基于岭估计的粗差探测

针对测量平差Gauss-M arkov模型中法矩阵的病态性和观测值的粗差同时存在问题,把岭估计和粗差探测两者的优点结合起来提出了基于岭估计的粗差探测方法。该方法把岭估计看成具有伪观测值的最小二乘估计,然后运用基于最小二乘估计的粗差探测技术探讨岭估计意义下的奇异点,并给出奇异点的检验统计量和判断方法。数值实验表明,新方法在克服病态性的同时能够有效地识别出可疑(可能含粗差)的观测值。     

基于部分最小二乘岭估计的粗差定值定位

在利用部分最小二乘原理进行粗差定值定位时,模型的法方程矩阵可能存在病态性,使得到的粗差定值定位结果不可靠。文中针对观测数据包含多个粗差且法方程病态问题,利用岭估计处理病态问题,建立部分最小二乘岭估计的粗差定值定位方法,给出粗差搜索步骤,利用迭代算法实现多个粗差的定值和定位。通过模拟算例分析部分最小二乘法、部分最小二乘岭估计在粗差搜索方面的效果,从另一个角度探讨粗差处理方法,推广现有的误差理论,证明文中方法的有效性。     

附有奇异值修正限制的改进的岭估计方法

最小二乘估计具有无偏性,而岭估计是一种有偏估计,它通过引入偏差降低方差来降低均方误差。在模型出现病态时,岭估计优于最小二乘估计。对岭估计的方差与偏差进行分析发现,岭估计通过修正病态矩阵的奇异值降低均方误差,但对部分较大奇异值的修正不能有效降低均方误差。通过比较修正奇异值的方差下降量与偏差引入量的大小关系确定需要修正的小奇异值,进而改进岭估计方法,实现选择性地修正小奇异值,提出附有奇异值修正限制的改进的岭估计方法,可有效改善岭估计的解算效果和可靠性,实验验证了新方法的可行性和有效性。     

病态总体最小二乘问题的虚拟观测解法

提出基于虚拟观测的病态总体最小二乘问题岭估计解法,该方法将先验信息作为一项独立的虚拟观测量,作为约束条件与病态观测方程联立求解未知参数,推导了求解的具体公式和迭代算法,给出了虚拟观测法中确定准则子参数的岭迹法。算例比较分析了病态总体最小二乘虚拟观测法、总体最小二乘岭估计的L曲线法、普通总体最小二乘法和最小二乘法的结果,发现虚拟观测法在解决病态总体最小二乘问题时是非常有效的。     

病态加权总体最小二乘的广义岭估计解法

针对加权情形下的变量误差(EIV)模型,采用广义岭估计法处理总体最小二乘平差的病态性问题. 结合最优化准则和协方差传播率推导了未知参数的改正数求解公式;根据参数估计值的均方误差最小化原理,通过求偏导数列出广义岭估计中岭参数的迭代解式,并讨论了广义岭参数的含义和作用,给出了确定岭参数的L-曲线法. 通过算例比较分析了加权最小二乘估计、总体最小二乘估计、加权最小二乘岭估计、总体最小二乘岭估计、加权最小二乘的广义岭估计和总体最小二乘广义岭估计,叙述了加权总体最小二乘的广义岭估计的优缺点.      

部分最小二乘平差的快速多维粗差定位定值法

根据部分最小二乘平差原理把观测值按照是否含有粗差分成两组,对含有粗差和不含粗差组分别实施最小二乘平差,从而实现粗差的定位定值。针对原部分最小二乘平差法在分组时速度慢、效率低的缺点,利用观测值改正数的特点,改进了分组方法,从而加快了分组速度,提高了粗差探测效率。     

以三维坐标转换为例解算稳健总体最小二乘方法

稳健最小二乘方法能够有效解决平差计算中观测值存在粗差的情况,因此广泛应用于各种实际问题中。在最小二乘方法中,系数矩阵被认为是不含有误差的。然而在实际情况中,系数矩阵中的变量往往也包含观测值,因此不可避免地会被误差污染。为同时考虑系数矩阵和观测向量中的误差,同时对粗差进行探测和定位,本文提出基于选权迭代的稳健总体最小二乘方法,并以三维相似坐标变换为例展示解算过程。通过模拟计算,证明了采用本文提出的稳健总体最小二乘方法,能够较好地达到粗差探测和定位的目的,获得稳健的参数解。     

稳健估计方法提高数据处理精度

介绍了近代平差理论的稳健估计方法,编制稳健估计方法的程序,并通过实例验证,与最小二乘估计进行比较,表明稳健估计在水准网粗差探测和平差计算中优于最小二乘估计方法,并且能够定位粗差,从而进行消除或者减弱,得到较为干净的观测值。因此,稳健估计方法应用于测量平差具有一定的抵抗粗差的能力,从而可以提高数据处理的精度。     

抗差岭型主相关估计及其误差影响

针对法方程系数阵病态和观测值存在粗差对估值结果造成双重影响的问题,在岭型主相关估计的基础上引入抗差M估计模型,提出了一种抗差有偏估计的新方法--抗差岭型主相关估计.推导出了相应模型的抗差解及误差影响函数,并进行了计算分析.与主成分估计不同的是,该方法按主成分对观测值的影响程度大小对其进行舍取,在尽可能保留有用观测信息的基础上克服了病态性和粗差的影响.     

基于L曲线法的抗差岭估计模型

介绍了基于L曲线法的抗差岭估计模型及其在抵御系数阵病态和观测粗差影响中的作用,给出了抗差岭估计模型的推导公式及L曲线法确定岭参数的基本原理。最后结合实际算例作出五种方案的计算比较,结果表明：基于L曲线法的抗差岭估计模型能够有效地改善和抵御系数阵病态和粗差观测值带来的影响。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.