塔里木盆地荒漠植物与表土碳同位素组成研究

表土有机质碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_org)反映了来自于地表各种植物δ¹³C_org的一个混合信息.要从沉积物δ¹³C_org中提取可靠的植被信息,需要系统研究现代表土有机质δ¹³C_org与地表植被δ¹³C_org的差异.初步研究了塔里木盆地主要现代植被及土壤碳同位素组成,对比不同地区土壤和地表植被δ¹³C_org的差异.结果表明:塔里木盆地柽柳属种群中植物与表土碳同位素组成之间存在显著相关关系,说明在干旱地区土壤中微生物和水生生物等的干扰因素可以忽略,其现代土壤的同位素组成只与地表相应的主要植被类型有关.塔里木盆地柽柳属种群中表土有机质δ¹³C_org值比地表植被δ¹³C_org值平均偏正1.71‰左右,不同于其它地区表土和地表植被δ¹³C_org差异(2.2‰,1‰,0.5‰)的结果,反映不同地区表土和地表植被有机质δ¹³C_org值差异不同.在利用沉积物δ¹³C_org值提取古生态植被信息时,应考虑到不同地区土壤有机质与地表植被δ¹³C_org值的不同差异会影响植被中C₃、C₄植物组成情况.     

黄土有机碳同位素与古气候植被定量化研究进展

定量化重建黄土高原地区的古气候和古植被,是黄土研究的新方向和趋势。利用黄土δ13Corg值定量化恢复古植被的研究已经比较多,而定量化恢复古降水则是一种较新的尝试。土壤δ13Corg值与植被相对生物量以及气候参数之间的关系机制比较清楚,根据土壤δ13Corg值重建的古降水和古植被状况是可接受的。针对研究中存在的一些问题,提出以后应重点加强不同生态条件下植物转化为有机质过程中的碳同位素分馏研究,多因素综合探讨其它气候和环境要素与土壤δ13Corg值之间的关系,使定量化研究更加准确。     

中国北方两种现代草地动物牙齿珐琅质δ^13C值与植被类型的关系初探

在简单了解研究区的植被、气候状况的基础上，分析了内蒙古锡林郭勒和青海海北两种典型草地食草动物牙齿的δ^13C值，测定了采样点表土有机质的δ^13C值。锡林郭勒的表土有机质碳同位素组成略分散，义与植被和微环境密切相关。海北的表层土壤有机质碳同位素组成比较集中。两地的碳同位素组成都偏轻，是植被中以植物含量少的反映。两地放牧动物的珐琅质δ^13C值分别比当地植物偏重12．9‰和13．5‰，或14．1‰和14．7‰。火灾等高温过程对动物牙齿的碳同位素组成可能没有显影响。     

塬堡全新世黄土剖面有机质碳同位素的气候记录

对甘肃临夏塬堡全新世黄土剖面古土壤有机质碳同位素的分析表明,δ13C变化范围在-28.23‰～-25.19‰之间,平均值为-26.88‰.结合该剖面孢粉以及地层研究结果,观察到在温暖湿润气候期间,δ13C表现为高值,而在干燥寒冷期间,δ13C表现为低值,这较好地反映了该地区全新世气候演化的历史.结合其他研究,认为黄土高原地区全新世地表植被中草本植物C3和C4植物比例的变化是引起土壤有机质δ13C变化的直接原因,由于气候变化引起了地表植被类型的改变,古土壤中有机质δ13C发生了变化.对比塬堡剖面与西安、旬邑剖面土壤有机质的δ13C,观察到西安和旬邑两剖面的δ13C平均值要高于塬堡剖面约5‰左右,这是由于全新世期间两地气候的暖湿程度要高于临夏地区,地表植被中喜暖湿气候的C4植物比例较高,导致土壤有机质δ13C增大.因此δ13C是研究古气候变化的一个较好的手段.     

中国西部、东北地区湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐碳、氧和有机碳同位素组成及与环境的响应

湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐碳、氧和有机质碳同位素组成受湖泊环境介质的控制,可以有效地指示环境演化过程。通过对中国东北和西部青藏高原、新疆现代湖泊表层沉积物的碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成(δ13C、δ18O)、有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg),以及有机质含量(TOC)、C/N分析研究,发现当湖泊中以浮游植物来源有机母质为主时,其δ13Corg为-30‰~-23‰;以硅藻为主的藻类来源时,δ13Corg为-30‰~-16‰;以挺水植物来源,δ13Corg为-30‰~-24‰;沉水植物来源,δ13Corg为-24‰~-16‰;以水生植物和陆生植物来源为主时,δ13Corg为-30‰~-20‰;当以陆生植物来源为主时,其δ13Corg为-26‰~-24‰。当西北地区半封闭湖泊表层沉积物中碳酸盐含量大于30%时,湖泊表现出δ13C、δ18O之间较好的正相关性,TOC主要以内源有机质来源为主。     

21 kaB.P.以来大兴安岭中段月亮湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成变化及其古气候意义

月亮湖是位于大兴安岭中段阿尔山一柴河火山区的一个火山口湖,地处现今季风/非季风影响的过渡地带,对气候环境变化反应敏感.月亮湖长约9m的沉积岩芯记录了21cal.kaB.P.来的古气候演化历史.月亮湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)、总有机碳含量(TOC)和总氮含量(TN)分析结果表明:δ13Corg值分布范围为-34.3%～-24.8‰,具有9.5‰的变化幅度,但总体仍然在陆生C3植物的变化范围内.TOC含量分布范围为1.04%～23.55%,TN含量分布范围为0.08%～1.78%,TOC与TN含量变化趋势相同,呈正相关性,两者都显示出末次冰期晚期时含量特别低的特征.沉积物的TOC/TN比值(原子比)分布范围为6.3～28.2,其中末次冰期晚期的值比较低,说明沉积物中有机质以内源水生生物为主,其后TOC/TN比值明显升高且多14,说明大部分有机质来源于汇水盆地中的陆生植物.根据多个指标综合分析,有效湿度的影响很可能是δ13Corg变化的主导因素.因此,近2万年来月亮湖全岩有机碳同位素组成变化与古气候变化的对应关系是:暖湿气候对应着偏负的δ13Corg值,冷干气候对应着偏正的δ13Corg值,全新世期间因植被变化不大,其δ13Corg值变化幅度也不大.     

中国北方两种现代草地动物牙齿珐琅质δ~(13)C值与植被类型的关系初探

在简单了解研究区的植被、气候状况的基础上 ,分析了内蒙古锡林郭勒和青海海北两种典型草地食草动物牙齿的δ1 3C值 ,测定了采样点表土有机质的δ1 3C值。锡林郭勒的表土有机质碳同位素组成略分散 ,且与植被和微环境密切相关。海北的表层土壤有机质碳同位素组成比较集中。两地的碳同位素组成都偏轻 ,是植被中C4植物含量少的反映。两地放牧动物的珐琅质δ1 3C值分别比当地植物偏重 12 .9‰和 13.5‰ ,或 14 .1‰和 14 .7‰。火灾等高温过程对动物牙齿的碳同位素组成可能没有显著影响     

贵州山区石灰土与黄壤土壤有机质δ13C值剖面分布差异研究

以贵州两种主要土壤类型石灰土和黄壤为例,分析了森林植被下植物优势种、枯枝落叶、土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素组成、土壤有机碳含量、pH值和粘粒含量.结果显示,两种土壤类型有机质含量和δ13C值的剖面分布具有显著差异石灰土剖面土壤有机碳含量均大于10 g/kg,最大值为表层土(71 g/kg);黄壤剖面中有机碳含量为2.9～44.3 g/kg.剖面自上而下,石灰土剖面有机质δ13C值为-24.1‰～-23.0‰,黄壤剖面有机质δ13C值为-24.8‰～-21.9‰.土壤类型、土壤pH值、粘粒含量对贵州山区土壤有机质含量和δ13C值剖面分布有重要影响.     

敦煌伊塘湖沉积物有机碳同位素揭示的末次盛冰期以来湖面变化

对甘肃敦煌伊塘湖沉积物进行了野外钻探采样,采用光释光测年技术确定了沉积物的年代,测定了总有机碳含量(TOC)、碳氮比(TOC/TN)和有机质稳定碳同位素组成(δ13℃org)等环境代用指标.结果表明,23ka至今,湖区沉积物δ13℃org在-27.84‰～-22.86‰之间变化,可与TOC对比.干旱气候条件下湖泊沉积物的δ13℃org变化主要受到沉水植物和挺水植物含量变化的控制,生长于较深水的沉水植物δ13Corg值偏正,而生长于较浅水的挺水植物δ13℃org值偏负;另外,部分时期有外源陆生植物产生的有机质输入,影响沉积物的碳同位素值.总体上,干旱区湖相沉积物δ13Crg值可指示湖水面的变化、间接指示气候干湿变化.δ13Corg变化的时间序列显示出明显的冰期-间冰期变化,从末次盛冰期到全新世暖期可将伊塘湖的环境演化分为4个阶段:23～ 13ka是一个气候不稳定时期,整体呈冷干并且湖面水位偏低,但后期有转暖的趋势;13～9ka为冰期向全新世暖期的过渡阶段;9～5ka整体湖面水位偏高、气候暖湿,含有短时间的干事件;5ka至今有变干的趋势.23ka以来,伊塘湖区的湖泊环境演化受全球大气环流与水汽输送路径控制.     

温度影响东北地区更新世植被变化的黄土记录

温度、降水(湿度)和大气CO2含量被认为是影响C3植物生长的主要因素.大量的现代植物和土壤有机质碳稳定同位素(δ13C)研究表明,温度升高可使C3植物的碳同位素变重(正),降水增多(湿度增大)和大气CO2含量升高可使C3植物的碳同位素偏轻(负);同时,C4植物可明显地影响土壤的有机碳同位素组成.基于这些认识,以前对黄土高原的黄土-古土壤序列有机质碳同位素和植被组成变化进行过不少研究.但是,相关的研究在我国东北地区的黄土中还未开展.本文对我国东北地区厚度36m的喀喇沁旗牛样子沟黄土-古土壤剖面进行了间隔10cm的采样和总有机碳含量(TOC)、有机质稳定碳同位素的测试分析.结果表明,在间冰期发育的古土壤有机质含量高、δ13C值偏正;反之,在冰期堆积的黄土有机质含量低、δ13C值偏负.通过分析表明,研究区的植被类型是以C3植物占主导地位,C4植物对土壤有机质δ13C变化的贡献有限,并且气候变化具有冰期-间冰期季风气候变化的特点,据此推断温度是决定东北地区植被碳同位素组成变化的主要因素,超过了降水(湿度)和大气CO2含量对植被(植物碳同位素组成)变化的反向影响.这一发现揭示了温度对我国东北地区长时间尺度植被变化的控制作用.这些认识对于在未来全球变暖背景下,东北地区的林木和小麦、大豆、水稻等C3作物的种植有借鉴意义.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.