基于MODIS温度的青藏高原多年冻土活动层厚度变化研究

基于MODIS温度数据,采用TTOP模型和Stefan公式模拟了青藏高原地区的冻土分布并计算了活动层厚度,并与地面观测结果进行了对比。结果表明：2003—2019年青藏高原多年冻土面积为1.01×10⁶ km²;多年冻土活动层厚度区域平均值为1.79 m, 活动层厚度区域平均的变化率为3.67 cm/10a,且草甸地区的变化率明显大于草原地区,5100~5300 m高程带的活动层厚度变化速率最大。     

中国天山西部季节性森林积雪雪层温度时空分布特征

利用2009年12月27日～2010年4月2日天山积雪站站区内开阔地和雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)林下6次降雪过程后雪层内时间间隔10 min的温度数据,探讨雪层温度变化特征。结果表明,越接近地表雪层温度越高,且在雪层表面形成冷中心和(局部)暖中心;在积雪稳定期林下雪层温度高于开阔地,融雪期林下低于开阔地;林下雪层冷、暖中心出现时间晚于开阔地,其强度也小于开阔地。林下雪层温度振幅小于开阔地,林下温度振幅拐点以上雪层温度振幅随深度和时间的递减率小于开阔地,拐点以下无明显差异。初冬,林下和开阔地雪层均为较小的正温度梯度,随着气温急剧下降,温度梯度逐渐增大,且从雪表向雪底递减,林下雪层负温度梯度出现时间晚于开阔地。开阔地和林下积雪表层正温度梯度最大值分别达到0.95℃/cm和0.82℃/cm,负温度梯度大值分别达到-0.84℃/cm和-0.35℃/cm;但开阔地全雪层日平均温度梯度小于林下雪层。     

东南极冰盖泰山站雪层垂直温度分布特征研究

准确可靠的冰盖浅层冰雪温度是数值模式中评估极地冰盖物质平衡和能量平衡的重要因子。基于中国第32次南极科学考察在泰山站附近布放的综合监测站浅层10 m温度链观测数据,首次获得了泰山站雪层的高精度积雪温度垂直廓线,并探讨了表层积雪温度的日变化、月变化和季节变化特征。结果表明,冰盖雪层温度存在随深度传导的特点:雪层温度波动振幅随深度衰减,波动相位随深度滞后,波动曲线的波峰和波谷由表层向下传导至10 m深度均需100多天。泰山站冰盖表层积雪温度存在显著季节差异,冬季与夏季、春季与秋季的温度垂直轮廓线均相反但不完全对称,夏季表层的温度变化幅度要大于冬季的温度变化幅度,而秋季表层的温度变化幅度也高于春季的温度变化幅度,这与短波辐射的加热作用和季节波动的位相滞后存在密切的联系。     

南设得兰群岛及阿得雷德岛以北海域夏季溶解氧含量最小层分布及其控制因素

本文讨论了南极南设得兰群岛及阿得雷德岛以北海域夏季氧最小层分布及其控制因。计算了氧最小层处氧含量同所在温度、盐度、密度、pH和表观耗氧量(AOU)之间的相关系数,并讨论了它们之间的相关性。氧含量同温度和AOU呈密切负相关(相关系数r分别为-0.9688和-0.9945),这表明氧最小层氧含量变化主要受深层水团温度和生物化学过程控制。     

不同下垫面对风沙流特性影响的风洞模拟研究

通过对戈壁、草方格和流沙地表风沙流特性的风洞模拟实验,探讨不同性质下垫面对风沙流结构和风沙活动层风速廓线的影响,从而为野外工程防沙的优化设计及其应用提供理论依据。实验结果表明：戈壁地表风沙活动层主要集中在距地表20cm高度范围内;由于沙颗粒与戈壁地表的砾石发生碰撞．输沙率随高度的分布不再简单的遵循对数关系,其极值出现的高度随风速的增加而上移。由于草方格构成的下垫面复杂多变,其对风沙流结构与风沙活动层风速廓线的影响很难确定。但对于特定的下垫面,在不同风速下．同一高度层含沙量具有很大的相关性。     

陕西洛川黄土中第5层古土壤与环境研究

野外调查和室内分析资料表明，黄土高原中部的洛川一带500ka前后发育的第5层古土壤上、下部分层的CaCO3淀积层和部分Fe2O3已迁出了古土壤层，该层古土壤是不具CaCO3淀积层的淋溶性中酸性土壤，剖面构型为Bts-Cs-Cl-Bk-C型。这一古土壤底部之下发育了风化淋滤黄土层，指示当时风化淋滤深度和强度比现今大，是250万年来最温湿气候事件的显示。该层古土壤发育时亚热带气候迁移到了黄土高原中部，当时年均温度为15℃左右，年均降水量为850mm左右。     

巴颜喀拉山青康公路沿线多年冻土和活动层分布特征及影响因素

巴颜喀拉山是较典型的高海拔多年冻土区。南、北坡迥异的气候、土壤及地表景观控制和影响其多年冻土空间分布。2008~2012年冻土调查及测温资料表明,该山以高温冻土(>-1℃)为主。海拔是冻土主要影响因素。年均地温随海拔升高而降低的高程递减率在北坡6℃/km,南坡4℃/km。北坡查拉坪及巴颜喀拉山口一带,活动层厚度约1 m,活动层随海拔降低而增厚;南坡活动层厚度受局地因素影响较大,与海拔无明显相关。     

溃屈型滑坡滑动面特征及滑带土强度参数的关联性分析

论证了溃屈型滑坡顺层滑带和切层滑带形成条件、物质组成、破坏方式的差异性以及强度参数的差异性,并用力学理论证明了这类滑坡滑动面顺层和切层滑带强度参数的关联性,其结论为工程实例应用证实。     

祁连山南麓河谷地形云生长的层结特征

2007-07～08在祁连山进行了地形云结构及形成机理的外场观测,利用获取的探空观测资料分析地形云生长的层结结构特征.结果表明:地形对层结特征的影响是非常明显的,风速在河谷内随高度的变化较小,在河谷上部接近山脉高度的区域存在一过渡层;夜间边界层风向以偏西北山风为主,白天低层以偏东谷风为主,高层以偏西气流为主,存在风向切变.温度层结各时次基本一致,夜间易形成逆温层.湿度层结受地形的影响最为明显,在山脉高度以下区域维持着逆湿状况,其形成与河谷内局地环流以及山脉对气流的阻滞作用有关.对试验期间各类天气形势下的层结特征分析结果表明:西南气流移动型中,双层不稳定的层结结构对地形云的生长极为有利;在阻塞型中,由于高原高值系统对西南气流的阻塞,使水汽不能够进入高原东北部.西北气流冷平流型和河套冷涡型下,由湿静力不稳定层结和冷平流引起的不稳定层结对地形云的发展较为有利.平直西风气流下,只在局地形成地形对流性降水.     

丹棱—思Meng砾石层成因与时代

根据组成丹棱－思Ｍｅｎｇ砾石层的不同岩性的砾石的统计分析,论证了该砾石层的物源区。应用粒组分析资料经数据处理取得的趋势分布所显示的砾石分选性和递变规律,就应用活克划分砾岩成因类型的组构标志,判别砾石层成因。最后根据砾石的风化程度和川西前陆盆地第四纪演化特征,以及青衣江阶地位相所显示的第四纪沉积物序次,论述了丹棱－思Ｍｅｎｇ砾石层的形成时代。结论认为,丹棱－思Ｍｅｎｇ砾石层为冲积成因,物源区为青衣江     

THERMAL PROPERTIES AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW/FIRN ON THE LAW DOWE ICE CAP, ANTARCTICA

Based on detailed measurements of density and a numerous data on temperature in shallow bore holes (about 20m deep), the thermal properties and temperature distribution of snow/firn layer on the Law Dome ice cap, Antarctica, are discussed. According to a review of works on thermal properties of snow by Yen (1981), a relationship between thermal conductivity (K) and density (~) is proposed to be expressed by a formula, K=0.0784+2.697_(ρ~2). Then an eqation of heat transfer in a deformed ununiform medium is applied and solved analytically by two approaches. Comparison of calculated and measured temperatures indicates that the difference is mainly dependent on the determination of boundary donditions.     

南极沿海伯尔顿盐湖双刺镰状水蚤种群生态及其与盐湖环境的关系

对南极沿海伯尔顿盐湖浮游桡足类双刺镰状水蚤(Drepanopus bispinosus)种群生态进行了全年连续观察和研究,结果表明,该水蚤为一年一代,其个体发育周期,雄性约为10～12个月,雌性约为12～18个月。种群密度随季节不同而差异较大,其成体高密度期约在6～9月份,幼体高密度期大约在11～12月份,主要为无节幼体,桡足幼体Ⅰ期的高密度期出现在1月份。该水蚤繁殖期大约从6月至翌年1月,期间出现两次生殖高峰,7～8月为前一高峰期,所出现的无节幼体受环境因子主要是湖中食物和含氧量不足的影响而不能继续发育至桡足幼体Ⅰ期以上的阶段,后一高峰大约在10～12月,所出期的无节幼体能继续发育至桡足幼体各期直至成体。伯尔顿湖双刺镰状水蚤种群生态特征及其出现两次生殖高峰的现象,可能与该湖环境的季节变化有关。     

南极威尔克斯地SGR钻孔处雪冰转化过程中的密度变化特征

本文着重描述了SGR钻孔处冰盖上的积雪在密实化过程中的特征变化,并对该过程进行了分段的和全面的回归分析.结果表明,冰盖密度随深度增大,但增长幅度随深度减小.作者提出密度变化减小度的概念.计算得出的所研究冰芯钻取点的密度变化减小度为-0.15kg/m~3·m~2,粒雪成冰前的密实速率平均值为4.08kg/m~3·a.本文得到的冰盖密度变化“临界点”与以往报道的有所不同.分析这一现象时,作者强调当积雪还在活动层时冰盖温度的影响,并以此解释密度剖面的异常变化以及离差的回升.特别指出,积雪的密度变化具有气候学意义,它在一定程度上能够反映出积雪形成及变化过程中气候变化的某些信息.本文由密度变化确定的钻孔点雪冰转化深度为50米.     

DENSIFICATION PROCESS WITHIN THE NEAR-SURFACE LAYER OF THE ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET

The densification process within the near-surface layer of Antarctic Ice Sheet is dominated by the environment and exhibits geographic zonality, In this article, the processes are found to be of three types: warm, cold and alternate, on the basis of the studies on a lot of shallow snow/firm cores from Wilkes Land, Antarctica, and the available data. Warm type densification takes place mainly on the periphery of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, where the mean annual temperature is about --10----15℃. High temperature in summer and consequent melting and infiltration are the main factors influencing the densification process. Cold type densification occurs in the huge central region of the Antarctica, where the mean annual temperature is below --25℃, with the maximum below 0℃ in summer. In this region, ice sintering is a main cause for the densification. The alternate type densification occurs in the transition zone between the above two regions, where the mean annual temperature is --15----25℃ and the highest     

Permafrost distribution and temperature in the Elkon Horst,Russia

The Elkon Horst is a geological structure that consists of heterogeneous strata with highly variable geocryological and temperature conditions. Gaining accurate knowledge of permafrost distribution patterns within this structure is of both scientific and practical importance. In mountainous terrain, the ground thermal regime is controlled by both surface and subsurface conditions. Surface conditions include snow cover characteristics, the presence or absence of vegetation, vegetation density, etc.. In contrast, subsurface conditions involve rock lithology or petrography, density, quantity and depth of fissures, groundwater, etc.. This article examines ground thermal regimes in various geomorphological settings based on temperature measurement data from geotechnical boreholes. The occurrence and extent of permafrost were evaluated for the entire horst area using direct and indirect methods. The maximum permafrost thickness measured in the Elkon Horst is 330 m, and the estimated maximum is 450 m at higher elevations. Thermophysical properties were determined for the major rock types, and the geothermal heat flux was estimated for the study area. The thermal conductivities were found to vary from 1.47 to 4.20 W/(m·K), and the dry bulk densities to range between 2,236 kg/m~3 and 3,235 kg/m~3. The average geothermal heat flux was estimated to be 44 mW/m~2.     

南极长城站积雪及其消融过程

南极长城站区稳定积雪期始于4月中至6月初,8月中至10月达最大深度。1988年沿海地带一般积雪深度为0.6～0.8m,低洼处及建筑物附近可达1.2～1.6m,甚至超过1.8m;潮汐带雪盖下部温度受海冰影响普遍偏低;11月底至来年1月初的消融过程中,积雪表层常常处于相变区,雪层底部温度比冰点低0.02℃,融水下渗形成雪盖下部潜流;积雪相态及其温度变化与大气-雪感热通量的变化过程相对应,大气-雪感热交换是积雪消融的重要因子之一。     

南极冰盖表面物质平衡实测技术综述

研究南极冰盖的物质平衡状况是研究冰盖与全球海平面变化关系的基础性工作,也对重建冰芯古气候记录有重要意义。积累率是冰盖物质平衡计算中最重要的收入项。大空间尺度上的表面物质平衡信息只能通过遥感技术来获取。但因存在多源误差,仅靠遥感手段,冰盖物质平衡的信息难以准确获取,这是南极冰川学面临的最大挑战之一。因此实测数据不可或缺。表面物质平衡的实地测量有多种方法,如花杆、超声高度计(雪深仪)、雪层物理／化学层位法(比如雪坑、冰芯／雪芯积累率恢复,探冰雷达连续测量冰内等时层结构等)。本文对南极冰盖表面物质平衡的实地测量技术做一概述,对每种方法的特点进行了比较和讨论。     

STRATIGRAPHY, DENSITY AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF FIRN-ICE AT DE08-A VERY HIGH ACCUMULATION SITE ON LAW DOME, ANTARCTICA

An approximately 195 mm diameter firn/ice core, 234 m long, was thermally drilled in 1987 austral summer at DE08 (66°43′S, 113°12′E) on Law Dome, East Antarctica, where the accumulation rate is about 1200kg/(m~2. a); 10m ice temperature is about-18.8℃. Analysis was mainly made at the site immediately after drilling. The snow stratigraphy at DE08 is characterised by the lack of coarse-grained snow and other distinct visible feature normally corresponding to annual layers. There is a smooth transformation from fine-grained snow at shallow depth to ice at about 80-90m which is greater than that at most other polar locations due to its abnormally high accumulation rate. According to the marked change in the trend of density with depth and in the crystal properties four stages of the transformation of snow to ice and development of crystal structure can be distinguished; settling stage (0-10m); sintering stage (10-90m); rapid crystal growth stage (90-170m); and dynamic metamorphism stage (170-234m). The     

Analysis of Difference Between Direct and Geodetic Mass Balance Measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington

Net mass balance has been measured since 1958 at South Cascade Glacier using the 'direct method,' e.g. area averages of snow gain and firn and ice loss at stakes. Analysis of cartographic vertical photography has allowed measurement of mass balance using the 'geodetic method' in 1970, 1975, 1977, 1979–80, and 1985–97. Water equivalent change as measured by these nearly independent methods should give similar results. During 1970–97, the direct method shows a cumulative balance of about −15 m, and the geodetic method shows a cumulative balance of about −22 m. The deviation between the two methods is fairly consistent, suggesting no gross errors in either, but rather a cumulative systematic error. It is suspected that the cumulative error is in the direct method because the geodetic method is based on a non-changing reference, the bedrock control, whereas the direct method is measured with reference to only the previous year's summer surface. Possible sources of mass loss that are missing from the direct method are basal melt, internal melt, and ablation on crevasse walls. Possible systematic measurement errors include under-estimation of the density of lost material, sinking stakes, or poorly represented areas.