THEORY AND METHOD FOR WETLAND BOUNDARY DELINEATION

1 INTRODUCTION There is no single and universally recognized wetland definition so far. More than 50 of wetland definitions have been developed (YANG, 2002; DUGAN, 1993; MITCH and GOSSELINK, 1996; NRC, 1995). Because wetlands form part of a continuous gradient between u- plands and open water, the problem on wetland defini- tion usually arises on the edges of wetlands, toward ei- ther wetter or drier conditions (NRC, 1995; MITSCH and GOSSELINK, 1996). What frequency, dept…     

STUDY ON WETLAND LOSS AND ITS REASONS IN CHINA

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＷｅｔｌａｎｄｓａｒｅｔｈｅｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｗｉｔｈｍａｎｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇｕｓｗｉｔｈａｒａｎｇｅｏｆｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｗａｔｅｒｓｕｐｐｌｙｆｌｏｗｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｅｎｄｉｍｅｎｔｒｅｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｌｉｍａｔｅｐｒｅｖｅｎｔｉｏｎｏｆｓａｌｉｎｅｗａｔｅｒｉｎｔｒｕｓｉｏｎｅｔｃ．Ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｗｅｔｌａｎｄｏｃｃｕｐｙｏｎｌｙａｂｏｕｔ６％…     

THE WETLAND TYPES,FUNCTIONS ANDCONSERVATION IN CHINA

Wetland Is an important landscape existing almost DEFINITIONS OF WETLANDall over the world．In China，wetlands are distributedeverywhe。加mfrlgld－tern。。。ie zone to tropical zone，XU QI et al．dehned wetland as the soil which isfrom lmoral！o Inland from paln to pforeau and moisten by under－ground water or Is permanently ormountains．＞ome ot the wetlands share the sam。char－temno。rllv soak。d by ground。ater（XU，1995）．Thisacterlstlcs of other countries，and some are un…     

STUDY ON WETLAND BIODIVERSITY IN CHINA

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安庆湿地信息系统结构与功能分析

湿地是一种重要的土地资源,也是人类生产、生活资料的重要源泉。利用GIS、RS、GPS技术研究湿地资源具有重要意义。安庆湿地由龙感湖、黄大湖、泊湖、菜子湖等组成。该区生物多样性和物种稀有性方面有其独特的意义,对研究人为活动影响下,湖泊湿地的发展变化及恢复有重要作用。建立湿地信息系统,为加强安庆湿地资源的开发利用和规划管理提供决策服务。     

Study on wetland biodiversity in China

Wetland biodiversity means mainly the types of wetland ecosystem and biological species diversity. Biodiversity includes all species of plants, animals and microbes, all gene possessed by them and all ecosystems consisting of them and environment. According to the origin and genesis, China’s wetlands can be divided into natural wetland ecosystems including mires, lakeshores, bottomland, seashore, wet meadow, etc., and artificial wetland ecosystem including paddy field. Then based on geomorphological type, these ecosystems can be divided into 15 subsystems, then based on soil substrata and ecological niche conditions, they can be subdivided into 15 classes, finally according to construction species of plants, several types can be divided into. They are not only the expression of ecosystem diversity, but also the base for biological communities subsistence. This peculiar ecological niche provides a complex and perfect special habitat for various animal and plant communities. In this special habitat, there exist various biological types from monomolecular microbes to higher plants and animals, especially some endangered and rare plants and animals. According to the statistics, there are more than 300 species of birds in China wetlands, making up one-third of the total number of China’s birds. Wetlands not only good place for waterbirds living, but also the important environment on which wild animals and plant rely for existence. There are 65 species of mammals, 50 species of reptiles, 45 species of amphibious animals, 1040 species of fish, 825 species of higher plants, 639 species of angiosperm, 10 species of gymnosperm, 12 species of pteridophyte and 164 species of bryophyte investigated in China’s wetlands.     

近30年刘家峡以下黄河上游河道湿地演变规律与驱动力分析

河道湿地是流域生态系统中,位于水陆交错地带,关联陆地生态系统和水生生态系统的桥梁和纽带,对蓄水滞洪、净化水质和水土保持,以下维持生物多样性和生态平衡起重要的作用。本文采用1986、1996、2000、2006和2015年5期Landsat遥感影像数据对刘家峡以下黄河上游湿地进行湿地解译提取,并利用空间统计分析法、转移矩阵法和质心位置变化法对刘家峡以下黄河上游河段河道湿地演变规律以及驱动力因素进行研究。结果表明,1986-2015年,黄河上游河道湿地面积从17.3万hm²逐渐减少到12.2万hm²,减少了29.0%。研究区土地利用类型的转移主要发生在河流、裸滩、草本湿地与耕地的相互转化上。过去30年嫩滩湿地的变化幅度远大于老滩湿地,嫩滩湿地面积从1986年的15.46万hm²减少到2015年的10.41万hm²,减少了32.7%,嫩滩湿地演变规律为天生湿地型之间的相互演变,即河流-裸滩-沼泽湿地。而老滩湿地面积基本处在稳定状态,面积范围在1.84~2.28万hm²之间,具有天然湿地-人工湿地与天然湿地-农业用地的演变规律特征。水渠湿地、坑塘湿地和森林湿地质心位置变化较为突出,由单一类型动态度分析可知,研究区自然湿地萎缩、城镇化加速、河流水面面积减少加快。以上分析结果与研究区气温、水利水电工程、灌溉用水、凌汛期冰情以及城镇化程度均有关,与降雨量无明确关系。     

山东省湿地类型及湿地环境地质问题分析

山东省湿地资源丰富，可分为自然湿地和人工湿地2类，自然湿地包括湖泊、海岸、沼泽、河口湾湿地，人工湿地主要为水稻田、水库、池塘湿地等，湿地面积约为1．71万km^2。该文分析研究了山东省的湿地环境地质问题，并提出了工程措施和非工程措施2种防治措施。     

基于加权Voronoi图的北京市湿地功能分区研究

湿地功能分区是城市湿地生态系统健康恢复、管理改善,以及资源可持续利用的重要前提。本文以北京湿地为例,利用客观赋权的主成分分析法对湿地生态服务功能进行综合评价;并结合空间分析中的Voronoi图空间分区方法,通过利用牛顿-断裂点模型确定属性权重的主要步骤,构建基于加权Voronoi图的城市湿地功能分区模型,开展"自下而上"定量化的北京湿地功能分区研究。结果表明:(1)北京湿地功能综合评价中,密云水库湿地的功能综合值最大,表明该湿地生态服务功能作用最重要。(2)北京湿地功能分区分为三级框架,其中包括4个一级核心湿地功能区、15个二级核心湿地功能区、43个三级核心湿地单元。(3)湿地资源功能价值量与湿地斑块空间关系的相结合,实现了属性和空间双重距离约束的湿地功能分区,促进了湿地生态系统服务价值评估在决策管理中的深入应用,为城市湿地功能区划提供技术支持。     

闽江口湿地遥感时空演变应用分析

将闽江口湿地动态变化度、湿地变化转移矩阵和景观生态学的空间格局模型相结合,横、纵向分析了1986- 1994年、1994-2000年两个时期闽江口湿地的动态演变模式。研究表明,在两个时期不同的社会政策和经济发展阶段,人类活动对闽江口湿地的干扰强度与对象不同,造成两个时期不同的湿地演变模式。在1986-1994年间景观类型动态变化,以水田面积的扩张为主导,在1994-2000年间景观类型动态变化突出表现为城乡建筑用地对水田、非湿地农业的占用。在1986-2000年间,湿地景观中,人工水域破碎度增加,破碎化速度提高,形状更加复杂化;水田破碎度和形状复杂度都由增加向减弱转变;天然水域破碎度减小,形状复杂程度由减少变为增加;滩地破碎度由减少变为增加,形状复杂化由增加转向减少。在中、小时间尺度范围内,人类活动是影响闽江口湿地演变的主要原因之一,特别是近10多年来社会经济的高速发展,城镇化进程的加速,人类活动成为影响闽江口湿地的最主要原因。     

Wetland resource protection and rational utilization in China

Wetlands of China cover an area of 63 million ha, among which, natural wetlands 25 million ha, including mires, shallow lakes, etc., artificial wetlands 38 million ha. Besides these, there are a lot of rivers and islands, stretching 18,000 km of coastal line and coastal zone below the tidal within the water depth of 6 m. Based on the climatic regional differences, biota similarity and biodiversity abundance, China’s wetlands can be divided into 9 main regions. Wetlands not only have huge functions to regulate mankind’s living environment, but also are the important and precious natural resources. For a long period, since the contradiction between population and resources, energy, grain is getting more and more obvious, China’s wetlands are facing to serious disturbances, such as large-scale reclamation, overhunting, industrial waste water pollution and species introducing. They have brought about the wetland quantity reducing and quality falling, furthermore have effects on sustainable development. For the special national conditions of China, higher population pressure, China should carry out wetland resource protection and rational utilization, not only protection.     

基于ANN-CA的银川平原湿地景观演化驱动力情景模拟分析

本文通过对湿地景观的时空动态发展过程其形成空间格局的分析,构建了基于ANN-CA的银川平原湿地景观时空模拟模型,并对湿地景观格局过程与主要驱动力因子间的响应关系进行了情景模拟。研究结果表明:年降水量对天然湿地中的河流湿地和湖泊湿地的驱动作用呈正相关关系,对水稻田和坑塘湿地的影响不显著;人口密度对人工湿地的驱动作用呈正相关,随着人口密度的增加,水稻田和坑塘向各个方向大面积蔓延,河流和湖泊等天然湿地的面积则逐渐减少;随着农业生产活动的加强、农业总产值的增加,河流和湖泊缓慢减少,水稻田和坑塘等人工湿地分布迅速扩张。     

基于3S技术的野鸭湖湿地系统景观格局演变研究

野鸭湖湿地自然保护区是北京最大的湿地自然保护区,也是唯一的湿地鸟类自然保护区,因此,选择野鸭湖研究城市湿地景观格局演变特征具有典型意义。以野鸭湖自然保护区为研究对象,分析了1999年、2004年、2009年和2014年4个时期野鸭湖湿地系统景观格局演变过程,并根据景观指数分析其动态变化趋势。研究结果表明:①野鸭湖湿地面积在1999~2004年间逐渐减少,之后逐年恢复,至2014年湿地面积总数已恢复到1999年的水平,但水体的面积仍缩减一半,主要恢复的是草甸湿地和疏林湿地。②野鸭湖湿地景观格局的变化特征主要表现为:景观破碎度增加,景观形状更加复杂,景观多样性和异质性增加而优势度降低。③野鸭湖湿地斑块类型呈现如下特征:耕地连片分布,耕地开垦力度减缓;草甸湿地成片增长且优势度逐渐明显,形状复杂;水体分布聚集,2014年出现恢复现象;疏林湿地面积不断增长,呈现破碎化现象;建筑用地面积也略微增长,但分布分散;滩涂湿地面积最小,形状简单。     

北京湿地分析与监测

在“3S”技术支持下,结合野外调查与室内综合分析,全面调查监测了北京地区湿地的类型、面积。其类型较多、分布较广、湿地环境差异显著,生物多样性丰富。湿地的主要类型包括湖泊湿地、河流湿地、水库、池塘、稻田等自然湿地和人工湿地,其中人工湿地面积为323541.822km²,自然湿地面积为138214.740km²,约占全市面积的0.3%。另外,选择重点水库湿地和典型湿地做了动态变化研究,结果表明:水库湿地中的密云水库、官厅水库和怀柔水库与1998年相比,面积分别减少了42.0%,23.9%和4.9%,典型湿地的景观格局也发生了相应的改变。由此可以看出,北京湿地面积逐年减少、生态环境质量逐年下降。最后,根据北京湿地现状和暴露出来的问题,提出了一些建设性的结论和建议。本项目的实施为进一步研究湿地变化与周边气候、地形地貌、土地利用、植被变化以及社会经济发展情况的关系,分析湿地受威胁因素,评价湿地生态环境现状,提出湿地保护的措施,奠定了基础。     

Study of Panjin Wetlands Along Bohai Coast(Ⅱ):Ecological Water Requirement of Shuangtaizi Estuarine Wetland

Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland along the Bohai Sea coast,the biggest bulrush wetland in the world,has been listed in ‘The Record of Important International Wetland Conservation District’. Taking the year of 2 000 as an example,the minimum,the most suitable and the maximum ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland are calculated in this paper based on both ecological theory and Geological Information System technology. In addition,the remote sensing technique is adopted in the data acquisi...     

Study of Panjin wetlands along Bohai coast (II): Ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland

Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland along the Bohai Sea coast, the biggest bulrush wetland in the world, has been listed in ‘The Record of Important International Wetland Conservation District’. Taking the year of 2 000 as an example, the minimum, the most suitable and the maximum ecological water requirement of Shuangtaizi estuarine wetland are calculated in this paper based on both ecological theory and Geological Information System technology. In addition, the remote sensing technique is adopted in the data acquisition process. Moreover, the total water requirement and the unit area water requirement for different wetland types are obtained. The result is very important for water resources planning, ecological conservation and regional agriculture structure adjustment in Shuangtaizi. Meanwhile, this study can serve as a useful example for calculating the ecological water requirement in other similar estuarine wetlands.     

Simulation study on purification efficiency for nitrogen in different types of wetlands in Sanjiang Plain,China

The purification law of nitrogen in Deyeuxia angustifolia,Carex lasiocarpa and Deyeuxia angustifo-lia-Carex lasiocarpa combined wetland systems in the Sanjiang Plain,China was studied by field simulation experi-ment.The results indicate that the removal rates of TN,NH4+-N and NO3--N in above three types of wetlands present an obvious logarithm growth trend along with the time.There are evident removal effects for NH4+-N and NO3--N in water bodies of wetlands after the 30th day of experiment,with the removal rates over 80.0%,but the removal rate of TN is slightly low,being 63.1%-74.3%.NO3--N is most quickly removed by the combined wetland,and NH4+-N by Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland.The removal speeds of TN by the three wetland systems are comparatively slow,of which the Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland is the fastest.In consideration of plant growth season,Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland has much more practical application value in purifying nitrogen.These results can provide references for the study on the purification function of wetlands and the control of non-point source pollution in Northeast China.     

Plant diversity as a good indicator of vegetation stability in a typical plateau wetland

Biotic indicators have been widely used to monitor wetland health. However, few studies have explicitly evaluated if plant diversity could serve as a useful community-level indicator of wetland stability, especially when wetlands are confronted with anthropogenic perturbations. Based on three-year record of wetland plant species abundance in Napahai plateau wetland, Shangri-la under the influence of varying anthropogenic perturbation types, our study tests the impact of such perturbations on plant richness and the relationship between ecosystem temporal stability and plant richness, and further assesses the effectiveness of using plant diversity indicator to probe ecosystem temporal stability of Napahai plateau wetland and the potential mechanisms. The results showed that anthropogenic perturbations could have contributed significantly to realistic variation in plant diversity, and further demonstrated that ecosystem temporal stability was positively related to realistic variation in plant diversity. In particular, communities with high levels of diversity might have better capacity to dampen perturbation impacts than communities with low levels of diversity, and statistical averaging could have played an important role in causing greater stability in more diverse communities. Also, asynchrony might have a stabilizing effect on community stability, and diversity could have stabilized communities through both species asynchrony and population stability propagation. Therefore, our results suggest that plant diversity could be used as a useful indicator of the stability conditions of plateau wetland ecosystems confronted with anthropogenic perturbations, and the preservation of plant communities at sufficient abundance and diversity is necessary for maintaining healthy plateau wetlands and for sustaining their essential ecosystem functions and services.     

Review of Rapid Transformation of Floodplain Wetlands in Northeast China: Roles of Human Development and Global Environmental Change

Northeast China is the region with the largest area of wetlands in China. The Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain are large freshwater marsh distribution regions that are affected by climate warming and by the increasing frequency and density of extreme weather and are the regions most subject to disturbances by human activities in Northeast China. The wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain have shrunk severely in the past 60 years, and wetland functions have been reduced substantially because of climate change, unreasonable land use, fire episodes, engineering and construction works and urbanization. Large-scale agricultural development started in the 1950s has been the most important driving factor for wetland loss and degradation in the Sanjiang Plain. Water shortage has been the most important factor for degradation and fragmentation of wetlands in the Songnen Plain. To mitigate wetland degradation and better protect wetlands, special regulations, long-term mechanisms and technical support of wetland protection should be established. A wetland compensation program should be implemented, and technologies for increasing the adaptive capacity of wetlands should be developed. Moreover, it is most important to find the balanced threshold between agricultural development and wetland protection.     

RESPONSES OF WETLAND ECO-SECURITY TO LAND USE CHANGE IN WESTERN JILIN PROVINCE, CHINA

1IN TR O D U C TIO NEco-security is the state in w hich the resources,envi-ronm entand ecosystem s thatconcern people are secure(M Aetal.,2004;SH Ietal.,2004).O therw ise,w e calliteco-security problem or ecologicalrisk.The eco-se-curity isdraw ing the in…