矿床,近年来在该区域内钨多金属矿的找矿取得很大的突破。成矿流体及成矿物质来源的确定对矿床成因研究、找矿方向及区域成矿规律认识具有重要意义。文章对主成矿期的石英和黄铁矿进行了氢、氧和硫同位素测试。数据显示,主成矿期石英的流体包裹体中水的δD_(SMOW)值为-98.2‰~-70.1‰,δ18O_(SMOW)值为11.5‰~13.9‰之间,成矿流体主要来自岩浆水,有大气降水的混合;黄铁矿的δ34SV-CDT值为4.6‰~5.2‰,硫源单一,主要为岩浆来源,可能有少量地层S混入。矿床氢、氧和硫稳定同位素研究表明,燕山期大钨尖地区大规模的构造-岩浆活动不仅带来了大量的成矿物质,而且使地层中的成矿物质活化迁移,并在有利的构造部位沉淀富集,从而形成钨多金属矿床。     

甘肃阳山金矿载金黄铁矿硫同位素Nano-SIMS原位分析

硫同位素示踪是矿床研究的重要手段之一,它在示踪成矿物质来源方面具有极其重要的作用。由于阳山金矿床的载金黄铁矿普遍发育环带结构,显示多期热液活动的特点,而前人研究往往得到整颗粒黄铁矿硫同位素的混和值,因而无法将不同阶段的硫同位素来源区分清楚。本次研究采用纳米二次离子质谱分析技术(NanoSIMS)对不同阶段的黄铁矿的不同部位进行了原位硫同位素分析。结果表明,斜长花岗斑岩脉中载金黄铁矿的硫同位素分布基本表现为核部高、环带低的特点,其中,黄铁矿核部的δ34S值为0~1.3‰,显示硫来自于深源岩浆,而环带的δ34S值为-4.5‰~-1.3‰,表明成矿过程中的硫主要来源于岩浆硫,同时可能还有部分沉积硫的混入;千枚岩中草莓状黄铁矿和自形黄铁矿核部的δ34S值均较低(平均值分别为-22.2‰和-26.5‰),显示细菌还原海水硫酸盐过程所产生的硫同位素特征,而自形黄铁矿环带的δ34S值为-5.1‰~1.3‰,同样显示硫来源于岩浆硫与一定程度沉积硫的混合。笔者综合研究区内岩浆活动与成矿的关系后认为,岩浆活动与成矿关系密切,岩浆活动的频发不仅为流体运移提供了足够的热源,同时还带来了丰富的成矿物质。     

辽东古元古代菱镁矿矿床与硼酸盐矿床——同期异相沉积成矿探讨

辽东地区古元古代辽河群火山-沉积建造中发育有大规模的菱镁矿矿床和硼酸盐矿床,是中国非金属矿产镁、硼的主产地。文章对这两类非金属矿床进行了主微量元素、稳定同位素(硫和碳)和LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石UPb定年测试。同时,结合部分前人的同位素测试结果对成矿作用进行了探讨,研究表明:1菱镁矿矿石及内部的石膏岩的δ34SV-CDT为15.6‰~26.5‰,硼矿石及其周缘硬石膏和大理岩围岩的δ34SV-CDT值和δ11B值分别为11.6‰~24.3‰和8.8‰~13.9‰,显示为海相蒸发沉积的特征;2菱镁矿矿体内黄铁矿δ34SV-CDT值为16.0‰~20.7‰,硼酸盐矿体内黄铁矿δ34SV-CDT值为12.3‰~13.2‰,显示海相硫酸盐热还原成因的特征;3菱镁矿矿石的δ13CV-PDB值为0.3‰~1.6‰,硼酸盐矿床周缘新鲜大理岩围岩的δ13CV-PDB值为-1.5‰~4.6‰,记录有受古元古代Lomagundi海相蒸发事件影响的碳同位素"正异常"现象;4菱镁矿矿石和硼矿体周缘的镁质大理岩均具有相似的页岩标准化稀土元素配分图和较高的硼含量;5菱镁矿和硼矿矿体上、下盘中的各类变粒岩和浅粒岩的岩浆锆石阴极发光图像相似,均具有的2.2 Ga左右的峰期岩浆锆石年龄。因此,辽吉裂谷北缘斜坡区的菱镁矿矿床和中央凹陷区的硼酸盐矿床可能均形成于2.2 Ga左右的海相蒸发沉积环境,形成于大规模火山喷发沉积活动的间歇期,属裂谷内南北两侧同期异相海相蒸发沉积的产物。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.