A Review of the Bentong-Raub Suture vis-à-vis New Insight of the Tectonic Evolution of Malay Peninsula, South East Asia

As a milestone of the entire energy industry, unconventional resources have inevitably swept the world in the last decade, and will certainly dominate the global oil and gas industry in the near future. Eventually, the “unconventional” will become “conventional”. Along with the rapid development, however, some issues have emerged, which are closely related to the viability of unconventional resources development. Under the current circumstances of low crude oil and gas price, coupled with the prominent environmental concerns, the arguments about the development and production of unconventional resources have been recently heated up. This work introduced the full-blown aspects of unconventional resources especially shale reservoirs, by discussing their concepts and definitions, reviewing the shale gas and shale oil development history and necessity, analyzing the shale plays’ geology and petroleum systems with respects to key hydrocarbon accumulation elements and mechanisms, and summarizing the technology resolution. This study also discussed the relevant key issues, including significant estimation uncertainty of technically recoverable resources, the equivocal understanding of complex geology preventing the production and technologies implementation optimization, the difficulties of experiences and technologies global expanding, and the corresponding risks and uncertainties. In addition, based on the latest production and exploration data, the future perspective of the unconventional resources was depicted from global unconventional resources assessments, technology development, and limitations constraining the development.     

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil gas resources.Unconventional oil gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0~(12)m~3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.     

Pores Characteristics of Different Types of Shale in China

<正>1 Introduction As the rapid development of the exploration of unconventional oil and gas resources,shale gas resources in China have been becoming the focus of unconventional oil and gas resources research with the characteristics of high resource potential and favorable geological setting.The exploration on the Paleozoic shale gas in southern Sichuan Basin and the Triassic shale gas in northern Sichuan Basin has already achieved important     

Shale Oil Occurrence and Reservoir Characteristics of the Qijia-Gulong Depression in Songliao Basin

<正>1 Introduction The technology breakthrough in the exploration of shale gas and tight oil has greatly extended the global fossil fuel resources(Jia et al.,2012;Zou et al.,2012;Qiu et al.,2013).Although shale oil has been the global hot topic in the study of unconventional resources,there are varied definitions with respect to shale oil by different researchers.     

The Significance of Wettability in Tight Oil Exploration and Development

<正>With the increasing of energy demand and conventional oil and gas resources depletion,unconventional oil and gas resources are getting more and more attention,and have become a major contributor to the global oil and gas production growth over the past five years(Zou et al.,2012;Jia et al.,2014).After shale gas,the tight oil in the     

Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential

Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m~3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10–36 trillion m~3 of promising shale gas among the world's whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m~3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30–50 billion m~3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.     

A unified model for the formation and distribution of both conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs

The discovery and large-scale exploration of unconventional oil/gas resources since 1980s have been considered as the most important advancement in the history of petroleum geology;that has not only changed the balance of supply and demand in the global energy market,but also improved our understanding of the formation mechanisms and distribution characteristics of oil/gas reservoirs.However,what is the difference of conventional and unconventional resources and why they always related to each other in petroliferous basins is not clear.As the differences and correlations between unconventional and conventional resources are complex challenging issues and very critical for resources assessment and hydrocarbon exploration,this paper focused on studying the relationship of formations and distributions among different oil/gas reservoirs.Drilling results of 12,237 exploratory wells in 6 representative petroliferous basins of China and distribution characteristics for 52,926 oil/gas accumulations over the world were applied to clarify the formation conditions and genetic relations of different oil/gas reservoirs in a petroliferous basin,and then to establish a unified model to address the differences and correlations of conventional and unconventional reservoirs.In this model,conventional reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field with high porosity and permeability located above the boundary of hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit.Unconventional tight reservoirs formed in confined hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and permeability located between hydrocarbon buoyancy-driven accumulation depth limit and hydrocarbon accumulation depth limit.Shale oil/gas reservoirs formed in the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field with low porosity and ultra-low permeability within the source rock layers.More than 75%of proved reserves around the world are discovered in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field,which is estimated to contain only 10%of originally generated hydrocarbons.Most of undiscovered resources distributed in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field and the bound hydrocarbon dynamic field,which contains 90%of original generated hydrocarbons,implying a reasonable and promising area for future hydrocarbon explorations.The buried depths of hydrocarbon dynamic fields become shallow with the increase of heat flow,and the remaining oil/gas resources mainly exist in the deep area of“cold basin”with low geothermal gradient.Lithology changing in the hydrocarbon dynamic field causes local anomalies in the oil/gas dynamic mechanism,leading to the local formation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the free hydrocarbon dynamic field or the occurrence of oil/gas enrichment sweet points with high porosity and permeability in the confined hydrocarbon dynamic field.The tectonic movements destroy the medium conditions and oil/gas components,which leads to the transformation of conventional oil/gas reservoirs formed in free hydrocarbon dynamic field to unconventional ones or unconventional ones formed in confined and bound hydrocarbon dynamic fields to conventional ones.     

Lower Limits and Grading Evaluation Criteria of Source Rocks and Reservoirs of Tight Oil and Gas

<正>1 Introduction The importance of the unconventional petroleum is increasingly prominent,with the rising demand of oil and gas in the economic and social development and the gradual consumption and depletion of conventional oil and gas resources.Compared with the shale and coal-bed gas reservoir,tight reservoir has better fracturing capability.So     

Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged. However, because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale, its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively. Based on the energy conservation law, the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking, shale heat-absorption, and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study. The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined, and the factors that influence them were analyzed. The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon (TOC) content. For oil-prone shales, the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%. This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation, making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1. In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits. The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following: (1) exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks, (2) exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas, i.e., exploring technologies with catalytic effects, or the capability to reduce in situ heating time, and (3) establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio, time cost, and engineering cost.     

The Influence of Pore Throat Radius on its Internal Oil and Water Wettability

<正>With the rising of energy demand and the dwindling of conventional oil and gas resources,the unconventional oil and gas resources are getting more and more attention,and has become the main contribution of global oil and gas production growth over the past five years.Compared with the North American marine tight oil,China Continental tight oil reservoir with strong heterogeneity and distribution characteristics of poor stability,and has a     

中国非常规油气勘探与研究新进展

全球油气勘探目标的转移和石油地质学的发展,具有从毫-微米孔喉的圈闭油气,逐渐向纳米孔喉的连续型油气聚集发展的趋势。近十年非常规油气资源在全球能源格局中的地位愈发重要,致密气、煤层气、重油、沥青砂等已成为勘探开发的重点领域,致密油成为亮点领域,页岩气成为热点领域。中国致密气、页岩气、致密油、煤层气等非常规油气资源勘探开发取得重要突破,油页岩、天然气水合物、油砂矿等有重要进展。中国非常规油气研究也取得重大进展,陆相敞流湖盆大型浅水三角洲砂体、湖盆中心砂质碎屑流沉积和湖相碳酸盐岩等,提供了湖盆中心储集体形成和分布的理论依据;创新发展了连续型油气聚集理念,明晰了连续型油气聚集的10个基本地质特征和2项关键标志,为大面积非常规油气规模勘探开发奠定了理论基础;系统表征了致密油气储层的纳米级微观孔喉结构,首次发现了纳米孔喉中油气的赋存,推动了纳米孔喉中油气流动机制和分布规律的研究。随着全球石油工业和纳米等技术的快速发展,提出了"纳米油气"概念,并指出这是未来石油工业的发展方向,需要发展纳米油气透视观测镜、纳米油气驱替剂、纳米油气开采机器人等换代技术,油气智能化时代即将到来。     

从源控论到源储共生系统 ——论源岩层系油气地质理论认识及实践

中国非常规油气正实现整体战略发展,源岩层系油气已成为非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分。基于中国源岩层系油气地质条件和工业实践历程,本文主要取得4项研究认识:(1)源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气两种类型,纵向分布新生界、白垩系、侏罗系—三叠系、上古生界、下古生界等5个油气聚集域;(2)源岩层系油气地质是研究陆上源岩层系油气资源类型、赋存机理、富集规律、分布特征、产出机制、评价方法、关键技术及发展战略的一门新兴油气地质学科,核心是研究和评价源岩层系油气"甜点区(段)""烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性""六性关系";(3) 10余年来,中国源岩层系油气研究和生产取得重要进展,致密砂岩气规模发展,致密油稳步发展,页岩气快速发展,页岩油加快探索,煤层气及油页岩油持续发展,2020年中国源岩层系油气产量已占总产量的18%;(4)未来主要攻关方向,建议聚焦解决制约中低压致密油、含水致密砂岩气、中低阶煤层气、陆相及过渡相页岩气、中低熟页岩油等中国陆上源岩层系油气资源规模动用和开发的瓶颈问题,探索创造页岩原位转化和煤炭地下气化两大地下"人工油气藏"颠覆性工程。源岩层系油气将成为"稳油增气"最具潜力的现实资源,预计2030年页岩层系天然气有望超天然气总产量的50%,页岩层系石油约占原油总产量的10%-15%。     

中国非常规油气沉积学新进展

经过近20年不断探索,中国陆上非常规油气勘探开发取得了重大进展。2019年全国非常规油气产量占油气总产量的23%,2020年非常规油气产量接近7 000万吨油当量,标志着中国进入非常规油气革命发展新阶段。非常规油气沉积学作为非常规油气地质学理论体系的重要组成部分之一,受到越来越多的关注和重视,形成了“陆相深水砂质碎屑流等重力流沉积模式”、“海陆相富有机质页岩沉积模式”、“细粒沉积岩发育微纳米级孔喉系统”、“多地质事件沉积耦合形成非常规油气甜点区（段）”等重要认识。专辑主要是由从事非常规油气相关的沉积学专家对中国近几年非常规油气层系沉积研究新进展的系统性和及时性总结,内容涵盖了鄂尔多斯、四川、松辽、渤海湾、准噶尔等近50个大中型及中小型含油气盆地,地层时代跨度自元古代至新生代,涉及致密油/页岩油、页岩气、致密气、煤层气、油页岩油等非常规油气层系（段）近30个。这些研究成果为我国非常规油气资源勘探开发提供了重要理论基础与技术支撑。提出未来非常规油气沉积学需以非常规油气工业开发的“甜点箱体”和“甜点群”为重点研究方向,指导非常规油气资源高效勘探开发。     

全球页岩油形成分布潜力及中国陆相页岩油理论技术进展

全球非常规页岩层系油气资源丰富,富有机质页岩主要沉积在劳亚构造域和特提斯构造域的上侏罗统、渐新统—中新统、白垩系和上泥盆统4套页岩层系内。交汇分析北美典型页岩油区块产量与R_o数据关系,提出R_o为0.7%作为低熟页岩油和中高熟页岩油的界限,系统评价了全球116个盆地157套页岩层系中高熟页岩油、低熟页岩油技术可采资源量约2 512亿t,主要分布在北美洲、南美洲、北非和俄罗斯,以前陆盆地中新界、克拉通盆地古生界、裂谷盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地的中生界为主。海相页岩油受显生宙以来的海侵影响,富集在稳定克拉通和前陆等类型盆地中,具大面积稳定分布、成熟度适中等特征;陆相页岩油受暖室期气候影响,主要在坳陷、断陷等类型盆地中发育,以微纳米级无机孔隙和微页理裂缝为主要储渗空间通道,具有沉积相横向变化大、“甜点区段”局部富集等特征。中国石油工业正经历从“陆相页岩生油”向“陆相页岩产油”转变,初步形成源岩油气“进源找油”地质理论、陆相页岩油高效勘探及低成本开发技术体系,推动中国陆相页岩油取得重要突破。着力加强应用基础理论研究与关键技术攻关,构建地质-工程一体化模式,...     

页岩层系油气资源有序共生及其勘探意义——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7页岩层系为例

页岩层系内的非常规油气已成为全球油气勘探开发的热点,这些资源的形成与富有机质页岩密切相关,形成演化有序、空间分布上共生。目前的研究通常按非常规油气类型单独进行,尚未从页岩层系整体角度考虑各类油气资源的分布规律。在大量调研国内外页岩层系油气资源分布规律的基础上,提出页岩层系油气资源有序共生,并以鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩系为例进行解剖,按照成熟度阶段、埋藏深度和有机质丰度,将长7页岩层系油气资源分成露头-浅埋藏油页岩区、中等成熟-中等埋深压裂页岩油区、中等成熟-中等埋深原位改质页岩油区、高成熟度-深埋页岩气区和紧邻-夹层致密砂岩油五大区域。基于页岩系统油气资源有序共生关系,提出页岩层系油气资源立体勘探开发的观点,以期对页岩层系非常规油气资源有效利用提供新思路。     

世界油页岩资源开发利用现状与发展前景

由于世界原油价格的高涨和常规油气资源的短缺,非常规油气资源中的油页岩以资源丰富、经济性和开发利用的可行性成为21 世纪重要的石油补充和替代能源。世界油页岩资源探明储量折算成页岩油约70%分布在美国,其次集中分布在中国、俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大、约旦、澳大利亚和爱沙尼亚等; 中国油页岩资源约85%以上分布在吉林、辽宁和广东省。随着各国重新或开始重视油页岩的开发与利用,油页岩的储量、页岩油的产量和油页岩开发利用的经济价值都呈增长趋势,相应的政策支持力度也在加大。     

油页岩成矿作用研究中的关键方法和技术

油页岩作为一种重要的非常规油气资源,如何有效地利用油页岩成矿作用研究中的关键方法和技术实现油页岩的综合识别与评价极其重要。油页岩识别的关键技术主要包括基于岩石学的地质识别、精确的地球化学指标识别、测井技术的垂向高分辨率快速识别和地震技术的三维空间定量刻画。先进的测试技术、创新的理论方法以及高品质地球物理资料的二次开发利用将不断提升油页岩从定性到定量预测识别的精度。油页岩成矿作用研究的关键方法是从古构造条件、古气候条件、古地理条件以及古湖泊环境等地质因素入手,探讨其综合作用下有机质来源、保存条件及成岩作用的变化,由定性向半定量—定量地精细刻画油页岩中有机质聚集过程,从而有效地预测油页岩的展布及其富集规律。由于文中材料以中国陆相含油页岩盆地的研究成果为主,而陆相成因油页岩的识别特征及成因机制可能与海相等成因存在差异,因此,仍需油页岩地质学家不断深入研究与总结。希望此文对页岩油、页岩气及烃源岩研究也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

中国油页岩富集与地质事件研究

油页岩是一种有机质富集的细粒沉积岩,高古湖泊生产力和稳定的还原环境是油页岩成矿的关键。越来越多的学者研究发现,在含油页岩沉积组合序列中,经常出现火山、热液、大洋缺氧、气候突变、海侵、重力流等地质事件。通过对全国50个盆地、95个含矿区油页岩成因和分布规律的总结和归纳,揭示出火山、热液、大洋缺氧、气候突变、海侵、重力流等事件不同程度地改变古湖泊水体条件,引发湖泊表层高生产力,促进藻类勃发和微生物繁盛,并形成稳定的湖泊分层环境,成为油页岩富集的有利因素。但若过量的火山灰、频繁火山爆发释放大量气体、高温高压的间歇性热液流体以及频繁的重力流作用将不利于油页岩富集。针对这些地质事件研究,目前还只停留在对单个事件的分析,未来需要从地球系统科学整体出发,促进沉积学、地球化学、微生物学等多学科交叉,揭示非常规油气资源沉积富集与重大地质环境突变的生态循环过程,进一步深入加强多种地质事件耦合作用对油页岩成矿影响,丰富非常规油气沉积学理论。     

非常规油气沉积学:内涵与展望

随着非常规油气资源工业化勘探开发的快速发展,非常规油气地质学理论体系逐步建立,迫切需要创新构建非常规油气沉积学理论。通过简要概述非常规油气沉积学的基本内涵,提出“非常规油气沉积学”的概念,综述我国四川盆地页岩气、鄂尔多斯盆地致密油与页岩油等典型非常规油气层系沉积学研究进展,并展望非常规油气沉积学研究所面临的关键科学问题与挑战。研究指出非常规油气资源沉积富集与重大地质环境突变密切相关,是全球性或区域性构造与海（湖）平面升降、火山活动、气候突变、水体缺氧、生物灭绝与辐射、重力流等多种地质事件沉积耦合的结果。未来需要从地球系统科学出发,采用“非常规思想”,以地质事件分析思维深入开展非常规油气沉积学研究,为寻找非常规油气资源发挥重要作用。