河床水力传导度及其各向异性的测定

采用直接测定法观测了黑河中游段河床水力传导度及其各向异性,结果表明:河床水力传导度不仅存在较强的各向异性,而且存在空间尺度上的变异性.河床中心位置在垂直、水平和θ=30°方向的平均水力传导度分别为0.45、22.49和1.71 m/d,河床边分别为5.95、29.69、16.80 m/d.在同一测点,水力传导度随着与水平方向的夹角增大呈幂函数曲线下降.试验结果表明河床边是河水的主要渗漏区,并且以侧渗为主.     

河床沉积物渗透系数空间变异性研究——以滦河下游为例

河床沉积物的渗透系数是水文地质关键参数之一,其大小直接影响河水与地下水之间的转换关系。采用水头下降竖管试验法对滦河下游3个不同断面,共32个测试点河床垂向渗透系数Kv进行研究。结果表明:滦河床沉积物Kv值总体在0.17~2.93m/d之间变化,近似服从正态分布;沿不同地貌单元(冲积平原-海积平原-入海口)、不同河床断面以及在较小的1m×1m范围内沉积物Kv值均存在明显差异,变异程度由冲积平原向入海口处递增,表明河床沉积物的渗透性在空间上具有较强的变异性;河床两岸沉积物的Kv值明显小于河流中心,而在较短的流程内Kv值沿河流流线方向基本不变。颗粒分析结果显示沉积物颗粒的大小与分布是造成渗透系数差异性的主要原因。此外,河床中的淤泥质层会极大地降低沉积物的渗透能力,减弱河水与地下水之间的水量交换能力。研究结果对滦河流域河水和地下水转换关系研究提供了理论和数据支持。     

沙颍河河床沉积物渗透性规律分析

河床沉积物的渗透性是影响河水与地下水水量交换大小的一个重要因素。以沙颍河为例,采用原位竖管法测定了沙颍河界首-阜阳段河床沉积物垂向渗透系数 Kv和任意方向渗透系数 Ks,并采用变水头渗透仪法测得界首、太和实验点河床沉积物渗透系数。通过对比分析两种实验结果,得到沙颍河河床沉积物渗透性很小,但呈现从上游到下游逐渐变小的趋势,且呈明显各向异性,局部受采砂等人类活动的影响。     

张家港暨阳湖湖底沉积物渗透系数的现场测定

在湖水与地下水相互作用的定量研究中 ,湖底沉积物的渗透系数是极其重要的参数之一。湖底沉积物渗透系数的传统测定方法主要为实验室分析法。该方法不能进行渗透系数的现场测定。竖管测定法可现场测定湖底沉积物的渗透系数。在张家港暨阳湖已开挖的湖区约 0 .3km2 的范围内进行了 2 9个点的野外现场测定。其垂向渗透系数的平均值为 2 .76× 10 -7cm/s。暨阳湖湖底沉积物的渗透性等级为极微透水     

带有两端防渗墙坝基的各向异性渗流解析解

由于目前在坝基设计中通常需要设置两个或两个以上防渗墙,对带有两端防渗墙的坝基各向异性稳态渗流进行了解析研究,将土体分为4个规则的区域,采用坐标变换将各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,利用分离变量法将4个区域内的水头分布表示为级数解的形式,结合区域间的连续条件得出带有两端防渗墙的坝基各向异性渗流场显式解析解。将解析解退化到各向同性情况下的渗流量、坝底扬压力与保角变换解析解和数值计算结果进行对比,各向异性情况下的水头值与有限元软件计算结果进行对比,结果均吻合较好,验证了解析解的正确性,且相比于保角变换解析解具有更高精度。最后对坝基渗流场进行了参数分析,发现土体各向异性对坝基渗流有着不可忽略的影响,其他条件相同的情况下,竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较大土体的渗流量和出口梯度会小于竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较小的土体,竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较大的土体的最大扬压力会大于竖直渗透系数与水平渗透系数比值较小的土体。     

蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上库三维渗流数值模拟

根据蒲石河抽水蓄能电站上库的地质及水文地质条件,建立了裂隙岩体三维渗流数值模拟模型,计算分析了水库-岩体系统地下水运动规律及各种运行工况下的上库渗漏量和渗流场的分布特征。将模拟计算区地下水流系统概化为非均质各向异性三维稳定地下水流系统,综合利用压水试验得到的平均渗透系数值和统计学方法得到的渗透张量方向,获得裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量。数值模拟结果表明,正常蓄水位运行工况下,整个库区均未进行防渗处理时,上库总渗漏量为5832.92m3/d,防渗后渗漏量减少了3571.27m3/d。     

解析法与数值法在水电站防渗墙效果评价中的运用

四川省大渡河上某水电站目前正处于施工阶段,大坝基坑防渗墙已基本完成施工,但基坑涌水量较大,为评价防渗墙的防渗效果,在两防渗墙间开展了2组抽水试验.根据研究区边界条件,利用综合井函数法初步求取了基坑砂砾层的水文地质参数,并在此基础上采用数值法(groundwater modeling system, GMS)建立水流模型,进行参数的识别、验证,研究表明综合井函数法得到的砂砾含水层渗透系数为19.13~32.24 m/d,GMS拟合得到的渗透系数为26.00 m/d.此外,数值模拟拟合得到的主、副防渗墙渗透系数较小(0.01~0.02 m/d),说明两防渗墙防渗效果较好.      

基岩裂隙区单孔抽水试验渗透系数对比分析

渗透系数的求取量化是水文地质和工程地质工作广为利用的一种方法。本文针对巢湖市地质疗养院一带基岩裂隙分布区的单孔抽水试验资料,分别使用裘布依公式和水位恢复法对渗透系数进行了计算,结果显示：用裘布依公式得到的平均渗透系数为0.144538 m/d,用水位恢复法测得渗透系数为0.142659 m/d。通过实验对比分析,得出水位恢复阶段求取渗透系数比稳定流水位恒定阶段精度高。     

江汉平原典型含水层水文地质参数反演

含水层参数对于定性分析区域地下水资源评价、数值模拟及预报、开发利用与保护及科学管理具有重要意义,而江汉平原水文地质参数求解的研究却相对较少.2015年江汉平原1:50 000水文地质调查项目完成杨林尾图幅与陆溪口图幅,选择杨林尾图幅和陆溪口图幅中的4个代表性钻孔,分别做了3组抽水试验和一组压水试验.对抽水数据使用Dupuit公式法结合抽水稳定阶段数据求解含水层参数,同时利用Aquifer Test软件中Theis标准曲线法、直线图解法对抽水试验中非稳定条件下抽水数据对含水层参数求解,得到孔隙水含水层渗透系数及弹性给水度;利用压水试验工程规范求解基岩裂隙含水层的渗透系数.探讨了利用非稳定抽水试验条件下求解含水层参数方法的可行性及该方法的优势.计算结果表明:杨林尾镇浅层(20.2~64.55 m)含水层渗透系数为0.075 m/d,弹性给水度为5.8×10-2;深层(138~160 m)含水层渗透系数为9.89 m/d,弹性给水度为2.3×10-5;陆溪口镇浅层(19.4~36.4 m)含水层渗透系数1.26 m/d,弹性给水度为1.1×10-1;基岩渗透系数为0.012 m/d.通过结果对比分析发现对于单孔非稳定抽水试验,对前期水位降深数据筛选分析,同样可以利用非稳定井流理论反演含水层参数,结果比较可靠.      

青铜灌区古灌渠河床渗透系数空间变异性研究

渗透系数影响地表水与地下水之间的水量交换,其大小具有空间效应。通过竖管法(单管法)、多孔介质垂向渗透系数测量仪法(双管法)测定了银川平原青铜峡市灌区汉延、惠农两条古灌渠18个试验点位的渗透系数,每个试验点进行了3组试验,共得到54组试验数据,另采取了16组原状土样进行颗粒分析。通过对试验数据的统计分析得出,研究区2条灌渠的渗透系数在0.1～1.1 m·d~(-1)之间变化,渗透系数值总体服从正态分布,总体变异系数大小为0.441,属于中等程度变异;汉延渠河床渗透系数平均值比惠农渠稍大,但变异程度较惠农渠略小。且从上游至下游,河床渗透系数值总体变化呈下降趋势;颗粒直径是造成本研究区河段渗透系数变异的一个主要因素,但河床渗透系数的大小不仅仅受颗粒直径的影响,河床生物扰动、水化学特征变化等也可能会造成河床渗透系数发生明显变化。     

Statistical and geostatistical features of streambed hydraulic conductivities in the Platte River, Nebraska

This paper presents streambed hydraulic conductivities of the Platte River from south-central to eastern Nebraska. The hydraulic conductivities were determined from river channels using permeameter tests. The vertical hydraulic conductivities (K _v ) from seven test sites along this river in south-central Nebraska belong to one statistical population. Its mean value is 40.2 m/d. However, the vertical hydraulic conductivities along four transects of the Ashland test site in eastern Nebraska have lower mean values, are statistically different from the K _v values in south-central Nebraska, and belong to two different populations with mean values of 20.7 and 9.1 m/d, respectively. Finer sediments carried from the Loup River and Elkhorn River watersheds to the eastern reach of the Platte River lowers the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. Correlation coefficients between water depth and K _v values along a test transect indicates a positive correlation – a larger K _v usually occurs in the part of channel with deeper water. Experimental variograms derived from the vertical hydraulic conductivities for several transects across the channels of the Platte River show periodicity of spatial correlation, which likely result from periodic variation of water depth across the channels. The sandy to gravelly streambed contains very local silt and clay layers; spatially continuous low-permeability streambed was not observed in the river channels. The horizontal hydraulic conductivities were larger than the vertical hydraulic conductivities for the same test locations.     

Determination of the anisotropy of an upper streambed layer in east-central Nebraska, USA

Information on the anisotropy of streambed hydraulic conductivity (K) is a necessity for analyses of water exchange and solute transport in the hyporheic zone. An approach is proposed for the determination of K, developed from existing in-situ permeameter test methods. The approach is based on determination of vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments on-site and eliminates the effects of vertical flow in the hyporheic zone and stream-stage fluctuation, which normally influence in situ permeameter tests. The approach was applied to seven study sites on four tributaries of the Platte River in east-central Nebraska, USA. On-site permeameter tests conducted on about 172 streambed cores for the determination of vertical hydraulic conductivity (K _v) and horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K _h) at the study sites indicate that the study sites have relatively small anisotropic ratios, ranging from 0.74 to 2.40. The ratios of K _h to K _v from individual locations within a study site show greater variation than the anisotropic ratios from the mean or median K at each of the study sites.     

Evaluation of methods for determination of hydraulic properties in an aquifer–aquitard system hydrologically connected to a river

Field and laboratory methods have been used to determine the hydraulic properties in a multiple-layer aquifer–aquitard system that is hydrologically connected to a river. First, hypothetical pumping tests in aquifer–aquitard systems were performed to evaluate the feasibility of MODFLOW-PEST in determining these parameters. Sensitivity analyses showed that: the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer has the highest composite sensitivity; the vertical hydraulic conductivity has higher composite sensitivity than the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquitard; and a partial penetration pumping well in an aquifer layer can improve the quality of the estimated parameters. This inverse approach was then used to analyze a pumping-recovery test conducted near the Platte River in southeastern Nebraska, USA. The hydraulic conductivities and specific yield were calculated for the aquitard and aquifer. The direct-push technique was used to generate sediment columns; permeameter tests on these columns produced the vertical hydraulic conductivities that are compatible with those obtained from the pumping-recovery test. Thus, the combination of the direct-push technique with permeameter tests provides a new method for estimation of vertical hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity, determined from grain-size analysis, is smaller than the horizontal one but larger than the vertical one determined by the pumping-recovery test.     

A new method for mapping variability in vertical seepage flux in streambeds

A two-step approach was used to measure the flux across the water-sediment interface in river channels. A hollow tube was pressed into the streambed and an in situ sediment column of the streambed was created inside the tube. The hydraulic gradient between the two ends of the sediment column was measured. The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the sediment column was determined using a falling-head permeameter test in the river. Given the availability of the hydraulic gradient and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the streambed, Darcy’s law was used to calculate the specific discharge. This approach was applied to the Elkhorn River and one tributary in northeastern Nebraska, USA. The results suggest that the magnitude of the vertical flux varied greatly within a short distance. Furthermore, the flux can change direction from downward to upward between two locations only several meters apart. This spatial pattern of variation probably represents the inflow and outflow within the hyporheic zone, not the regional ambient flow systems. In this study, a thermal infrared camera was also used to detect the discharge locations of groundwater in the streambed. After the hydraulic gradient and the vertical hydraulic conductivity were estimated from the groundwater spring, the discharge rate was calculated.     

Measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy

 A method is described for the measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity. Unlike permeameter methods, this method applies straight and l-shaped standpipes directly to streambeds for measurements of in-situ hydraulic conductivity in the vertical (K _v ) and horizontal (K _h ) directions, as well as in other oblique directions (K _s ). This method has advantages in determination of K _v values over grain-size analysis, permeameter tests, or slug test methods. Also unique to this method is that it provides K _s values of a streambed. The measured results can be used to construct a hydraulic conductivity ellipse and to evaluate the anisotropy of streambed sediments. Field examples from the Republican River, Nebraska, demonstrated the usefulness of this method in the determination of streambed hydraulic conductivity and anisotropy along or across a river channel. Results indicate that the K _h is about three to four times larger than K _v , whereas K _s values are larger than K _v but smaller than K _h . Received: 6 March 2000 · Accepted: 18 April 2000     

Heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity and Darcian flux in the submerged streambed and adjacent exposed stream bank of the Beiluo River,northwest China

Recognizing the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity and hyporheic flow is critical for understanding contaminant transfer and biogeochemical and hydrological processes involving streams and aquifers. In this study, the heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity and Darcian flux in a submerged streambed and its adjacent exposed stream banks were investigated in the Beiluo River, northwest China. In the submerged streambed, Darcian flux was estimated by measurement of vertical hydraulic conductivity (K _v) and vertical head gradient (VHG) using in-situ permeameter tests. On exposed stream banks, both horizontal hydraulic conductivity (K _h) and K _v were measured by on-site permeameter tests. In the submerged streambed, K _v values gradually decreased with depth and the higher values were concentrated in the center and close to the erosional bank. Compared to the exposed stream banks, the K _v values were higher in the streambed. From stream stage to the topmost layer of tested sediment, through increasing elevation, the K _h values increased on the erosional bank, while they decreased on the depositional bank. The values of VHG along the thalweg illustrate that downwelling flux occurred in the deepest area while upwelling flux appeared in the other areas, which might result from the change of streambed elevation. The higher value of the Darcian flux in the submerged streambed existed near the erosional bank.     

Evaluation of unconfined aquifer parameters from flow to partially penetrating wells in Tailan River basin, China

Effective evaluation, management and abstraction of groundwater resources of any aquifer require accurate and reliable estimates of its hydraulic parameters. This study, therefore, looks at the determination of hydraulic parameters of an unconfined aquifer using both analytical and numerical approaches. A long-duration pumping test data obtained from an unconfined aquifer system within the Tailan River basin in Xinjiang Autonomous Region in the northwest of China is used, in this study, to investigate the best method for estimating the parameters of the aquifer. The pumping test was conducted by pumping from a radial collector well and measuring the response in nine observation wells; all the wells used in the test were partially penetrating. Using two well-known tools, namely AquiferTest and MODFLOW, as an aid for the analytical and numerical approaches, respectively, the parameters of the aquifer were determined and their outputs compared. The estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivity, vertical hydraulic conductivity, and specific yield for the analytical approach are 38.1–50.30 m/day, 3.02–9.05 m/day and 0.204–0.339, respectively, while the corresponding numerical estimates are 20.50–35.24 m/day, 0.10–3.40 m/day, and 0.27–0.31, respectively. Comparing the two, the numerical estimates were found to be more representative of the aquifer in the study area since it simulated the groundwater flow conditions of the pumping test in the aquifer system better than the analytical solution.     

一种现场测定海底沉积物渗透系数的新方法

介绍了潮间带地区,海潮引起海水位变动时,一种原位测定海底沉积物渗透系数的新方法.该方法不仅可以测定海底沉积物水平和垂向的渗透系数,还可对海底沉积物中任意倾斜方向的渗透系数给予测定,这一点是传统测定沉积物渗透系数的方法所无法达到的.通过所测数据,我们可以画出表征含水层渗透系数的椭圆,从而确定海底沉积物各相异性的性质,这一结果对于研究地下水流动、河水泄流及海底沉积物中污染物的运移意义十分重大.该方法能有效的用于不同海洋地质情况,并且相比颗粒分析、渗透仪、和抽水试验等其他方法更经济,更实用.     

渭河河漫滩宏观弥散度计算

宏观弥散度的确定对地下水溶质运移至关重要。利用竖管法野外现场测定900个点的垂向饱和渗透系数Kv值,然后进行统计分布检验,运用地质统计学中负指数模型在有块金效应影响的条件下拟合出ln Kv的空间相关尺度λ值,进而利用λ与宏观弥散度关系式求解渭河漫滩非饱和带的宏观弥散度。结果表明,研究区整体Kv平均值为0.012cm/s,方差为1.33,表明Kv空间差异性较大;垂向渗透系数基本服从对数正态分布规律,满足宏观弥散度计算条件;估算整体纵向宏观弥散度为21.27m,各排计算结果约2.11~4.65m。