试论我国华北地区第四纪冰期间冰期气候的孢粉组合特征

人类的出现、第四纪冰期的来临,被公认为第四纪以来发生的两大事件。用冰期和间冰期来划分我国第四纪地层是著名地质学家李四光教授所开创并致力研究和极力倡导的。目前越来越多的学者运用冰期间冰期,即从气候地层学观点来划分第四系。国内外大量研究资料表明,第四纪开始时,出现全球性冰期寒冷气候。此时堆积物及其所产化石组合,为确定第四系下限提供了可靠证据。第18届国际地质学会议也建议,以晚第三纪以来第一次明显的气候变冷作为划分第四系下限的依据之一。也就是承认第四纪开始是一次寒冷的冰期气候。W.H.Zagwijn(1960,1974)根据孢粉资料,将荷兰的雷     

河北省雄县牛驼镇地热田第四纪古土壤与古地理环境

本文根据雄县地热田钻孔的古土壤、孢粉分析和地层层序揭示第四纪以来该区土壤层及淋溶淀积作用可划分二大带。０～４２０ｍ：从上到下土壤颜色加深,淋溶淀积加强,出现团块状钙质,古气候由老至新从温湿转化为现代干冷;４２０～８００ｍ：淋溶淀积作用较强烈,上部地层显示过湿的气候条件,反映古气候从干热向温湿转变。第四纪以来植被发展曾经历了４个大的阶段,冷暖干湿气候交替有１６次明显变化。     

中国第四纪构造-气候旋回的初步研究

自然环境的演变, 是受构造运动和气候变化进程的双重控制。在中国, 经近几年对冰川作用和冰期系列磁性地层与气候地层等综合研究, 逐步揭示出第四纪气候变化、侵蚀一堆积过程与新构造运动之间存在着周期性的同步变化和发展规律。对此, 笔者之一已据北京地区的第四纪地质资料, 提出了自距今3.4Ma以来构造一气候旋回的概念及其原则性的划分意见。本文拟把研究区域扩大至整个中国大陆, 进一步就第四纪构造-气候旋回的主要方面进行探索性的研究。     

气候地层划分和命名的脆弱性

中国东部是否存在第四纪冰川作用之争论,自从李四光１９３４年提出该学说以来已经持续达６５年之久,迄今尚未终结。本文认为冰川时间单位实际上只是一个地质时(ｇｅｏｃｈｒｏｎ)。由于冰川是缓慢前进和后退的,因而冰期和间冰期的时间值从北向南随地而异,其界线是穿时的。通常承认冰期是一个单位,但不是时间岩石单位。中国东部第四纪冰川学说存在不肯定性暴露了气候地层划分和冰川地层单位命名的脆弱性。作者建议使用术语“杂砾岩”来取代“冰碛层”一词。     

渭南地区第四纪地层多重划分与对比

渭南地区黄土台塬地层划分上以往采用的统一划分不能反映客观情况，第四纪下限长期争论不休。本文拟通过对渭南地区岩石地层、年代地层、生物地层、磁性地层、气候地层特征的深入系统研究，对该区地层进行以岩石地层单位为主的多重地层划分，并认为M／G界限为第四纪下限，距今为2．48MaB·P。     

淡水软体动物壳质氧同位素组成与气候环境

研究现代及第四纪淡水软体动物一些属种的氧同位素组成,显示如下规律:与海相软体动物相比,淡水软体动物富集轻氧同位素组成,δ16<-5‰;相同水域生活的不同属种的氧同位素组成相差较小（萝卜螺等例外）,不同水域生活的软体动物壳质氧同位素相差较大;全贝壳氧同位素主要继承生活时的水体的氧同位素组成,受气候干湿程度影响;第四纪化石也富集轻氧同位素组成,δ16O分布范围较宽;湿润期,化石富集16O,凉干期,化石富集16O。     

庐山地区第四纪岩石地层单位划分

庐山地区第四纪地层发育，成因类型复杂，岩性岩相变化大，我队在１：５万区调中以沉（堆）积物为客观实体，应用多重地层划分理论，进行了岩石地层单位的划分与填图，并对气候地层、年代地层、生物地层进行了划分与对比，初步建立了庐山地区第四纪地层层序。     

中国西部晚中新世以来气候演化初探──以甘肃临夏红色盆地中Cl-含量变化为例

Cl-是封闭湖盆中反映气候变化的敏感指标。临夏盆地晚新生代地层Cl-含量变化表明,气候的长期演化呈现明显的阶段性与周期性,在约6.3Ma气候突然产生显著的由湿变干,并于5.3～4.5Ma达到极端干旱,其干旱程度是第四纪早期的33倍,低频上,气候呈现出约400万年的干湿波动,在晚中新世与早上新世,与同周期的全球热冷（凉）波动相对,而在第四纪早期,则与冷暖相对,可能反映亚洲季风系统于晚上新世才开始逐步形成,并于第四纪初建立,3.4Ma开始强烈隆升的青藏高原可能与此密切相关。     

内蒙古东部全新世地层发育特征与气候波动关系的研究

通过资料分析，通过对内蒙古东部各沙地第四纪全新世气候地层中的古土壤孢粉和Ｃ￣（１４）测年的分析，划分出四个气候湿润期：即１００００—７０００，６０００—５０００、３０００—２５００、１５００—１０００ａ，Ｂ．Ｐ与四个气候干燥期：即７０００—６００００、５０００—３０００、２５００—１５００、１０００ａ，Ｂ．Ｐ—现在；以及相对应的风沙固定期和风沙扩展期，风沙固定期原始自然景观为疏林草原、森林草原呈现，此时沉积了黑沙土或古土壤；目前本区正处于Ａ．Ｄ１０００ａ后的气候干燥期内，特别是Ａ．Ｄ１６００ａ后，气候异常干燥，风蚀—风积作用加强。     

北部湾沉积物粘土矿物分布特征及其环境意义

本文以南海北部湾SO-31沉积柱为研究对象,研究了14C年代学和粘土矿物学特征,并对部分全球气候事件进行了对比,为古环境、古气候的恢复提供基础资料,也为全球重大气候事件在该区域的响应提供信息。结果显示全新世以来地层沉积正常,平均沉积速率为0.57mm/a。粘土成分主要由蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石组成,组合类型为蒙脱石-伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石型。全新世以来环境气候演变可划分为五个阶段:低温期阶段、干湿交替的寒冷气候阶段、逐渐升温阶段、干旱温暖气候阶段、湿热阶段。气候在每个阶段背景下还存在一些次级波动,总体趋势为干湿交替,温度逐渐上升。由于海域环境及矿物指标的影响,北部湾SO-31沉积柱粘土矿物记录的降温事件时间比其他指标记录的新仙女木降温事件发生时间滞后500~800a。     

LGM时期气候背景下中国区域植被变化对东亚夏季降水影响的模拟

利用CCM3/NCAR全球气候模式在21kaB.P.(2.1万年前)的末次盛冰期(LGM)气候背景下,对中国区域植被变化对夏季(6～7月)东亚季风降水的影响进行了模拟,结果表明： 在LGM时期气候背景下,植被退化会使得中国东南部夏季降水减少,其中东南沿海减少超过20mm,而在 100°E 以东的中国北方大部分地区降水增加,其中心值大于50mm,从而导致降水南少北多的现象,植被的这种影响可以从物理上得到解释。在LGM气候背景下,植被退化在暖季起着增温的作用,即通过影响地表热状况使夏季大陆增温,增强了夏季东亚大陆与其周边海域的热力差异,从而使夏季东亚地区的西南风增强,35°～45°N的北方地区对流层低层的空气辐合和对流层上升运动加强,伴随着在 30°N 以南的中国南方地区出现异常下沉运动; 同时,西南季风的加强也导致夏季在 30°～40°N 之间的华北地区低层水汽输送加大。在这些因子的共同作用下,中国北方夏季降水增多,而东南部降水减少。这些结果说明使用LGM时期中国区域不同的重建植被资料可以对东亚季风气候模拟产生一定的不确定性。因此,重建可信度高的东亚植被对于降低对气候模拟的不确定性是十分重要的。     

Changes of Atmospheric Circulation since the LastInterstadial as Indicated by the Lake-statusRecord in China

The effective precipitation and the frame of atmospheric circulation in the past three key periods, i.e. 30 ka BP, 18 ka BP and 6 ka BP, have been analyzed on the basis of the palaeolake status record produced by the Chinese Lake Status Data Base. The results show that the west-central part of China was characterized by high lake-levels at 30 ka BP, resulting from strengthened southwest monsoons; whereas the high lake stand, occurring in the west-central part of China at 18 ka BP, was caused by the southward shift and the strengthening of westerlies although the high-stand distribution was reduced. Meanwhile, the east-central part of China was under the control of strong winter monsoons at 18 ka BP. The high lake-levels, which occurred in the east-central part of China at 6 ka BP, are related to the enhanced East-Asian summer monsoons; while the lowering of the lake-level in the west-central part of China at 6 ka BP was due to the northward shift and corresponding shrink of the westerlies.A comparison b     

The East African monsoons and their effects on agriculture

Though the East African monsoons may be considered as mere extensions of the South Asian monsoonal system, they possess a number of characteristics which make them unique amongst the world's monsoons. The most important of these is the relative dryness of both the North and the South monsoon, caused by a prevalent low-level divergence over eastern Africa. Most rainfall in the region therefore occurs during the intermediate seasons between the monsoons, when this divergence is temporarily replaced by more convergent flow patterns. As a result, total rainfall in East Africa is relatively low. Over most of the region it is strongly concentrated during two short seasons and it is highly variable from year to year, both in total amount and in time of occurrence.As in most parts of the tropics, rainfall is the main limiting factor in agricultural production in East Africa. The relations between rainfall and agriculture can be illustrated by the usual water balances, but an alternative method, employing the Agricultural Rainfall Indicator, is more useful for planning purposes. Drought frequencies, based on a simple relation between actual and average rainfall, also represent the effects of the monsoons on East African agriculture very clearly.     

Interannual variability of monsoons in Malaysia and its relationship with ENSO

Interannual variations of the monsoons have been studied utilising homogeneous rainfall records of 41 years (1951–1991) from Malaysia and upper air data of stations in Asia, Australia and Western Pacific. Sources of upper air data are U.S. Department of Commerce and Kuala Lumpur Northern Winter Monsoon Activity Centre. Extreme wet and dry years have been identified and the influence of ENSO on Malaysian annual rainfall has been discussed. Influence of ENSO on the performance of northern summer and winter monsoons has also been studied from Malaysian rainfall data. Further, regional circulation patterns associated with El Nino and La Nina years have also been identified. No linear trend has been found in the annual rainfall of 16 stations in Malaysia. Most El Nino years are associated with below median and La Nina years with above median rainfall at most stations in Malaysia. ENSO has greater influence over East Malaysia than peninsular Malaysia. Interannual variability of rainfall with reference to ENSO conditions has been discussed in details. Also, circulation features have been identified to foresee El Nino/La Nina events.     

Study of the global and regional climatic impacts of ENSO magnitude using SPEEDY AGCM

ENSO is considered as a strong atmospheric teleconnection that has pronounced global and regional circulation effects. It modifies global monsoon system, especially, Asian and African monsoons. Previous studies suggest that both the frequency and magnitude of ENSO events have increased over the last few decades resulting in a need to study climatic impacts of ENSO magnitude both at global and regional scales. Hence, to better understand the impact of ENSO amplitude over the tropical and extratropical regions focussing on the Asian and African domains, ENSO sensitivity experiments are conducted using ICTPAGCM (‘SPEEDY’). It is anticipated that the tropical Pacific SST forcing will be enough to produce ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns; therefore, the model is forced using NINO3.4 regressed SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific only. SPEEDY reproduces the impact of ENSO over the Pacific, North and South America and African regions very well. However, it underestimates ENSO teleconnection patterns and associated changes over South Asia, particularly in the Indian region, which suggests that the tropical Pacific SST forcing is not sufficient to represent ENSO-induced teleconnection patterns over South Asia. Therefore, SST forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean together with air–sea coupling is also required for better representation of ENSO-induced changes in these regions. Moreover, results obtained by this pacemaker experiment show that ENSO impacts are relatively stronger over the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) compared to extratropics and high latitude regions. The positive phase of ENSO causes weakening in rainfall activity over African tropical rain belt, parts of South and Southeast Asia, whereas, the La Niña phase produces more rain over these regions during the summer season. Model results further reveal that ENSO magnitude has a stronger impact over African Sahel and South Asia, especially over the Indian region because of its significant impact over the tropical Atlantic and the Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. ENSO-induced negative (positive) NAO-like response and associated changes over Southern Europe and North Africa get significantly strong following increased intensity of El Niño (La Niña) in the northern (southern) hemisphere in the boreal winter (summer) season. We further find that ENSO magnitude significantly impacts Hadley and Walker circulations. The positive phase of ENSO (El Niño) overall strengthens Hadley cell and a reverse is true for the La Niña phase. ENSO-induced strengthening and weakening of Hadley cell induces significant impact over South Asian and African ITCZ convective regions through modification of ITCZ/monsoon circulation system.     

晚更新世末期黄、渤海陆架沙漠化环境的形成

未次盛冰期气候寒冷，温度降低，冰川发育，海面下降，黄、渤海陆架全部出露，东海陆架的大部分也裸露成陆，并成为亚洲大陆的一部分。降低了的气温使蒙古高压得到进一步增强，经常给亚洲大陆带来冷而干的气流，吹蚀亚洲内陆，也吹蚀出露了的陆架。根据多年来在陆架地区获得的浅地层剖面仪测量记录，陆架发生沙漠化的证据有：统一海相地层的解体、大面积的混杂堆积、漫长的风蚀基面、休止角型沉积结构以及埋藏沙丘群的发现等。     

Monsoons and Japanese life

In Japan the seasons are characterized by the progress of monsoons in summer and winter. Since ancient times Japanese life has closely been connected with the changes of the seasons, in other words, with the development of monsoons, especially with the winter monsoon, because it is more predominant and consistent than summer's, besides the difference of atmospheric stability brought by them. The relationship between Japanese life and monsoons has been remarkably variable all the more because the landforms of Japan are quite complicated. In the present paper some examples are introduced to make the relationship between them and, moreover, their changes in recent years clear, for instance, the distribution of windbreaks, the life in snowy regions and some traditional local industries, etc. On the whole the relationship mentioned above has been changing qualitatively or gradually been becoming more indistinct as urbanization or industrialization progresses. Despite these tendencies, however, Japanese life is still based on the progress of monsoons, as some examples, for instance climatic reliabilities caused by developments of monsoon, indicate clearly.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711400036X

Global warming and climate change is one of the most extensively researched and discussed topical issues affecting the environment.Although there are enough historical evidence to support the theory that climate change is a natural phenomenon,many research scientists are widely in agreement that the increase in temperature in the 20 th century is anthropologically related.The associated effects are the variability of rainfall and cyclonic patterns that are being observed globally.In Southeast Asia the link between global warming and the seasonal atmospheric flow during the monsoon seasons shows varying degree of fuzziness.This study investigates the impact of climate change on the seasonality of monsoon Asia and its effect on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia.The comparison of decadal variation of precipitation and temperature anomalies before the 1970 s found general increases which were mostly varying.But beyond the 1970 s,global precipitation anomalous showed increases that almost corresponded with increases in global temperature anomalies for the same period.There are frequent changes and a shift westward of the Indian summer monsoon.Although precipitation is observed to be 70%below normal levels,in some areas the topography affects the intensity of rainfall.These shifting phenomenon of other monsoon season in the region are impacting on the variability of rainfall and the onset of monsoons in Southeast Asia and is predicted to delay for 15 days the onset of the monsoon in the future.The variability of monsoon rainfall in the SEA region is observed to be decadal and the frequency and intensity of intermittent flooding of some areas during the monsoon season have serious consequences on the human,financial,infrastructure and food security of the region.     

Paleogene monsoons across India and South China: Drivers of biotic change

Monsoonal climates at low latitudes (< 32°N) are an inevitable consequence of seasonal migrations of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), but the character of these monsoons depends on continental configuration, orographic expression and the strength of Hadley circulation. To explore the evolution of monsoon systems across southern Asia we compare climate signatures archived in ten Paleogene floras from northern India, Tibet and southern China, occupying low palaeolatitudes at a time of extreme global warmth and elevated CO₂. Fossil leaf form reveals that under such 'hothouse' conditions megathermal early Eocene to earliest Miocene forests were exposed to strong monsoonal climates typical of those experienced today arising from annual migrations of the ITCZ, possibly enhanced by a lower equator-to-pole temperature gradient. Throughout the Paleogene an elevated Tibetan highland produced no discernable modification of this ITCZ monsoon, although rainfall seasonality similar to that of the modern South Asia Monsoon (SAM) is observed in northern India as early as the beginning of the Eocene, despite its near-equatorial palaeoposition. In South China rainfall seasonality increased progressively achieving modern monsoon-like wet season/dry season precipitation ratios by the early Oligocene. Despite evidencing weak rainfall seasonality overall, fossil leaves from South China have exhibited monsoon-adapted morphologies, comparable to those seen in today's Indonesia-Australia Monsoon, for at least 45 million years. Together, the Indian and South China fossil leaf assemblages show that the evolution of megathermal ecosystems across southern Asia has been influenced profoundly by monsoonal climates for at least the last 56 million years. The Paleogene ITCZ-driven monsoon system strongly impacted India as it transited the Equator likely eliminating Gondwanan taxa not able to adapt to seasonal precipitation extremes. Furthermore, powerful seasonally-reversing winds, and associated surface ocean currents, are likely to have facilitated two-way biotic transfer between India and Eurasia long before closure of the Tethys Ocean.     

青藏高原与东西两侧大陆的气温差异

主要对我国昆仑山-秦岭以南的东西部气温的差异问题进行简要讨论。比较气象台站实测气温和换算至海面后的温度,明显反映西部、中部和东部3个地貌阶块的海面气温自西向东逐级降低。我国西部高原地区全年温度较东部丘陵平原区相对偏高,主要原因在于青藏高原和南亚次大陆主要为西南季风所控制,致使气温相对偏高,而东部深受东南季风和来自高纬冬季风的影响,气温相对偏低。因而,全球变化和区域性季风气候是导致东西部气温差异的主导原因,而不能笼统地归之为高原增温效应和东部"冷槽"影响所致。