鄂东南铁山不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层中的应变测量与分析

鄂东南铁山是亚洲首个发现骨节状石香肠构造的地区。以该区不对称骨节状石香肠构造为研究对象,利用惯量椭圆法对其基质层进行有限应变测量,获得真应变差、运动学涡度等相关参数及有限应变椭圆长轴展布方位的分布图。对所获数据资料研究表明:该不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层的应变受其能干层控制,有限应变值与其离能干层的距离趋于负相关,且与其矿物颗粒粒径呈负相关,在平行于石香肠构造伸展方向上基质层有限应变分布不均;石香肠体附近与之相近规模的变形构造可使其相应基质中的应变分布紊乱;该不对称骨节状石香肠构造是由早期平行于层面简单剪切叠加晚期平行层面伸长、垂直层面压缩的纯剪切作用形成。与不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造对比研究表明,两者基质层中简单剪切与纯剪切的分布均分别与其相对增厚与减薄区段对应,而两者形态的不同主要与石香肠体不连续处充填物的能干性不同有关,再次表明两者均是较好的岩石流变学标志。     

骨节状石香肠构造应变计初探

考虑两期纯剪切变形成因的骨节状石香肠。假设骨节缝处香肠层的厚度近似等于香肠层的原始厚度,再根据等面积法原理恢复骨节状石香肠层的原始长度,求得石香肠层的拉伸有限应变,并采用物理模拟方法对骨节状石香肠等面积法进行了检验,误差范围分别为3.23%,2.84%,3.94%和6.82%。将该种方法应用于湖北铁山含骨节状石香肠岩石的有限应变测量,得到石香肠层的伸长有限应变值为33.80%~48.22%。再利用矩形断裂石香肠对骨节状石香肠应变测量结果进行检验,取得比较一致的结果。并将两期构造变形的岩石有限应变进行了分离。     

北京西山和湖北铁山发现骨节状石香肠构造

人们对于石香肠构造的普遍性及其意义早就有所认识。 Lohest于 1 90 9年最早对石香肠构造进行了描述。但直到 Cloos于 1 947年和 Ramberg于1 95 5年对石香肠构造的成因进行初步探讨后 ,人们才逐渐的注意这种构造。根据石香肠构造的连续性 ,将其可分为膨缩石香肠构造 (或藕节状石香肠构造 ) [1]和断裂石香肠构造 [2 ] 。经典的膨缩石香肠都是双凸形。而 Malavieille等 [3] 发现了一种双凹形石香肠 ,并称之为骨节状石香肠。此后不久他们的文章被介绍到中国 ,但这十多年来 ,国内并未见骨节状石香肠的进一步报道。笔者在进行“石香肠构造流变计研究”项目的过程中 ,对北京西山和湖北铁山的石香肠构造进行了研究 ,分别在两地发现了骨节状石香肠构造。北京西山的骨节状石香肠构造发育于震旦系碳酸盐岩建造中。由灰质白云岩组成香肠体 ,白云质灰岩组成基质 ,石英脉充填于香肠体裂口处 (图 1 )。反映出两期垂直层面的压缩和平行层面拉伸的纯剪切变形的叠加。图 1　北京西山第一类骨节状石香肠1石英脉 ;2灰质白云岩 ;3白云质灰岩湖北铁山的骨节状石香肠构造发育于狮子山岩体与围岩的接触热动力变质带上...     

南盘江盆地赖子山穹隆构造样式及沙箱模拟研究

贵州南盘江盆地发育一系列不同样式的穹隆状构造,其控制着低温矿床的分布,位于黔西南控制烂泥沟超大型金矿床的赖子山穹隆是其典型代表。在统计赖子山穹隆地层产状的基础上,通过π圆图解确定出轴迹分别为NW和NE向的稳定变形亚区,并依据亚区构造横剖面和几何投影解析得到亚区褶皱位态类型均为直立水平背斜。通过统计分析区内劈理并依据劈理与亚区褶皱轴面的平行关系筛选出轴面劈理,基于轴面劈理的切割关系、卷入变形的地层及前人获得的相关构造岩浆岩年代推断出组成赖子山穹隆亚区褶皱的发育时序,即NWSE向背斜发育于燕山早期,NNESSW向背斜发育于燕山晚期。基于地质构造分析,结合该地区地层岩石能干性强弱、地层缩短量和变形边界条件建立两个沙箱模型进行4组实验,通过改变软弱层材料、变形同时性模拟构造复合叠加和构造联合叠加的变形过程及样式,讨论影响叠加变形的因素。根据模拟结果,我们认为赖子山穹隆是NW向和NNE向纵弯直立水平褶皱经移褶性复合叠加形成的穹隆状构造,两期褶皱分别对应燕山早期雪峰山隆起对南盘江盆地的侧向挤压作用和燕山晚期黔西南由NW向SE的大型逆冲推覆作用;岩层能干性差异和构造变形的强弱是影响叠加褶皱构造样式和叠加类型的关键因素,当岩层能干性差异较大时,相对软弱的岩层起到分层变形作用,使得软弱层上下强硬层构造样式不同;后期变形较弱时,形成限制性、移褶性叠加褶皱,后期变形较强时,形成斜跨、横跨式叠加褶皱,分阶段变形形成复合叠加构造,同时变形或变形速度差较小时,形成弧形的联合叠加构造。     

鄂东南铁山梯形石香肠构造基质层中的应变测量与分析

鄂东南铁山是全球第二个梯形石香肠构造的发现点。以该区成层分布、形态相近的梯形石香肠构造为研究对象,利用惯量椭圆法对其基质层进行有限应变测量,获得真应变差、岩层厚度比、运动学涡度分布等。结合梯形石香肠几何形态学、岩石学特征,对所得数据综合分析研究表明:剪切带中垂直剪切方向的厚度比值与其所受真应变差趋于负相关;该梯形石香肠构造是由其上、下相邻基质层厚度差异,基质层中总体上的纯剪切,局部相对集中的简单剪切及相对富集于张裂隙处角岩层中的热液流体等综合作用形成的;发育成层分布且形态相近的梯形石香肠构造所需特征性条件是能干层上、下相邻基质层厚度相差较大,且受总体上持续的平行层面拉伸、垂直层面压缩的纯剪切与局部的简单剪切共同作用。该类石香肠构造是较好的岩石流变学标志。     

早前寒武纪多期变质变形区主期韧性剪切带

早前寒武纪多期变质变形区的韧性剪切带，根据其与变形变质的关系可分为（１）早期主变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带，简称主期韧性剪切带；（２）晚期叠加变形变质作用形成的韧性剪切带，简称叠加韧性剪切带。主期韧性剪切带不发育糜棱岩、退变质和新生面理等标志，其高应变特征主要通过岩石中片理和线理发育程度、矿物定向程度、矿物粒度及应变大小表现出来。由于主期韧性剪切带内的片理和线理及矿物组合与围岩中的相同，因此相同岩石的应变强度比较是识别它的有效途径。比较拟引入反映岩石变形强度的物理参数ｎ（ＸＺ面上平行Ｘ和垂直Ｘ两个方向上单位长度矿物颗粒数之比）、Ｓ（单位体积内矿物颗粒表面积）和Ｒ＿ｓ（矿物形态应变）作为比较参数。     

湖北铁山与北京西山复合石香肠的初步研究

湖北铁山地区发育接触热动力变质带，叠加了热动力和构造变形作用，这使该区岩体附近互层的灰岩和泥岩变质为大理岩和角岩；而且这两种之间存在有较大的粘度差，这就为石香肠构造的发育提供了充要条件，所以在湖北铁山地区形成了形式多样的石香肠，北京西山地区震旦系互层的灰岩和白云岩也存在明显的粘度差异，在构造变形作用下，也广泛发育有石香肠构造，结合湖北铁山和北京西山地区的复合石香肠，依据石香肠横断面形态把复合石香肠分为I，Ⅱ，Ⅲ三类，并分析了每种类型的成因，复合石香肠是一种有特殊意义的石香肠构造，其特点是具有复合的形态特征，复合的构造成因，研究复合石香肠对了解其发育过程有重要的研究价值，对区域构造运动方向和期次的判定也有重要的指示意义。     

雪峰山基底隆升带及其邻区印支期陆内构造特征与成因

狭义的华南陆块东部包括扬子地块和华夏地块,而雪峰山陆内构造系统是扬子地块的重要组成部分。通过对雪峰山地区印支期地层角度不整合时空分布规律的分析表明,高角度不整合—微角度不整合—平行不整合—整合的空间分布区域依次由东往西递变渐新。根据褶皱变形分析得出,雪峰山地区在印支期发育了北东东向和北北东向2个轴迹方向的褶皱,后期叠加了南北向弧形逆冲推覆构造。区域构造背景和动力学分析表明,扬子地块内部印支期总体北东向的变形形迹与东西轴向的秦岭—大别造山带和扬子地块南部东西轴向的构造线相垂直;其原因是:扬子地块与华夏地块最终陆内收缩变形的时间比扬子与华北沿秦岭—大别造山带的陆间碰撞拼合的时间早,印支早期的先存北北东向构造线在印支晚期由于扬子地块顺时针旋转变位为北东东向,从而决定了印支早期现今北东东向的构造线,随后的第二幕北北东向构造线的形成是在与早期第一幕变形的应力场相同的同一构造应力场作用下形成的。但是,秦岭—大别造山带近东西向的构造线取决于主动大陆边缘,即总体近东西向的华北陆块南缘边界,其原始方位为总体近东西向。这些复杂边界条件和旋转决定了先形成彼此近于垂直的构造线,然后拼接形成现今构造线垂直的格局。     

西藏拉萨 - 日多晚侏罗世—早白垩世盆地顺层剪切构造及其地质意义

拉萨-日多盆地中存在不同构造体制下的两期构造变形。本文运用构造解析法,对盆地中新厘定出的晚侏罗世—早白垩世期间普遍存在的以横向构造置换为主的顺层剪切构造群落进行详细调查研究,划分出顺层剪切作用下形成的顺层韧性剪切带、顺层掩卧褶皱、顺层面理与拉伸线理、粘滞性石香肠及同构造淡色脉等不同构造样式。结合石英显微构造变形及EBSD组构分析,认为顺层剪切构造中石英以中低温组构(400～550℃)的底面a和菱面a滑移系为主,早期经历了中高温组构(550℃～650℃)的柱面a滑移变形,并叠加了后期低温组构的(﹤400℃)底面a滑移变形,总体反映了中等及中低温条件下的剪切变形作用。初步建立了拉萨-日多盆地中的顺层剪切构造变形机制的一种可能模式,即伸展体制下大规模的水平分层剪切作用,认为晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期拉萨-日多盆地为伸展盆地。     

东天山康古尔韧性变形带韧性挤压变形特征:以哈密黄山东地区为例

东天山康古尔断裂带和雅满苏断裂带之间石炭纪沉积-火山岩系中发育一条东西向韧性变形带，具两期性质不同的韧性变形，早期韧性挤压性质，晚期右行韧性剪切.对早期韧性挤压变形的宏观构造（糜棱面理、糜棱线理、对称石香肠构造、不对称褶皱等）和显微构造（压力影构造、布丁构造、动态重结晶、不同类型砾石变形特征等）特征做了详细的研究.糜棱岩中砾石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S和SL型构造岩，三轴应变量的测量均揭示了一般压缩和少部分的平面应变类型.石英亚颗粒旋转重结晶及少量边界迁移重结晶，长石塑性变形、部分膨凸重结晶等变形特征；石英C轴组构揭示中温柱面 < a>和菱面 < a>滑移为主，后期叠加底面 < a>滑移.因此，推测早期韧性挤压变形温度范围在450~550℃.综合区域地质资料，康古尔变形带早期韧性挤压变形形成于300~290 Ma，塔里木板块和中天碰撞闭合后陆内南北挤压环境下.      

Theory of chocolate tablet boudinage

Two-dimensional boudinage in a flattening type of bulk deformation, with equal layer-parallel extensions in all directions, leads to the development of roundish or polygonal outlines of boudins in plan-view. As combined experimental and theoretical studies show, chocolate tablet boudinage with two sets of mutually perpendicular boudin axes may form in different ways. (1) Unequal layer-parallel extension in the matrix results in one set of extension fractures forming perpendicular to the greatest principal stress in the matrix. Once these long narrow boudins are formed, the greatest principal stress in the brittle layer becomes approximately parallel to the long axis of the boudin. As a result a second set of fractures forms normal to the first set. (2) In lineated rocks the anisotropy of tensile strength leads to the sequential formation of two sets of extension fractures, parallel and perpendicular to the lineation. Depending on the orientation of the lineation the boudin axes may or may not be parallel to the principal stresses in the matrix. (3) Boudins with rectangular plan-view may also form when two successive events of unidirectional boudinage are superposed on one another. Irrespective of the direction of principal extensional strain rate in the matrix, the second generation extension fractures are likely to form approximately perpendicular to the first generation boudin axes.     

The effect of material properties on growth rates of folding and boudinage: Experiments with wax models

The growth of unstable structures was studied experimentally in layered wax models. The rheological properties of the two wax types were determined independently by a series of cylinder compression tests. Both waxes enhibited (1) a non-Newtonian stress vs strain-rate relationship (2) strain softening and (3) temperature-dependent viscosity. The stress-strain-rate relationships approximated a power-law, with stress exponents of 5 for the microcrystalline wax and 1.8 for paraffin wax.Blocks of paraffin with a single embedded layer of microcrystalline wax were deformed in two-dimensional pure shear with the layer oriented either parallel to the compressive strain axis so that it shortened and folded, or perpendicular to that axis so that it would stretch and boundinage would form. The growth rates of tiny initial disturbances were measured. The growth rates for folding and boudinage were much higher than could be accounted for by theories assuming Newtonian material properties. Theories taking non-Newtonian behaviour into account (Smith, R. B. 1975. Bull. geol. Soc. Am.86, 1601–1609; Fletcher, R. C. 1974. Am. J. Sci.274, 1029–1043) better describe the folding growth rates. Boudinage, however, grew almost three times faster than would be predicted even by existing non-Newtonian theory. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that the waxes do not exhibit steady-state creep as assumed in the theory. We, therefore, extend the theory to include strain-softening. The crucial step in this theory is the use of a scalar measure of the deformation as a state variable in the constitutive law. In this way the isotropic manifestation of strain-softening can be taken into account. The analysis shows that strain-softening can lead to greatly increased boudinage growth rates while having little influence on the growth rates of folds, which is in agreement with the experiments.     

Earthquake-related Tectonic Deformation of Soft-sediments and Its Constraints on Basin Tectonic Evolution

The authors introduced two kinds of newly found soft-sediment deformation-synsedimentary extension structure and syn-sedimentary compression structure, and discuss their origins and constraints on basin tectonic evolution. One representative of the syn-sedimentary extension structure is syn-sedimentary boudinage structure, while the typical example of the syn-sedimentary compression structure is compression sand pillows or compression wrinkles. The former shows NW-SE-trendlng contemporaneous extension events related to earthquakes in the rift basin near a famous Fe-Nb-REE deposit in northern China during the Early Paleozoic （or Mesoproterozoic as proposed by some researches）, while the latter indicates NE-SW-trending contemporaneous compression activities related to earthquakes in the Middle Triassic in the Nanpanjiang remnant basin covering south Guizhou, northwestern Guangxi and eastern Yunnan in southwestern China. The syn-sedimentary boudinage structure was found in an earthquake slump block in the lower part of the Early Paleozoic Sailinhudong Group, 20 km to the southeast of Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, north of China. The slump block is composed of two kinds of very thin layers-pale-gray micrite （microcrystalline limestone） of 1-2 cm thick interbedded with gray muddy micrite layers with the similar thickness. Almost every thin muddy micrite layer was cut into imbricate blocks or boudins by abundant tiny contemporaneous faults, while the interbedded micrite remain in continuity. Boudins form as a response to layer-parallel extension （and/or layer-perpendicular flattening） of stiff layers enveloped top and bottom by mechanically soft layers. In this case, the imbricate blocks cut by the tiny contemporaneous faults are the result of abrupt horizontal extension of the crust in the SE-NW direction accompanied with earthquakes. Thus, the rock block is, in fact, a kind of seismites. The syn-sedimentary boudins indicate that there was at least a strong earthquake belt on the southeast side of the basin during the early stage of the Sailinhudong Group. This may be a good constraint on the tectonic evolution of the Bayan Obo area during the Early Paleozoic time. The syn-sedimentary compression structure was found in the Middle Triassic flysch in the Nanpanjiang Basin. The typical structures are compression sand pillows and compression wrinkles. Both of them were found on the bottoms of sand units and the top surface of the underlying mud units. In other words, the structures were found only in the interfaces between the graded sand layer and the underlying mud layer of the flysch. A deformation experiment with dough was conducted, showing that the tectonic deformation must have been instantaneous one accompanied by earthquakes. The compression sand pillows or wrinkles showed uniform directions along the bottoms of the sand layer in the flysch, revealing contemporaneous horizontal compression during the time between deposition and diagenesis of the related beds. The Nanpanjiang Basin was affected, in general, with SSW-NNE compression during the Middle Triassic, according to the syn-sedimentary compression structure. The two kinds of syn-sedimentary tectonic deformation also indicate that the related basins belong to a rift basin and a remnant basin, respectively, in the model of Wilson Cycle.     

A stress-transfer model for the development of extension fracture boudinage

The term boudinage is used to describe a wide variety of extensional structures in deformed rocks. This paper is mainly concerned with boudinage resulting from through-layer extension fractures followed by separation of the layer segments, thus forming boudins with more or less rectangular cross-sections. In principle, this process is similar to the break up of fibres in fibre-reinforced composite materials extended parallel to the fibre direction. Both processes are controlled by the transfer of stress from the matrix to the fibre (or layer) and a mathematical model for fibre-matrix stress transfer (the ‘fibre-loading’ model) is well established. We have used this as a basis for developing a stress transfer model for boudinage. The only difference in the basic mathematical formulation results from geometric differences between the two systems; the geometric expressions in the fibre-loading model have, therefore, been rederived for the layer-matrix case.Stress-transfer theory predicts that the tensile stress in a layer segment rises from a minimum at the end of a segment to a maximum at the centre. This behaviour, which is clearly shown by finite-element models of boudinage structure, suggests that extension fracture boudinage develops by successive ‘mid-point’ fracturing. According to stress-transfer theory, the process will continue until a layer is reduced to segments (boudins) all of which are shorter than some critical length (for which the tensile fracture strength of the layer is equal to the tensile stress at the mid-point). In practice, successive fracturing will be influenced by two other factors: (1) in nature the controlling material properties (tensile fracture strength, elastic moduli) will not be single-valued but will have a distribution reflecting local variations in lithology and microstructure and (2) major pre-deformation flaws may be present in a layer which will control the ‘starting length’ of layer segments. These factors are incorporated with the stress-transfer theory into a statistical (Monte Carlo) model for extension fracture boudinage which results in a prediction of boudin aspect ratios. The predicted distribution compares very closely with the observed distribution of 91 quartzite boudins within Lower Carboniferous slates at Tintagel, Cornwall.The stress-transfer model implies that boudin-defining fractures occur sequentially so that inter-boudin gap lengths will be unequal. Strain estimates based on boudinage structure will vary according to which part and how much of a layer is sampled. A much improved strain estimate is possible based on sequentially closing the inter-boudin gaps. The stress-transfer theory also leads to the possibility of estimating palaeostress from boudinage structure and is the only model available which predicts an aspect ratio distribution of boudins formed by extension fracture. Other than our own, we know of no published data on boudin aspect ratio distributions. Hence, further elaboration of the model is not possible until more field data is available. We hope that our work will encourage the systematic measurement of boudinage as well as the development of alternative models.     

鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分析

利用惯量椭圆法对鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中不同位置的方解石进行二维有限应变测量。运动学涡度以及相关参数的等值线分布图表明:不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分布是不均匀的。基质层中,靠近断开的能干层处的剪切变形中纯剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于平行剪切方向;而靠近连续的能干层处的剪切变形中简单剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于垂直剪切方向。     

横江韧性剪切带基本特征

横江韧性剪切带与金矿关系密切。该带中央为揉流褶皱带,往两侧至边缘依次出现鞘褶皱、a型褶皱、b型褶皱。带内发育的拉伸线理方向与剪切带走向近于垂直,旋转石香肠指示剪切运动方向为北西一南东向右型剪切,表明本带为韧性推覆剪切带。     

层状岩体单轴和双轴压缩蠕变特性的数值试验

以绿片岩和大理岩组成的层状岩体为研究对象,采用FLAC3D对互层状岩体进行了单轴和双轴压缩蠕变试验的数值分析,在数值分析中考虑荷载方向与层理之间的几何关系、大理岩夹层的体积分数、应力水平等的影响。研究结果表明:单轴和双轴压缩条件下,随着夹层倾角由0°增加至90°,轴向和夹层倾斜方向的应变绝对值均呈先增大后减小的变化规律;随着大理岩夹层体积分数的增加,轴向压缩变形和2个侧向方向的膨胀变形量均有所减小。单轴压缩条件下,当轴向荷载方向垂直于层理时,轴向压缩变形均大于轴向荷载方向平行于层理时的轴向压缩变形;双轴压缩条件下,当轴向荷载方向垂直于层理、侧向荷载方向平行于层理时,轴向压缩变形最大,当轴向荷载方向平行于层理、侧向荷载方向垂直于层理时,轴向压缩变形最小。