坡折带对油气圈闭发育的约束效应——以平湖斜坡带孔雀亭区平湖组为例

坡折带对复合岩性圈闭的发育具有重要控制作用。平湖斜坡带孔雀亭地区具备坡折带发育的古地貌背景,研究其类型和对沉积砂体、相带发育及成圈模式的控制,对下一步勘探开发具有重要意义。根据研究区坡折带发育的构造位置及与洼陷的匹配关系,可将研究区划分为高区坡折带、中区坡折带与低区坡折带。按成因机制不同,可在坡折区内进一步细分出三种类型,即断裂坡折、挠曲坡折和侵蚀坡折。高区坡折带以发育侵蚀坡折为主,控制辫状河三角洲平原沉积体系,形成侵蚀沟谷圈闭;中区坡折带以发育断裂坡折和挠曲坡折为主,控制辫状河三角洲平原与前缘沉积体系,发育辫状河道与扇体,形成断块-河道侧向尖灭复合岩性圈闭;低区坡折带发育断裂坡折,控制复合砂坝,形成断块-砂坝复合岩性圈闭。     

构造坡折带隐蔽圈闭发育模式浅析

构造坡折带是由同沉积构造长期活动引起的沉积斜坡明显突变的地带，对盆地充填的可容纳空间和沉积作用可产生重要的影响，构造坡折带和油气资源分布有着较为密切的关系。隐蔽圈闭是沉积盆地油气勘探中后期重点勘探领域。构造坡折带是沉积盆地中隐蔽圈闭最发育的部位之一，多级构造坡折带组合对盆地隐蔽圈闭的发育有一定的影响，多级构造坡折带隐蔽圈闭发育更受到沉积环境和湖平面变化的影响；构造坡折带地区隐蔽圈闭油气成藏良好，高位域和三角洲前缘泥岩是良好的烃源岩，连片砂体和不整合界面及生长断裂是良好的输导条件，生长断裂和高位域泥岩具有良好的封盖作用。     

应用坡折带理论指导黄海陆相湖盆油气勘探

坡折带可分为构造坡折带、沉积坡折带、侵蚀坡折带，而在陆相湖盆沉积中，规模较大的同沉积断裂（系）常构成构造坡折带。构造坡折带不但控制砂岩、砾岩体的发育，而且控制烃源岩发育、油气的运聚方式。在陆相断陷湖盆中，构造坡折带及其控制的低位域砂体发育带与湖侵域优质烃源岩的有效配置部位就是岩性油气的富集带。北黄海盆地发育多个坳陷，地史时期各坳陷经历了多期发育阶段，也必然导致湖盆坡折带的多期发育。分析北黄海盆地构造坡折带类型和各种地质体的分布规律、研究构造坡折带对各种圈闭的控制因素，能够更具体和有效地限定储油砂体的部位及规模，增大发现油气藏的可能性。     

松辽坳陷湖盆环状坡折带发育特征及对沉积过程控制

借助高精度层序地层学、构造地层学、精细沉积体系分析和构造-古地貌恢复的理论和技术手段,对坳陷期松辽湖盆开展了整体性和综合性的再评价。研究认为,拗陷期影响和控制松辽盆地沉积过程的最主要因素是环古松辽湖盆发育的内环坡折带和外环坡折带。可划分为两大类型,即张扭性和压扭性。张扭型坡折以泉头组为代表,压扭型坡折在姚家组最典型。它们各自控制着不同的沉积过程。在此基础上,建立了具有典型代表意义的古松嫩平原沉积模型和古松嫩湖泊三角洲沉积模型。提出了以内、外环坡折为基础的有利勘探方向。     

西湖凹陷孔雀亭地区复合圈闭发育模式与油气富集差异控制因素

随着勘探程度不断加深,东海西湖凹陷保俶斜坡带全面进入了断层-岩性复合油气藏勘探阶段,位于保俶斜坡中北部的孔雀亭地区是复合油气藏有利发育区。通过对孔雀亭地区复合圈闭发育的构造沉积背景、断裂-古地貌的控砂作用以及分带、分层系油气成藏富集规律研究,明确了孔雀亭地区复合圈闭形成条件、发育模式及油气富集差异控制因素。认为孔雀亭地区西高东低的地貌背景、西部古隆起上发育的多条“U”型及“V”型沟谷,NE向断裂坡折及NW挠曲坡折共同控制了多条水系的平面发育特征及砂体展布,与NE向断层匹配形成了典型的断层-岩性复合圈闭,成为孔雀亭地区重要的勘探领域,取得了断层-岩性圈闭勘探突破。孔雀亭地区不同区带油气富集程度不同,圈闭与有效烃源岩距离、砂体规模、储层物性、断层封堵性等要素的匹配程度控制各带油气富集程度。中低带相对近源,断层未断至浅层,保存条件好,受断坡及挠曲坡折共控,为规模砂体卸载区,物性较好,油气相对最为富集,具有良好的勘探潜力。     

基于构造—地层学的隐蔽圈闭预测——以松南十屋断陷深层为例

综合运用高精度层序地层学、构造一地层学方法，认为十屋断陷深层发育的各类隐蔽圈闭是下一步勘探工作的重要目标。同时，由于构造对沉积的控制作用，在断陷内部不同的构造部位具有不同的隐蔽圈闭分布特征。十屋断陷西部皮家地区、北部张家屯一八屋地区位于油气主要运移指向区，分别由断裂坡折带和以挠曲型褶皱为特征的弯折带控制的储集砂体十分发育，盖层及保存条件也十分优越，是深部原生岩性、地层油气藏最有利的勘探目标区带。     

渤海海域歧南断阶带古近系沉积体系及控制因素

在层序地层研究基础上,对歧南断阶带古近系砂分散体系与沉积体系构成及其主控因素进行分析。研究结果表明:歧南断阶带古近系沙三段至东营组地层可划分为2个二级层序和8个三级层序;可划分埕子口、沙垒田、沙中低凸起和燕山4个方向的物源体系;沉积体系演化经历了初始断陷期、主断陷期和断陷晚期3个阶段,发育辫状河三角洲、三角洲、扇三角洲、湖底扇等沉积体系类型;古地貌控制了砂体平面分布,其中古构造格架控制着相带分布,构造转换带控制着古水系,断裂坡折控制着砂体发育部位;复合基准面旋回控制着砂体垂向分布。预测海一断层附近至歧口17-1西侧坡折带和海四断层南侧三级台阶区是主要的潜力区。     

南黄海盆地北部坳陷北凹断裂特征与构造演化

南黄海盆地北部坳陷北凹是自晚白垩世发育起来的中、新生代凹陷,其凹陷结构具有北断南超、北深南浅的复式箕状特征。平面上可划分为北部断阶带、中部深凹带和南部斜坡带3个次级构造单元。断裂主要为正断层,局部发育少量逆断层,有EW向、NE向和NW向3组;活动时间上可分为早期、中期、晚期断裂;发育板式、铲式、坡坪式等多种类型断裂组合。根据断裂规模和对地层的控制作用,可将断裂分为3级,一级断裂控凹、二级断裂控区带、三级断裂控圈。控凹断裂(千里岩断裂)在凹陷中部断层活动速率最大,沉降快、沉积厚度较大,对应北部断阶带、中部深凹带核心区,在凹陷边缘、斜坡带则活动速率较低。构造演化受仪征、吴堡、真武、三垛4次构造运动事件控制,经历伸展张裂、裂后拗陷2个演化阶段,广泛接受上白垩统浦口组-泰州组,古近系古新统阜宁组,始新统戴南组、三垛组及新近系沉积。综合断裂体系、凹陷沉积充填与构造演化史,预测北凹油气成藏具有近源近断、复杂断块成藏的特点,深大断裂是油气运移和充注的关键因素,断阶带中部、深凹断鼻构造带紧邻生烃中心,发育一批有利构造圈闭,成藏配置条件较好,是有利勘探方向。     

西湖凹陷保俶斜坡带平北地区平湖组"多元控砂"机制分析

随着勘探开发程度的不断升高,西湖凹陷保俶斜坡带平北地区中上始新统平湖组构造―岩性复合油气藏显示出较大的勘探潜力。然而,该区构造―岩性复合油气藏勘探基础薄弱,加之构造、沉积条件复杂,砂体展布规律不清,阻碍了该区的勘探进程。本文基于三维地震及钻井等资料,从构造、层序及沉积3个方面对砂体分布的控制因素进行分析,认为构造古地貌及可容纳空间控制地层厚度及沉积体规模;同沉积断裂坡折带控制砂体的展布;体系域类型控制砂体的时空配置,沉积微相类型控制砂体的储集物性。综合分析控砂因素认为:断陷期的平下下段和平下上段是构造―岩性圈闭发育的主要层段,勘探方向为低位体系域控沉积断层下降盘的地势低洼汇砂区,而平中上段有利的岩性圈闭勘探区为三角洲前缘砂地比低或三角洲前端发育的潮汐砂脊带。     

渤中西环古沟谷与坡折带特征及其对储层的控制

综合利用钻井、地震、岩心及区域地质资料,对渤中西环Bz3区的古沟谷和坡折带类型及特征进行了详细的研究,重点分析了不同坡折带类型在基准面旋回变化中对沉积体系的控制作用.并对有利的储集相带和区带进行了初步预测.研究表明,BZ3区存在U、V、W三种类型的沟谷和高位、低位、挠曲3种类型的坡折带,发育于Ⅰ台阶上的三角洲前缘相和Ⅱ...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,