Temperature distribution of Collins Ice Cap,King George Island,Antarctica

ＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｏｌｌｉｎｓＩｃｅＣａｐ，ＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａＨａｎＪｉａｎｋａｎｇ（韩建康）ａｎｄＪｉｎＨｕｉｊｉｕｎ（金会军）（ＬａｎｚｈｏｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｌａｃｉｏ...     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽的温度分布

钻孔内温度实测表明，柯林斯冰帽积累区大部分呈温性，消融区可能呈冷性。冰帽活动层温度明显受气温季节变化的影响，降水暖渗浸对冰的增温作用显著，雪盖对温度分布也显示了一定的影响。测量显示，冰帽纵深层的温度大都接近融点，而小冰穹顶附近十数米范围内温度变化较大。小冰穹顶附近，钻进时３０ｍ以下孔中出水现象显著，可能是冰内径流、差异运动和较高盐度等因素共同作用的结果。     

南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹冰芯中火山喷出物的首次鉴定

对采自南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯40～50m深度处黑色沉积物样品进行了内部结构和外部形态的观察和分析。偏光显微镜下光性鉴定表明该样品具有显著的火山喷出物指征性结构。经EPM—810Q型电子探针分析发现了样品较强的火山喷出物形貌方面的指征,全元素定性分析验征了偏光显微镜下观察到的几种特定矿物组成。这是首次在柯林斯冰帽冰芯中发现并得到鉴定的火山喷出物。     

柯林斯冰帽雷达测厚和冰下地形研究

使用一台３００ＭＨｚ高频脉冲雷达，对柯林斯冰帽１５０个测点进行冰厚探测，描绘出１５ｋｍ冰床雷达回波剖面。该冰帽小冰穹最大冰厚１２５－１３１ｍ，位于其顶部，小冰穹顶至主冰穹顶脊线上的平均厚度约１０９ｍ；主冰穹顶部附近５０－８５ｍ深度处有一被钻探证实为含水界面的雷达回波；小冰穹近乎南北向的冰下地形与该岛北方台地地形相似。     

Isotopic analysis of the snow cover at an alpine glacier as an indicator of local climatic variations and isotopic homogeni zation processes

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＦｏｒｓｏｍｅｆｏｕｒｄｅｃａｄｅｓ,ｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｅｄｓｎｏｗａｔｐｏｌａｒｉｃｅｃａｐｓｈａｖｅｂｅｎｕｓｅｄｔｏｄａｔｅｇｌａｃｉｅｒｉ...     

CONCENTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUBLE IMPURITIES IN THE SURFACE SNOW OF COLLINS ICE CAP, KING GEORGE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA

Measurements carried out for the upper 10m firn/ice obtained at the main dome of Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, Antarctica revealed the direct relation of soluble impurities of snow mass to the composition of atmosphere aerosols. It was indicated that sea salt source dominates the atmosphere aerosol around Collins Ice Cap. The simultaneous variation shown by the concentration profiles of Na~+, K~+, Mg~(2+), Ca~(2+), SO_4~(2-), CI~-, Br~- and very close EF values (≈1) suggested their common marine source and similar deposition process. Besides the possible surface contamination,NH_4~+varied uniformly along deeper part of the core in concentration, which could be considered as background value of ammonium. A satisfactory explanation for NO_3~- concentration profile has not reached at present.     

柯林斯冰帽小冰穹物质平衡多年变化的推算

本文以１９９１－１９９２年物质平衡观测结果及附近的马尔什基地弗雷气象中心的夏季平均气温和年降水量的多年观测资料为基础，应用有关物质平衡线处的当量物质平衡等概念推算出柯林斯冰帽小冰穹１９７１－１９９２年物质平衡的多年变化。结果表明，８０年代中期以前，冰川以负平衡为主；８０年代中期以后，主要由于降水增加有利于冰川的发育，以正平衡为主。２０余年来冰川处于稳定状态。     

南极洲乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽小冰穹顶冰芯数学模式初步断代

冰芯钻取后，样品截取原则和环境记录的初步解释要求对年代－深度剖面有一初步了解，即要求建立冰体随深度变化的时间尺度。根据柯林斯冰帽一年多野外实测资料所揭示的小冰穹运动状况、温度分布、物质平衡和动力学特征，本文采用Ｄａｎｓｇａｒｒｄ－Ｊｏｈｎｓｅｎ模型和等温冰体流动模型（ｎ＝３），分别对一支８０．２ｍ冰芯的时间尺度进行初步估算。结果表明两种模型断代结果非常接近，在距冰床１０ｍ深度处，两模型分别给出１８９７年和１８５４年的冰龄。对比指出两种模型计算出的冰帽各深度冰龄最大误差不大于２％。与冰芯中上部含深褐色火山灰冰层的历史记录年代相比误差小于３％。     

黄土高原黄土稳定同位素与古季风研究进展

黄土高原黄土-古土壤完好地记录了过去环境信息,进入90年代以来,在利用碳、氧同位素作为气候替代指标研究古植被、降雨量、古环境温度及古季风演化方面取得了长足的进展,文章就这方面的主要研究成果作了综合分析与评述。     

南极乔治王岛柯林斯冰帽冰川发育条件

柯林斯冰帽具有显著的海洋性气候特征。据笔者实测资料 ,该冰帽冬季和夏季温度垂直递减率相当 ,为 0 .6 5℃ 1 0 0m ,冰区与无冰区间的温跃值约为 0 .3℃。年、日较差小 ,夏季气温较低 ,平衡线上夏季 (1 2月— 2月 )的平均温度为 0℃。同时 ,云雾多 ,湿度大 ,冰面接受到的太阳辐射小 ,形成了有利于冰川发育的热量条件。同时频繁的极地气旋活动给冰帽区带来了以固态降水为主的较丰沛的降水 ,成为有利于冰川发育的物质条件。夏季温度较低和年降水较丰沛是该冰帽发育有利的水热条件。     

不同时间尺度下降水中氧稳定同位素的时空变化

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ18O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30°N and coastal areas. The δ18O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ18O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ18O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and Ⅱ, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group Ⅱ, respectively. However, two calculated dδ18O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series Ⅱ is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series Ⅱ and temperature series Ⅱ. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

Comparisons on seasonal and annual variations of δ18O in precipitation

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ18O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30oN and coastal areas. The δ18O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ18O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ18O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and II, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group II, respectively. However, two calculated dδ18O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series II is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series II and temperature series II. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

Comparisons on seasonal and annual variations of δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O in precipitation

The spatial and temporal variations of stable oxygen isotope in precipitation on different time scales are analyzed according to the data from the IAEA/WMO stations with long survey series in the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature effect is mainly distributed in mid-high latitudes on seasonal scale except for Bamako and Addisababa stations. The δ¹⁸O/temperature slope displays the positive correlation against altitude for most of the statistical stations. Amount effect appears primarily in the region south of 30°N and coastal areas. The δ¹⁸O/precipitation slope is indirectly proportional to precipitation amount. For some of the sampling stations at mid-high latitudes where their seasonal distribution of precipitation is contrary to that of temperature, coupled with temperature effect, the amount effect appears synchronistically. Either the temperature effect or the amount effect on seasonal scale, there are positive correlations to a certain extent between the annual weighted mean δ¹⁸O and the annual mean temperature for almost all the stations. The correlation between composite δ¹⁸O and temperature on spatial scale is much more marked, compared with that of individual station. There is a good agreement between 10-year moving average temperature curves I and II, with the values of the former all markedly smaller than corresponding ones of the latter, calculated by the monthly mean series group I and the annual mean series group II, respectively. However, two calculated dδ¹⁸O/dT curves display the distinct difference: the variation amplitude of slope series II is larger than that of slope series I. Both curves had similar ascending trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, and then, their variations display the anti-phase. Moreover, the analyses show that there is negative correlation between slope series FI and temperature series II. However, the status is different for slope series I and temperature series I. Both series have contrary trend from the 1960s to the 1970s, whereas the same trend since the 1980s.     

Oxygen-18 in different waters in Urumqi River Basin

The variations of the stable oxygen isotope in different water mediums in Urumqi River Basin, China, are analyzed. The stable oxygen isotope in precipitation has marked temperature effect either under synoptic or seasonal scale at the head of Urumqi River. The linear regression equations of δ18O against temperature are δ18O=0.94T-12.38 and δ18O=1.29T-13.05 under the two time scales, respectively. The relatively large δ18O/temperature slopes show the strong sensitivity of δ18O in precipitation to temperature variation at the head of Urumqi River. According to the analyses on the δ18O in precipitation sampled at three stations with different altitudes along Urumqi River, altitude effect is notable in the drainage basin. The δ18O/altitude gradients have distinct differences: the gradient from Urumqi to Yuejinqiao is merely -0.054‰/hm, but -0.192‰/hm from Yuejinqiao to Daxigou, almost increasing by 2.6 times over the former. No altitude effect is found in surface firn in the east branch of Glacier No.1 at the head of Urumqi River, showing that precipitation in the glacier is from the cloud cluster with the same condensation level. Influenced by strong ablation and evaporation, the δ18O in surface firn increases with increasing altitude sometimes. Survey has found that the δ18O in meltwater at the terminus of Glacier No.1 and in stream water at Total Control have the similar change trend with the former all smaller than the latter, which displays the different runoff recharges, and all mirror the regime of temperature in the same term basically.     

南极洛多姆冰帽BJ钻孔粒雪层的热学性质及其温度分布

根据详细的密度资料,对洛多姆冰帽BJ钻孔粒雪层的热学性质进行了讨论。应用非均匀介质热传导方程描述活动层温度分布。通过两种简化的层状结构和竖向运动模型给出了解析解。计算和实测温度差异的分析表明边界条件的选取非常重要。     

珠江三角洲地区降水中δ18O的变化特征及与ENSO的关系

根据2004年5月至2005年6月广州降水中δ¹⁸O与IAEA/WMO提供的1961~2001年香港降水中δ¹⁸O及相关气象资料,分析了珠江三角洲地区降水中δ¹⁸O在不同时间尺度下的变化特征及与ENSO事件的关系。在天气尺度和季节尺度下,该地区降水中δ¹⁸O与温度、降水量均存在显著的负相关关系;在年际变化上,该地区降水中δ¹⁸O与温度、降水量的关系较为复杂。珠江三角洲地区年平均降水中δ¹⁸O与Nino3区SST和南方涛动指数具有显著的相关性,表明ENSO事件对该地区降水中稳定同位素的变化具有重要影响。     

Climate， mass balance and glacial changes on small dome of Collins Ice Cap， King George Island， Antarctica

Ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ，ｍａｓｓｂａｌａｎｃｅａｎｄｇｌａｃｉａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｎｓｍａｌｌｄｏｍｅｏｆＣｏｌｌｉｎｓＩｃｅＣａｐ，ＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ，ＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａＷｅｎＪｉａｈｏｎｇ（温家洪）ａｎｄＫａｎｇＪｉａｎｃｈｅｎｇ（康建成...     

A 300 year record of environmental change from Lake Tuborg, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada

Lamination thickness measurements in sediments from Lake Tuborg, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada document an increase in high-energy hydrologic discharge events from ∼1865 to 1962. The timing of these events corresponds with evidence for an increase in the amount of melt on the adjacent Agassiz Ice Cap, as recorded in ice cores. There appears to have been a non-linear change in depositional energy resulting from a dramatic increase in Agassiz meltwater discharge, particularly after ∼1908. A strong correlation between the Lake Tuborg varve thickness record, the amount of melting on the Agassiz Ice Cap and Eureka 900 mb air temperature records suggests that changes in the height of the freezing level in the atmosphere have affected the extent of summer melting on the Agassiz Ice Cap, leading to high volume discharge events and associated sediment flux to Lake Tuborg.     

南极中山站至Dome A剖面表面雪样氧同位素组成

运用质谱技术 ,测定了南极中山站至 Dome A剖面 1 998/1 999年度表面雪样氧同位素组成。结果表明 ,表面雪样氧同位素组成变化范围相当大 (- 2 2 .5 1‰ - - 5 0 .6 7‰ ) ,且具有随距中山站距离逐渐增大、海拔高度逐渐增加而逐渐减小的趋势。线性回归分析显示表面雪样氧同位素组成与距中山站距离、海拔高度和纬度存在着很好的相关性 ,这实际上反映出稳定同位素组成和温度之间的密切联系     

黄土高原东缘晚全新世高精度高分辨率石笋古环境记录

基于山西武乡太行龙洞一支石笋5个230Th年龄和190个氧同位素数据重建4 400~150 a B.P.高分辨率δ18O序列。石笋δ18O值逐渐增加,除最近约600 a外,在千年尺度长期趋势变化上与中国南部其它洞穴记录相一致,表明晚全新世亚洲夏季风强度持续减弱响应于同一驱动机制。一次显著的气候突变事件发生在2 550~2 000 aB.P.,与史料记载的干旱期大致相对应。功率谱分析揭示出106 a周期,与树轮Δ14C太阳活动周期大体一致,说明百年尺度上太阳活动与东亚季风变化有一定关联性。