一次罕见的辐射-平流雾研究(Ⅱ)——雾水化学性质分析

利用2006年12月24-27日南京市持续浓雾的雾水样品资料,结合雾滴谱仪观测的雾的微物理结构和系留气球探测的边界层资料,分析了本次浓雾雾水的化学特征.结果表明:酸雾的频率达61.5%,平均pH值为5.63;雾水中主要阳离子是NH+4、Na+、Ca2+,主要阴离子是SO42-、NO-3,其次是Cl-;雾水中总离子和SO2-4浓度水平较高,说明本次过程大气污染比较严重;雾水的Na+/Cl-为3.09,明显高于其它地区,Cl-亏损严重,主要是因为此次雾是辐射-平流雾,受到东南海面上吹来的暖湿平流的影响;雾水中的离子浓度远高于雨水中的浓度,但雨水比雾水更酸;雾水离子总浓度与雾滴粒径呈反相关趋势(r=-0.71);浓雾发展过程中,pH值先升后降,前后出现三次起伏,其趋势与各离子和总离子浓度的变化大体相反.     

广州地区春季污染雾的化学特征分析

使用2005年2～3月在广州地区采集的雾水样品资料,分析了广州地区污染雾雾水的化学组分;对3次典型污染雾过程雾水的离子浓度及其可能的来源进行了分析。广州地区的污染雾雾水中的诸离子浓度远高于雨水中的值,因而,雾不但造成视程障碍,而且是高浓度污染的液态颗粒物,对人体健康十分有害。在雾水中浓度最高的阴离子是SO4=, 其次是NO3-;在阳离子中Ca++、NH4+的浓度最高。雨水比雾水更酸,说明虽然雾水中的离子浓度较雨水高得多,但大量的离子成分中存在更多的缓冲物质,比如说NH4+和Ca++。雾水中的Ca++、SO4=、Mg++有明显的富集现象,广州地区的污染雾雾水主要受大陆环境和人类活动的影响。这期间广州地区出现严重污染雾与水汽充足和大量气溶胶污染粒子的存在直接有关。     

南京冬季持续性强浓雾天气中三级分档雾水的理化特性分析

2013年12月7—9日南京出现持续性强浓雾天气过程。利用观测试验中获取的三级分档雾水和分粒径气溶胶的水溶性离子浓度,气溶胶数浓度谱、雾滴谱以及自动气象站获取的气象要素等资料,通过对比研究浓雾过程中4—16 μm（3级）、16—22 μm（2级）、>22 μm（1级）3个粒径范围雾滴（雾水）与分粒径气溶胶的微物理特征和化学特性,探讨不同粒径气溶胶粒子吸湿增长对雾滴的贡献以及气溶胶离子组分对不同尺度雾滴化学性质的影响。结果表明,在强浓雾天气中,能见度为50 m左右,短波辐射减弱形成稳定逆温层,有助于污染气溶胶的累积并吸湿增长向雾滴转化。雾滴的增加主要集中在小滴范围, 直径在0.5—1 μm的气溶胶粒子对其贡献最大。各粒径段气溶胶中阴离子NO₃-和SO₄2-均表现出较高值,阳离子中Ca2+浓度最高。三档雾水中各阴、阳离子浓度均在4—16 μm小滴雾水中最高,16—22 μm中滴雾水和>22 μm大滴雾水的阴、阳离子浓度没有明显的高低之分。阳离子中Ca2+的浓度在第1级小滴雾水中最高,2级和3级雾水中NH₄+的浓度最高,阴离子中NO₃-和SO₄2-在各级雾水中浓度相差不大。雾水pH值2.7—6.9,呈酸性,小雾滴酸性更强。      

碘化银地面发生器增雪水中Ag+与化学组分研究

为搞清实施人工影响天气后,所用碘化银催化剂是否对环境造成污染这一问题,利用2002年12月至2003年3月在北京尖子山,使用碘化银地面发生器在人工增雨雪试验中,对4次人工降雪过程所采集雪水样品进行了Ag 测定及其他化学组分分析。发现雪水中Ag 浓度在不同天气过程中变化明显,变化与催化剂数量间没有直接线性关系,所测的Ag 浓度远低于我国生活饮用水标准。雪水化学特征明显,雪水中阴离子浓度最高是SO42-、NO3-,阳离子Ca2 、NH4 浓度最高。与污染较重的雾水相比,雪水中的诸离子浓度远低于北京地区雾水所测值。     

广州地区1994年6月洪涝期间降水的物理化学特征

受9403号强热带风暴登陆和锋面暴雨的影响,致使珠江下游出现百年一遇特大洪涝灾害,本文在此期间分析了在从化气象站密集观测的雨水成分与雨滴谱资料,结果表明:（1）雨滴谱型以多峰谱为主,极少出现无峰谱;（2） 雨水的pH值均比较低;（3）在雨水离子中以SO2-4和NH+4的浓度最高,雨水中被富集的主要是NO-3;（4）气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,SO2-4和Ca2+的浓度最高。     

岭南山地气溶胶物理化学特征研究

对岭南山地收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明:总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度大体在华南大陆的清洁点均值与大中城市均值之间,其分布主要表现为明显的三峰分布,分别位于巨粒子段,大粒子段与亚微米粒子段,主峰值位于巨粒子段。K 的分布最为特殊,仅仅在细粒子段位于0.065~1.1μm处表现为一个明显的峰。气溶胶中均以SO42-为主要阴离子成分,Ca2 为主要阳离子成分,较之华南乡村清洁对照点,除离子浓度成倍增加外,SO42-浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分。另外,NO3-、NH4 的含量比华南城市显著减少是其主要特点。在雨季无论是总浓度还是SO42-、Ca2 、Mg2 的浓度均比旱季时明显减少,与降水的清除过程有关。气溶胶中水溶性NH4 、K 、SO42-较多地存在于细粒态粒子中,它们的质量中值直径在旱季比广州大,在雨季略小于广州的情况;而F-、Ca2 、Cl-、Na 较多地存在于粗粒态粒子中。相对于华南土壤而言,旱季的大瑶山和白云山气溶胶中Mg2 、Ca2 有明显富集,SO42-也有一定程度的富集,雨季仅仅白云山上Mg2 有富集现象。通过离子中和情况的讨论,岭南山地气溶胶应呈酸性,对雨水酸化的缓冲能力较差,会加重该区的酸雨危害。     

广州黄埔工业区近地层气溶胶分级水溶性成分的物理化学特征

通过对在黄埔工业区收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明 :总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度均明显高于华南大陆的值 ,其分布表现为明显的 3峰分布 ,气溶胶中以 SO2 - 4,NO- 3 ,Ca2 ,NH 4 为主要的离子成分 ;较之华南陆地测站 ,除离子浓度成倍增加外 ,SO2 - 4的浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分 ,NO- 3 ,NH 4 的含量比重显著增加 ,以及 NO- 3 ,SO2 - 4,NH 4 ,K 较多地存在于细粒态粒子中是其主要特点。     

合肥市降水化学组成成分分析

为研究合肥市降水的化学组成成分,于2010年4—9月在合肥市国家基本气象站设立了采样点,进行降水的采集,对降水化学组成成分进行了测定,并系统分析了化学组成成分的特点。结果表明:合肥降水中阴离子主要为SO24-,阳离子主要为NH4+和Ca2+,[SO24-]/[NO3-]当量浓度比值范围为1.23～6.33,大部分样本的比值<3,说明酸雨类型以硝硫混合型为主。降水的酸度与单一离子当量浓度的相关性并不明显,应该是受多种离子综合影响的结果,SO24-与NO3-,Ca2+与Mg2+,NH4+与SO24-,NH4+与NO3-均表现出较好的相关性。     

广州市气溶胶质量谱和水溶性成分谱分析

对2006年9月—2007年1月在广州市采集的气溶胶粒子的质量谱和水溶性成分进行分析表明,广州市各测点的气溶胶质量谱基本呈双峰或三峰分布,细粒子浓度占气溶胶总浓度的四成到六成;在气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,浓度最高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,浓度最高的阳离子是NH4+和Na+;各离子多呈三峰或是双峰分布,但不同离子的峰值不尽相同;广州市的粉尘污染逐渐减少,而NH4+浓度迅速增大;相对土壤,只有Na+和NH4+富集度比较大,SO42-和K+有一定富集;相对海洋,F-的富集度非常大,其他离子则无明显富集;Cl-被严重耗损;致酸离子以SO42-为主,NO3-作用较弱些;SO42-和NH4+谱分布有很好的相关性,并且在细粒子和巨粒子粒径范围有共同的来源。     

辽宁农村代表区域降水离子组成及与气态污染物相关性

对辽宁农村代表区域站点——辽中县马龙村观测站2007年2月至2008年1月酸雨、气态污染物浓度观测资料进行了研究。结果表明：辽中站降水的化学组成阴离子主要为SO4^2-和NO3-阳离子主要为NH4和Ca2＋,SO4^2-／NO3-比值为2．9．Na＋／Cl-比值较大,大于1。各种离子浓度冬春季高,夏秋季较低,表明研究区域降水酸化与污染关系不显著。实测的9种主要阴离子、阳离子总浓度比（∑阴离子／∑阳离子）与降水pH值相关性不高,表明目前酸雨研究观测的主要9种阴阳离子不能完全包括降水中的离子组成。降水酸性与近地面污染气体浓度相关各异,pH与NOx、CO、NO2和O3浓度有较明显的负相关,与SO2浓度负相关不明显;降水pH值与颗粒物等碱性污染物浓度正相关明显。降水中主要致酸离子SO4^2-和NO3-的浓度与相应酸性气体污染物SO2和NOx近地面浓度的相关不明显。     

南岭大瑶山高速公路浓雾的宏微观结构与能见度研究

南岭山地地处南亚热带湿润型季风气候区,每年9月至次年5月有华南准静止锋活动时均会有浓雾发生,每月浓雾日可高达15—18 d,尤其是中国目前最长的京珠高速公路通过南岭主脉大瑶山的乐昌—乳源段,路面海拔高度从200 m增至800多米,山地的抬升使雾害更加严重。在南岭大瑶山高速公路开展的两次多学科综合野外观测,内容包括目测能见度、器测能见度、雾滴谱、雾含水量、系留探空、双参数低空探空、雾层湍流扩散、气溶胶粒子谱、气溶胶成分谱、雾水样品成分、雨水样品成分。对典型个例进行了天气学分析,雾的宏观结构特征分析,雾的微物理特征分析。认识到南岭山地浓雾发生频率高,雾害十分严重,是典型的平流雾和上坡雾,实质上是出现在相对较高海拔高度上的低云,与华南锋面活动尤其是华南准静止峰的活动密切相关,局地地形的作用也非常重要。其特点是浓雾持续时间长、能见度极其恶劣、团块结构明显、雾滴尺度大、浓度不高、含水量较大、雾层内的湍流扩散能力比晴空区强,与中国过去研究较多的辐射雾差别较大。发现雾含水量与能见度呈明显的反相关关系,含水量较大时能见度较小;南岭山地雾含水量等微结构特征量的起伏变化,除与雾体本身的结构不均匀有关外,一个重要的原因是平流因素的影响,南岭山地下垫面的不均匀性,雾体随环境风的平移过程中,不规则的爬坡、翻越山坡的运动是造成雾体结构不均匀、振荡起伏变化的另一个重要原因。该地气溶胶粒子谱是呈单调下降的幂函数谱,次微米粒子浓度甚高,南岭山地气溶胶中含有高浓度的硫酸盐粒子,是优质凝结核,有利于雾的形成。雾的存在可以清除大气中的微量成分,雾滴可以包含浓度很高的污染物成分。同时,较之云滴而言,雾滴也很容易被地表物体(如植被、建筑物等)的垂直表面所截获,构成另一类清除过程。在南岭这样的大面积森林地区,这类清除过程可能是很重要的。研究本地区雾的特征变化,对建立本地区雾的预警预报系统有很大的现实意义,并为开展消雾试验提供了基本资料。     

Macro-and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

The influences of macro- and microphysical characteristics of sea-fog on fog-water chemical composition

ABSTRACT During a sea-fog field observation campaign on Donghai Island in the spring of 2011, fog-water, visibility, meteorological elements, and fog droplet spectra were measured. The main cations and anions in 191 fog-water samples were Na＋, NH2, H＋, NO3, C1- and SO] , and the average concentrations of cations and anions were 2630 and 2970 p-eq L 1, respectively. The concentrations of Na＋ and C1- originated from the ocean were high. The enhancement of anthropogenic pollution might have contributed to the high concentration of NH＋, H＋, and NO^-3. The average values ofpH and electrical conductivity （EC） were 3.34 and 505 uS cm-1, respectively, with a negative correlation between them. Cold fronts associated with cyclonic circulations promoted the decline of ion loadings. Air masses from coastal areas had the highest ion loadings, contrary to those from the sea. The ranges of wind speed, wind direction and temperature corresponding to the maximum total ion concentration （TIC） were 3.5-4 m s-1, 79°-90° and 21°C-22°C, respectively. In view of the low correlation coefficients, a new parameter Lr was proposed as a predictive parameter for TIC and the correlation coefficient increased to 0.74. Based on aerosol concentrations during the sea-fog cases in 2010, we confirmed that fog-water chemical composition also depended on the species and sizes of aerosol particles. When a dust storm passed through Donghai Island, the number concentration of large aerosol particles （with diameter 〉 1 p-m） increased. This caused the ratio of CaZ＋/Na＋ in fog-water to increase significantly.     

Macro- and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the Dayaoshan Expressway

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway (the longest expressway in China) that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level (ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fogdrops, liquid water content (LWC) of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diffusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and reflect on the role of local terrain as well. The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration, extremely low visibility, well-organized lump-shaped structure, large-size fog-drops, moderate concentration, high LWC, and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in ne sky. They di er much from radiation fogs, which are better documented in previous study in China. It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range. It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is, in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself, the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface;during the translation of fog with the ambient wind, irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog. The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent. The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher. The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts. are actually good nuclei for condensation, which are favorable for the formation of fog. The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements. In the meantime, compared to cloud droplets, fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface, such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kind of cleansing process.In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts., this kind of cleansing may be quite important. Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.     

济南冬季雾的微物理结构及其对能见度的影响

2016年12月19日至2017年1月9日,受静稳天气影响,济南接连出现了10次大雾等级以上天气过程,期间最低能见度不足50 m,持续的大雾天气严重影响了工农业生产和人民生活。本文利用10次冬季雾期间雾滴谱仪、自动站等观测资料,分析了济南不同强度冬季雾的微物理结构特征,分析了其中的微物理过程及强度,探讨了微物理结构、微物理过程对能见度（ V ）的影响。结果表明:（1）济南冬季雾强度不同,其谱分布具有明显的差异,在雾变浓的过程中,谱型由“单峰”结构逐渐向“多峰”结构发展。（2）数浓度对能见度具有较好的指示意义,液态含水量、离散度等对能见度指示意义不稳定。（3）环境温度与核化、凝结和碰并增长（或蒸发）等微物理过程密切相关;核化、凝结增长是济南冬季雾发展过程中最主要的微物理过程,在整个雾过程中起主导作用。（4）碰并过程主要发生在发展和成熟阶段,在生成和减弱阶段很弱,以未碰并或偶发碰并为主。（5）自转化率计算结果表明,在V≥200 m的雾中,碰并过程很少发生;在100 m≤V<200 m的强浓雾中,以未碰并或间断碰并为主;碰并过程主要出现在V<100 m等级的强浓雾和特强浓雾中;与V<50 m的特强浓雾相比,50 m≤V<100 m的强浓雾中碰并过程发生的概率更大、强度更强。（6）在济南冬季特强浓雾中含有大量的小雾滴,但各微物理量的最大值、最大的起伏变化并未出现在特强浓雾中,而是出现在50 m≤V<100 m强浓雾中,这可能与强浓雾中较强的碰并过程有关,碰撞过程中产生的并合和破碎可能是微物理量起伏变化最大的主要原因。（7）利用雾滴谱资料计算的能见度与实测值在变化趋势上具有较好的一致性,但比实测值大1～2个数量级,这可能主要与雾中大量的气溶胶粒子有关,对于污染大气,基于雾滴谱仪观测资料来估算雾中的大气能见度是不够的,必须同时考虑气溶胶粒子对能见度的影响。     

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MACRO- AND MICRO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DENSE FOG IN THE AREA SOUTH OF THE NANLING MOUNTAINS

Using the composite field observational data collected in the area south of the Nanling Mts. and numerical modeling, the seasonal features of dense fog and visibility, fog drop spectrum and physical concept of fog forming have been analyzed. The occurring frequency of low visibility（≤200 m） is very high with a mean of 24.7%, a maximum of 41.8% from the end of autumn to winter and next spring. The fog processes that occur in the area south of the Nanling Mts. in spring and winter result from the interactions of complicated micro-physical processes, the local terrain, water vapor transportation and the influencing weather system. The fog processes are arisen from advection or windward slope, which is much different from the radiation fog. Cooling condensation due to the air lifted by the local mountain plays an important role in fog formation. Windward slope of the mountain is favorable to the fog formation. Dense fog can occur at lower altitudes in the windward slope of mountain, resulting in the lower visibility. The fog is mainly of small-drop spectrum with smaller number-density than that of urban fog, and its drop spectrum has descending trend in the section of smaller diameter. The inverse relationship between fog water content and visibility is the best among several relationships of micro-variables. In addition to micro-physical processes of fog body itself, the motion of irregular climbing and crossing over hillside while the fog body is being transported by the wind are also important reasons for the fluctuation of micro-physical parameters such as fog water content.     

中国雾水化学研究进展

1980年以来,中国雾水化学研究发展迅速.在城市、高山和海边广泛地开展了雾的观测试验和云雾水的取样分析,研究了各地云雾水的酸度和酸雾的来源,分析了不同地区雾水化学组分的基本特征.许多雾的综合观测试验,在对雾水连续取样的同时,还连续观测了与雾水化学相关的要素,研究了影响雾水化学组分浓度的主要因子.文中总结了近30年来中国...     

江苏北部不同等级雾的微物理结构及个例分析

利用2015—2017年秋冬季在江苏北部观测到12次雾过程的雾滴谱数据及常规气象观测资料,统计分析了轻雾、大雾、浓雾、强浓雾和特强浓雾等级下的微物理特征量及雾滴谱分布,并通过一次雾过程的分析,探讨了不同雾等级下的主要微物理过程。结果表明:随着雾等级的提升,雾滴数浓度、含水量增长明显,而轻雾、大雾和浓雾的雾滴平均直径和最大直径差异不大,但当能见度小于200 m时,平均直径和最大直径显著增大;能见度下降时,平均数浓度谱和含水量谱的谱线上抬,从浓雾到强浓雾,粒径大于10 μm的大雾滴增长明显;雾滴数浓度主要由小雾滴控制,雾滴含水量受大雾滴影响;东海县郊平均的雾滴含水量与南京观测结果相差不大,但雾滴数浓度仅为南京的一半左右,平均直径大约是南京的2.3倍;个例分析中,能见度从1000 m下降到50 m,凝结核活化并凝结增长是主要微物理过程,但可凝结水汽是影响该过程效果的一个重要因子,可使雾滴数浓度和平均直径呈现不同的相关关系;能见度降到50 m以下时,碰并过程效果显著;日出后雾滴蒸发作用显现并逐步增强。      

南岭山地一次锋面浓雾过程的边界层结构分析

利用2001年3月上旬在南岭山地进行的综合野外观测资料,分析了有雾和无雾时的天气型和边界层风、温、湿结构特征。分析表明,冷空气影响期间出现的地面雾是低空湿度饱和区向地面扩展,云底接地形成的雾,锋面雾消散过程实质上为雾层底逐渐抬升离开地面的过程。边界层结构受天气系统的影响,锋面逆温结构对雾的维持有重要作用,单层强逆温结构有利于雾的发展和维持,多层(双层)弱逆温结构容易导致雾消散;出现雾与前期低空南风强劲,高空盛行西南或西南西气流,充分回暖增湿,导致整层空气湿度大有密切关系;浓雾维持期间,出现小到中雨时,雨强峰值时间段都出现能见度短时好转的现象,否则则反之,表明云雾中的微物理过程与能见度有密切关系。