1997-2007年中国分省化石能源碳排放强度变化趋势分析

测算了1997-2007年中国30个省份分省化石能源的碳排放量、单位国内生产总值碳排放强度、人均碳排放强度和单位建设用地碳排放强度,得出如下结论:1)2007年的碳排放比1997年几乎增长一倍,带来了显著的环境效应.2)1997年以来,有25个省份单位国内生产总值碳排放强度总体呈下降趋势,但是大多数省份在2002年后,单位国内生产总值的碳排放开始小幅反弹.3)1997-2007年,除北京外,其余29个省份的人均碳排放强度呈现递增趋势,单位建设用地碳排放强度总体呈上升趋势.以上趋势与中国经济发展的"重型化"相对应,表明化石能源的消耗对环境的影响强度越来越大.     

基于土地利用的哈尔滨市2004～2012年碳排放强度变化分析

采用2004~2012年哈尔滨市土地利用和能源消耗数据,分析了2004~2012年哈尔滨市主要土地利用方式的碳排放。结果显示:1哈尔滨市2004年碳排放量为361.451万t,2012年碳排放量增长至1 875.658万t。2建设用地为主要碳源区,其碳排放占每年碳排放总量的96.98%;林地是主要碳汇区,约占碳汇量的99.90%,其总吸收量约为每年1 523.02万t碳;3哈尔滨市碳排放强度由2004年的0.681 t/hm2上升至2012年的3.534 t/hm2,平均每年增长22.854%;4建设用地碳排放强度2008年以前呈快速增长,2008年以后为缓慢的波动增长;5预测2020年建设用地的碳排放量为3 558.264万t;碳排放总量为2 055.839万t,比2012年上涨180.181万t,年平均增长率为1.15%,增长速度较慢。     

天山北坡经济带碳排放空间差异及生态补偿研究

对新疆天山北坡经济带各市县土地利用碳排放量及碳排放强度进行分析,将天山北坡经济带各市县分为碳源区和碳汇区,并采用国际通用的造林成本法和碳税率法,对各区生态补偿标准进行了测算。结果显示:(1)天山北坡经济带总体上为碳源区,2000—2012年碳排放总量增加2 979万t,年均增长率1.1%。(2)按照碳排放强度进行分区,经济带内的主要碳源区为乌鲁木齐、克拉玛依等6个市县;主要碳汇区为乌苏、精河等5个市县;碳中和区为鄯善县、哈密等11个市县。(3)现阶段作为碳源区的乌鲁木齐市、克拉玛依市、吐鲁番市、石河子市、昌吉市、阜康市应分别提供生态补偿标准适度额为29.99亿,4.42亿,12.80亿,6.29亿,9.02亿和4.13亿元。     

基于能源消费的江苏省土地利用碳排放与碳足迹

采用2003~2007年江苏省能源消费和土地利用等数据,通过构建能源消费的碳排放模型,对江苏省5年来能源消费碳排放进行了核算,并通过土地利用类型和碳排放项目的对应,对不同土地利用方式的碳排放及碳足迹进行了定量分析。结论如下:(1)江苏省能源消费碳排放总量从2003年的8794.24万t上升到2007年的16329.85万t,涨幅达86%。其中,终端能源消费碳排放占53.6%。(2)江苏全省土地单位面积碳排放从2003年8.24t/hm²上升到2007年15.53 t/hm²,增幅为88.5%。其中,居民点及工矿用地单位面积碳排放最大,为95.62 t/hm²。(3)江苏全省能源消费碳足迹大于生产性土地的实际面积,由此造成的生态赤字达1351.285万hm²。(4)不同土地利用类型的碳足迹大小顺序为:居民点及工矿用地＞交通用地＞未利用地及特殊用地＞农用地和水利用地,其中居民点及工矿用地的碳足迹高达10.89 hm²/ hm²。(5)江苏全省单位面积碳足迹也呈明显的扩大趋势,从2003年的0.938 hm²/ hm²上升到2007年的1.769 hm²/ hm²。     

安顺市畜禽养殖碳排放时空差异研究

畜禽养殖是农业碳源之一。根据安顺市畜禽数量,估算2001—2015年安顺市畜禽碳排放量。从畜禽碳排放结构、碳排放变异系数、碳排放密度、碳排放经济强度4个方面对其进行分析。研究结果显示:(1)安顺市2001—2006年的畜禽碳排放量连续增长,由86.91万t增长到113.06万t,2007年下降到84.31万t;2007—2010年缓慢增长;2011—2013年相对平稳;2014—2015年又增长。(2)畜禽碳排放主要来自牛和猪,牛年均碳排放量为70.70万t。(3)安顺市2003—2007年各区县畜禽碳排放绝对差异呈现扩大趋势,2008—2014年差异性呈现减小趋势。(4)西秀区的畜禽碳排放密度最高,平坝县最低;镇宁县的畜禽碳排放经济强度最高;紫云县次之;关岭县最低。安顺市政府部门应该研制并推广畜禽养殖温室气体减排技术,降低畜禽养殖碳排放量。     

中国不同产业空间的碳排放强度与碳足迹分析

采用2007 年中国各省区不同产业各种能源消费等数据,通过构建能源消费碳排放和碳足迹模型,对各省区化石能源和农村生物质能源的碳排放量进行了估算;建立了不同产业空间与能源消费碳排放的对应关系,将产业活动空间分为农业空间、生活与工商业空间、交通产业空间、渔业与水利业空间、其他产业空间等五大类;对各省区不同产业空间碳排放强度和碳足迹进行了对比分析。主要结论如下：(1) 中国2007 年能源消费碳排放总量为1.65 GtC,其中化石能源碳排放占89%;(2) 2007 年中国产业空间碳排放强度为1.98 t/hm²,其中,生活及工商业空间、交通产业空间的碳排放强度较高,分别为55.16 t/hm²和49.65 t/hm²;(3) 2007 年中国产业空间碳足迹为522.34×10⁶ hm²,由此造成的生态赤字为28.69×10⁶ hm²,这说明我国的生产性土地面积不足以补偿产业空间的碳排放,补偿率约为94.5%。各地区碳足迹差异明显,不少省份甚至存在生态盈余。总体而言,从产业活动空间的角度来看,中国目前的碳赤字不大;(4) 全国产业空间单位面积碳足迹为0.63 hm²/hm²,其中生活与工商业空间的碳足迹最大,为17.5 hm²/hm²。不同产业空间单位面积碳足迹大都呈现从东到西逐渐下降的趋势。     

甘肃省碳排放变化及影响因素分析

采用甘肃省人口、经济发展、能源消费等数据,通过相关方法对1997-2008年的碳排放总量、碳排放强度及其三大产业的碳排放进行了估算,并利用岭回归函数对STIRPAT扩展模型拟合,进一步分析影响甘肃省碳排放的因素。结果表明： （1）从1997-2008年甘肃省能源消费的碳排放量和人均碳排放量均呈逐年增长的趋势。碳排放量由1997年的1 767.14×104 t增加到2008年 4 341.64×104 t。人均碳排放量由1997年的0.7 t /人增长到2008年的1.65 t /人,且以煤炭消费的碳排放为主,占各能源碳排放的比例达到70%以上。（2）碳排放强度从1997-2001年呈波动变化,2001年以后则呈逐年下降趋势,总体上从1997年的2.214 t/104元下降到2008年的1.364 t / 104元。（3）三大产业的碳排放呈逐年上升趋势,且以第二产业的贡献为主。（4）人口增长、经济发展对碳排放影响较大,而生活水平的提高更加剧了碳排放的增长。     

基于扩展LMDI模型的安徽省建设用地变化的碳排放效应测度(英文)

"双轮驱动"发展模式背景下,我国建设用地扩展特征明显。建设用地变化的碳排放效应是导致大气中碳排放量增加的重要因素。运用安徽省统计年鉴数据,采用改进的Kaya恒等式及LMDI分解模型,对安徽省1997-2011年碳排放的驱动因素进行了定量测度。结果表明:经济增长、建设用地扩展、人口密度变化对碳排放具有增量效应,经济增长为第一驱动因素,年平均贡献率达266.32%,建设用地扩展为重要驱动因素,其碳效应年均值为640.57万t,年均贡献率为187.30%,人口密度变化对碳排放驱动影响较小。能源结构变化、能源强度下降对碳排放具有抑制作用,年均贡献率分别为-212.06%、-58.115%。基于碳排放因素分解结果,针对性提出了碳减排的政策途径,可为政府通过合理组织土地利用,实现碳减排提供科学依据,有利于安徽生态省建设及减排目标实现,也可为省域尺度建设用变化的碳排放效应研究提供借鉴。     

基于土地利用变化的中国省域碳排放时空差异及碳补偿研究

选择中国30个省级行政区为研究单元,基于土地利用和能源消耗等数据,采用碳排放系数法,对2003~2016年中国土地利用碳源/汇进行计算,探究中国省域土地利用碳排放和碳吸收时空演变,并以碳盈亏时空分析为基础,通过生态补偿系数和经济贡献系数分析碳排放的差异性,以净碳排放量作为基准值进行碳补偿价值的研究。结果表明:① 研究期间碳排放总量和净碳排放量除在2015年出现小幅度下降现象,其余年度均呈现不断增加趋势;碳吸收总量呈现稳中有升的趋势。②土地利用碳吸收的主要载体是耕地和林地,碳汇资源空间差异明显,基本呈现西高东低的分布特征,多数省份在研究期内基本保持一致的碳吸收类型。③ 碳排放总量分布空间差异显著,且主要来自建设用地。④ 依据净碳排放量的区域差异,将其划分为高碳排放区、一般碳排放区、低碳排放区、碳汇区4种类型。⑤ 由于各省域碳补偿标准和净碳排放量的差异导致碳补偿价值区域差异明显。     

基于IPAT模型的安徽省不同情景碳排放趋势测度分析

基于1995-2010年能源消费数据,利用IPAT模型,分规划情景、惯性情景、低碳情景对安徽省未来碳排放量及碳排放强度进行测度,结果表明:2015年,安徽省在规划情景、惯性情景、低碳情景下的碳排放量分别为16 680.96万t、14 790.52万t、11 235.49万t,均呈增长态势,碳排放强度分别为0.6952t/万元、0.6661t/万元、0.6533t/万元,呈下降趋势,规划与惯性情景模式下的碳排放量和碳排放强度均高于低碳情景模式。3种情景碳排放曲线表明,不会出现库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)拐点。科技创新、机制创新是实现碳减排的重要途径,"十二五"期间,安徽省通过提高能源效率、优化能源结构、创新机制等举措,碳排放仍有较大削减空间。     

中国不同区域能源消费碳足迹的时空变化(英文)

Study on regional carbon emission is one of the hot topics under the background of global climate change and low-carbon economic development, and also help to establish different low-carbon strategies for different regions. On the basis of energy consumption and land use data of different regions in China from 1999 to 2008, this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint models based on total energy consumption, and calculated the amount of carbon emissions and carbon footprint in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. The author also analyzed carbon emission density and per unit area carbon footprint for each region. Finally, advices for decreasing carbon footprint were put forward. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions from total energy consumption increased 129% from 1999 to 2008 in China, but its spatial distribution pattern among different regions just slightly changed, the sorting of carbon emission amount was: Eastern China > Northern China > Central and Southern China > Southwest China > Northwest China. (2) The sorting of carbon emission density was: Eastern China > Northeast China > Central and Southern China > Northern China > Southwest China > Northwest China from 1999 to 2003, but from 2004 Central and Southern China began to have higher carbon emission density than Northeast China, the order of other regions did not change. (3) Carbon footprint increased significantly since the rapid increasing of carbon emissions and less increasing area of pro-ductive land in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. Northern China had the largest carbon footprint, and Northwest China, Eastern China, Northern China, Central and Southern China followed in turn, while Southwest China presented the lowest area of carbon footprint and the highest percentage of carbon absorption. (4) Mainly influenced by regional land area, Northern China presented the highest per unit area carbon footprint and followed by Eastern China, and Northeast China; Central and Southern China, and Northwest China had a similar medium per unit area carbon footprint; Southwest China always had the lowest per unit area carbon footprint. (5) China faced great ecological pressure brought by carbon emission. Some measures should be taken both from reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon absorption.     

Temporospatial changes of carbon footprint based on energy consumption in China

Study on regional carbon emission is one of the hot topics under the background of global climate change and low-carbon economic development, and also help to establish different low-carbon strategies for different regions. On the basis of energy consumption and land use data of different regions in China from 1999 to 2008, this paper established carbon emission and carbon footprint models based on total energy consumption, and calculated the amount of carbon emissions and carbon footprint in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. The author also analyzed carbon emission density and per unit area carbon footprint for each region. Finally, advices for decreasing carbon footprint were put forward. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions from total energy consumption increased 129% from 1999 to 2008 in China, but its spatial distribution pattern among different regions just slightly changed, the sorting of carbon emission amount was: Eastern China > Northern China > Central and Southern China > Southwest China > Northwest China. (2) The sorting of carbon emission density was: Eastern China > Northeast China > Central and Southern China > Northern China > Southwest China > Northwest China from 1999 to 2003, but from 2004 Central and Southern China began to have higher carbon emission density than Northeast China, the order of other regions did not change. (3) Carbon footprint increased significantly since the rapid increasing of carbon emissions and less increasing area of productive land in different regions of China from 1999 to 2008. Northern China had the largest carbon footprint, and Northwest China, Eastern China, Northern China, Central and Southern China followed in turn, while Southwest China presented the lowest area of carbon footprint and the highest percentage of carbon absorption. (4) Mainly influenced by regional land area, Northern China presented the highest per unit area carbon footprint and followed by Eastern China, and Northeast China; Central and Southern China, and Northwest China had a similar medium per unit area carbon footprint; Southwest China always had the lowest per unit area carbon footprint. (5) China faced great ecological pressure brought by carbon emission. Some measures should be taken both from reducing carbon emission and increasing carbon absorption.     

河南省碳源碳汇的时空变化研究

碳源、碳汇是影响低碳发展的重要因素,由其形成的碳盈亏是区域低碳经济发展战略及政策制定的重要依据。本文基于能源消耗数据、主要工业产品产量,参考IPCC的碳排放标准,结合其他相关研究,计算了河南省能源消耗及水泥、钢铁、合成氨生产过程中产生的碳排放;在对研究区遥感影像处理的基础上,通过归一化植被指数(NDVI),将河南省的碳汇分为耕地、林地和草地,根据各种植被的碳排放和碳吸收系数,计算了河南省的碳汇及其变化,并对碳盈亏及其空间变化进行分析。结果表明：①研究期内,河南省碳排放及人均碳排放呈上升趋势,碳排放总量及人均碳排放年均分别增长11.22%和10.72%,而且空间差异明显,豫西、豫北、豫中地区人均碳排放相对较高,而豫南、豫东南地区则相对较低。②能源消耗是河南省的主要碳源,其碳排放量呈逐年增加趋势,但所占比重在不断下降;水泥、钢铁是除能源消耗外的另一种主要的排放源,其碳排放量及所占比重则呈逐年上升趋势。③河南省碳汇主要以林地和耕地为主,草地所占比重很小;全省碳汇呈减少趋势,2005-2013年期间减少了7.40%(47.05万t),年均减少5.88万t。④河南省总体上呈现碳亏状态,研究期内碳亏呈增长趋势,且碳亏的地区数量也在增加,总的来看,豫南、豫东南、豫西地区处于碳盈或弱碳亏状态,豫中及豫北地区处于较严重的碳亏状态。⑤河南省应通过改善能源结构、调整产业结构、优化用地布局等措施,减少碳源,增加碳汇,通过区域碳补偿或生态补偿等手段鼓励碳盈地区减源增汇,为低碳发展创造良好的外部环境。     

Influencing mechanism of energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang based on the input-output and structural decomposition analysis

Analysis of carbon emission mechanism based on regional perspectives is an important research method capable of achieving energy savings and emission reductions. Xinjiang, an important Chinese energy production base, is currently going through a period of strategic opportunities for rapid development. Ensuring stable socio-economic development while achieving energy savings and meeting emission reductions targets, is the key issue currently facing the region. This paper is based on the input-output theory, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis on the factors affecting energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang from 1997 to 2007; this analysis employs a hybrid input-output analysis framework of “energy - economy - carbon emissions”. (1) Xinjiang’s carbon emissions from energy consumption increased from 20.70 million tons in 1997 to 40.34 million tons in 2007; carbon emissions growth was mainly concentrated in the production and processing of energy resources, the mining of mineral resources, and the processing industry. (2) The analysis of the direct effects of the influencing factors on carbon emissions showed that the change in per capita GDP, the final demand structure, the population scale, and the production structure were the important factors causing an increase in carbon emissions, while the decrease in carbon emission intensity during this period was the important influencing factor in stopping the growth of carbon emissions. This showed that while the sizes of Xinjiang’s economy and population were growing, the economic structure had not been effectively optimized and the production technology had not been efficiently improved, resulting in a rapid growth of carbon emissions from energy consumption. (3) The analysis of the indirect effects of the influencing factors of carbon emission showed that the inter-provincial export, fixed capital formation, and the consumption by urban residents had significant influence on the changes in carbon emissions from energy consumption in Xinjiang. (4) The growth of investments in fixed assets of carbon intensive industry sectors, in addition to the growth of inter-provincial exports of energy resource products, makes the transfer effect of inter-provincial “embodied carbon” very significant.     

新疆农地利用碳排放时空差异及驱动机理研究

基于化肥、农药、农膜、农用柴油、翻耕、灌溉6个主要方面的碳源,测算了新疆1993-2010年及各地州2010年的农地利用碳排放量。结果表明：（1）新疆农地利用碳排量总体呈“快速-缓慢-快速”的三阶段增长特征,其碳排放强度变化轨迹与此基本一致;（2）各地州区域差异明显,昌吉回族州属碳排放量、碳排放强度“双高”型地区;乌鲁木齐等3地区属低碳排放量、高碳排放强度地区;塔城等四地区属高碳排放量、低碳排放强度地区;哈密等六地属碳排放量和碳排放强度“双低”型地区。同时,利用kaya恒等式对其驱动机理进行分解,得出农业经济发展水平是农地碳排放的最主要驱动因素;农业生产效率对农地碳排放具有较强抑制作用;而农业结构、农业劳动力规模在不同程度上推动农地碳排放,进而提出促进新疆农地碳减排的对策建议。     

城市地铁对沿线居民通勤交通碳排放的影响 ——以郑州市为例

基于郑州市地铁1号线、2号线周边11个典型社区的居民调查数据,对地铁开通前后居民通勤交通碳排放进行了核算,从职业、收入和距离等方面分析了地铁沿线居民通勤交通碳排放的影响因素,结果表明:(1)地铁1号线开通后人均通勤碳排放减少18%,地铁2号线开通后减少43%;(2)不同职业类型的居民在地铁开通后通勤碳减排比例由高到低依次为教师、公司职员、其他、工人、公务员;(3)居民收入与通勤交通碳排放量成正相关,与地铁开通后的碳减排比例呈负相关;(4)居民通勤碳减排率与居住地到最近地铁站的距离成负相关,地铁开通后距离地铁站为0~1,1~2,2~3 km的小区人均通勤碳排放减少率分别52.76%,41.12%,24.36%。     

中国能源消费碳排放的空间计量分析(英文)

Based on energy consumption data of each region in China from 1997 to 2009 and using ArcGIS9.3 and GeoDA9.5 as technical support,this paper made a preliminary study on the changing trend of spatial pattern at regional level of carbon emissions from energy con-sumption,spatial autocorrelation analysis of carbon emissions,spatial regression analysis between carbon emissions and their influencing factors.The analyzed results are shown as follows.(1) Carbon emissions from energy consumption increased more than 148% from 1997 to 2009 but the spatial pattern of high and low emission regions did not change greatly.(2) The global spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions from energy consumption in-creased from 1997 to 2009,the spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that there exists a "polarization" phenomenon,the centre of "High-High" agglomeration did not change greatly but expanded currently,the centre of "Low-Low" agglomeration also did not change greatly but narrowed currently.(3) The spatial regression analysis showed that carbon emissions from energy consumption has a close relationship with GDP and population,R-squared rate of the spatial regression between carbon emissions and GDP is higher than that between carbon emissions and population.The contribution of population to carbon emissions in-creased but the contribution of GDP decreased from 1997 to 2009.The carbon emissions spillover effect was aggravated from 1997 to 2009 due to both the increase of GDP and population,so GDP and population were the two main factors which had strengthened the spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions.     

基于IO-SDA模型的新疆能源消费碳排放影响机理分析

基于区域视角的能源消费碳排放影响机理分析,是有效实现节能降耗减排的重要研究议题。本文基于投入产出理论,通过构建“能源—经济—碳排放”混合型投入产出分析框架,利用扩展的IO-SDA模型,对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）1997-2007年能源消费碳排放的影响因素进行结构分解分析。结果显示：① 新疆能源消费碳排放从1997年的2070.08万t增长到2007年的4034.33万t,碳排放的增长主要集中在能源资源生产与加工业和矿产资源开采与加工业。② 碳排放影响因素的直接效应分析,人均GDP、最终需求结构、人口规模和生产结构的变化是引起碳排放增长的重要影响因素,碳排放强度的降低是这一时期遏制碳排放增长的重要影响因素,说明在经济规模和人口数量不断增长的同时,经济结构未得到有效优化,生产技术未得到有效的提升,导致新疆能源消费碳排放的快速增长。③ 碳排放影响因素的间接效应分析,省域间调出、固定资本形成总额和城镇居民消费对于新疆能源消费碳排放的变化影响显著。④ 碳密集产业部门的固定资产投资增加,能源资源型产品的省域间调出增长,使得区域间“隐含碳”转移效应十分显著。     

一次能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量变化

从不同燃料和不同地区入手,分析了我国1995~2006年间一次能源消费导致的二氧化碳排放量变化情况。结果表明:1995~2006年间,我国一次能源消费导致的二氧化碳年总排放量呈现"先减少后增加"的发展态势,其拐点出现在2000年,而且2001年后各个省(区、市)的二氧化碳年排放量较前期均有大幅度的增加,总排放量由1995年的78678万t碳增长到2006年的146919万t碳,年均增长率5.84％,人均二氧化碳年排放量也由0.62t碳/人增加到1.12t碳/人;煤炭消费导致的二氧化碳排放量占全国二氧化碳年总排放量的79%~85％;我国七大区和大部分省(区、市)二氧化碳年排放量与全国总排放量有类似的发展态势,其中华北、华东地区二氧化碳排放量居全国首位,山西省的二氧化碳排放量位居全国第一。