深凹露天矿大气边界层三维非静力数值模拟及空气质量预测

针对深凹露天矿的情况,建立了一个高分辨的、三维非静力的边界层模式,对某深凹露天矿实际地形及气象条件下的边界层结构进行了模拟,并与一个粒子随机游动空气质量模式相连接,对该露天矿矿区的空气质量状况进行了初步预测。结果表明,该模式具有模拟小尺度深凹地形边界层的能力,复环流区封闭、低速和高湍能的特点是造成坑内污染的重要机制。     

地形对大地电磁测深(MTS)资料的影响

地形影响是山区ＭＴＳ工作的主要问题之一，对此做了理论分析并用均匀半空间表面二维地形模型进行了数值模拟。结果表明，地形影响不仅与ＭＴＳ资料的种类、极化模式、场源电磁波周期及测点位置有关，而且还依赖于不同的地形形态和尺度。此外，还根据悬崖模型计算，给出了关于地形影响范围的估     

五大连池火山群老黑山火烧山熔岩流流动特征及其形成动力过程

从火山灾害的预测预防角度出发，叙述了五大连池火山群老黑山、火烧山近代火山喷发所形成的熔岩流产物——熔岩的分布，表面特征，流动过程。讨论了漫流、溪谷熔岩流和潜流三种流动方式。对结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩、块状熔岩、喷气锥、熔岩遂道等的形成动力过程以及对古地形古环境条件的制约做了深入的讨论，提出新的形成模式和一些新的认识。     

地形对大地电磁测探（MTS）资料的影响

地形影响是山区ＭＴＳ工作的主要问题之一，对此做了理论分析并用均匀半空间表面二维地形模型进行了数值模拟，结果表明，地形影响不仅与ＭＴＳ资料的种类极化模式，场源电磁波周期及测点位置有关，而且不依赖于不同地形形态和尺度，此外，还根据悬崖模型计算，给出了关于地形影响范围的估计。     

华北强震地形变及重力前兆特征与孕震机理

通过分析华北地区强震地形变及重务前兆特征,发现震前在较大范围内存在与构造密切相关的动力不过程;在震中区介质状态发生变化。在此基础上提出了改进的组合－硬化模式：调整单元的运动,牵动较大范围构造运动的加及断层两侧深层介质密度变化;应力集中单元由于能量的不断积累,介质出现硬化过程。上述机理形成了前兆的各个阶段。     

基于自适应有限元的起伏地形MT二维正演模拟

本文利用自适应有限元方法模拟起伏地形对大地电磁数据的影响.其中非结构化网格的自动剖分采用基于后处理技术的后验误差方法(又称Z-Z方法)进行控制、加密;通过地堑、山脊、地垒、山谷四种模型讨论了起伏地形对大地电磁TE和TM两种极化模式的视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线的影响,其中仅取10 Hz(高频)和0.01 Hz(低频)两个频点进行分析.证实了复杂的地形条件对TM模式的影响要比对TE模式的影响大得多,在TM极化模式中,低频部分的视电阻率比高频部分的更容易受起伏地形影响,而在TE极化模式中,则刚好相反等重要结论,为实际工作提供了理论指导作用.     

日本琵琶湖流域大气边界层的三维数值模拟

本文在地形坐标下引入一种水平导数差分近似方法,建立一个适合日本琵琶湖复杂地形、满足静力平衡条件的三维非定常大气边界层数值模式。在弱的背景风场下,模式加入了琵琶湖流域的实际地形,计算结果表明:模式运行十分稳定,且占机内存小,节省计算时间,同时模式还做了流域地形、湖泊本身存在与否等因子对边界层风场影响的数值试验。在强的背景风场下,模式加入了经过适当平滑的琵琶湖流域地形,得出了一些有益的看法。     

大地电磁二维自适应地形有限元正演模拟

复杂地形对大地电磁测深法(MT)的影响非常大。文中在吸收和修正前人工作基础上,提出了一种自适应地形四边形网格剖分、单元内电磁场双二次插值数值模拟方法,能更好地模拟出复杂地形和场值分布,并推导出复杂地形条件下有限元数值模拟算法、单元辅助场的计算和TM模式视电阻率的局部定义法。模型计算表明,该数值模拟方法计算速度快,有较高的计算精度,能很好地模拟MT复杂地形影响和异常体影响。     

局部山体地形对断层动力学破裂过程的影响研究

基于曲线网格有限差分方法研究了垂直走滑断层在不同山体地形情况下的动力学破裂传播,分析并讨论了局部山体地形对断层破裂过程及相应地面地震动的影响,得到了各模型断层面的动力学破裂过程及相应的地表峰值速度特征。研究结果表明,山体地形尺度（山体高度及底部延展距离等）对断层动力学破裂过程影响较大,进而影响到相应的地面地震动分布。当山体地形处于自由地表上亚剪切向超剪切转换的位置附近时,山体地形会阻碍断层面上自由地表超剪切的产生。一般而言,对于具有一定埋深的断层,当山体地形底部延展距离一定时,山体高度越高,其对自由地表超剪切的阻碍程度越大;当山体高度一定时,地形底部延展距离越大,越会阻碍自由地表超剪切的产生,这种破裂过程的变化会导致相应地面地震动呈现不同特征的分布。此外,还探讨了断层破裂过程及相应地震动对成核区外初始剪切应力变化的响应,结果显示,当初始剪切应力较高时,高应力降引起的超剪切破裂会对断层破裂及相应的地震动分布起主导作用。      

金星的地幔对流、岩石圈演化和表面更新

金星在大小、轨道半径等方面与地球非常接近,但现今的观测显示金星在大气、表面温度、重力与地形特征等方面与地球非常不同.对固体金星而言,最显著特征是有火山活动但没有活动的板块构造运动、表面平均大约500±200 Ma的年龄显示金星发生过全球性表面快速更新、重力与地形强相关.本文在简要介绍已有工作的基础上,主要介绍我们基于这些观测特征开展的金星动力学研究,包括现今地幔的对流模式、相变对表面更新的影响、地壳厚度、岩石圈演化与表面更新等研究工作和取得的初步认识.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases