鄂东南铁山不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层中的应变测量与分析

鄂东南铁山是亚洲首个发现骨节状石香肠构造的地区。以该区不对称骨节状石香肠构造为研究对象,利用惯量椭圆法对其基质层进行有限应变测量,获得真应变差、运动学涡度等相关参数及有限应变椭圆长轴展布方位的分布图。对所获数据资料研究表明:该不对称骨节状石香肠构造基质层的应变受其能干层控制,有限应变值与其离能干层的距离趋于负相关,且与其矿物颗粒粒径呈负相关,在平行于石香肠构造伸展方向上基质层有限应变分布不均;石香肠体附近与之相近规模的变形构造可使其相应基质中的应变分布紊乱;该不对称骨节状石香肠构造是由早期平行于层面简单剪切叠加晚期平行层面伸长、垂直层面压缩的纯剪切作用形成。与不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造对比研究表明,两者基质层中简单剪切与纯剪切的分布均分别与其相对增厚与减薄区段对应,而两者形态的不同主要与石香肠体不连续处充填物的能干性不同有关,再次表明两者均是较好的岩石流变学标志。     

鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分析

利用惯量椭圆法对鄂东南铁山不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中不同位置的方解石进行二维有限应变测量。运动学涡度以及相关参数的等值线分布图表明:不对称鱼嘴状石香肠构造基质层中的应变分布是不均匀的。基质层中,靠近断开的能干层处的剪切变形中纯剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于平行剪切方向;而靠近连续的能干层处的剪切变形中简单剪切占优势,伸长方向趋向于垂直剪切方向。     

鱼嘴构造流变计研究与基于流变学的分类方案

如同膨缩型香肠构造一样,鱼嘴石香肠构造是存在岩石流变性差异的能干层与基质在纯剪切作用机制下形成的构造形迹。在深入研究鱼嘴构造形态与能干层基质流变性差异的基础上,运用物理模拟的方法,模拟出不同形态的鱼嘴香肠构造,反演出能干层基质粘度比与香肠形态之间的关系,进而得出一种关于鱼嘴香肠构造的经验流变计。 认识到鱼嘴构造的纯剪切作用机制及其平面应变的特点,通过对香肠现有的几何参数的测量和计算以及对香肠构造演化初始阶段几何参数的恢复,在合理假设的理想状况下,推导出鱼嘴构造的应变差折射流变计。 鱼嘴构造是流变行为下应变的结果,因此这种构造行迹不仅有几何学意义,更折射出流变学意义。在模拟实验与野外考察的基础上提出了一种基于流变学与剪切作用机制的鱼嘴构造分类方案。     

菱形石香肠简单剪切成因模式及其构造流变计

菱形石香肠虽常被作为指示剪切作用的标志,但其形成过程和流变学意义并未完全清楚。纯剪切模式作为一种已被认可的成因模式表明菱形石香肠也可能在简单剪切作用下形成。本文从石香肠与基质的流变差异出发,提出了菱形石香肠的简单剪切成因模式,建立了简单直观的平面模型,即方形石香肠置于方形基质中,后将其简单剪切变形分解为旋转和纯剪变形两步,并利用有限变形几何学知识,计算出理论的菱形石香肠剪切角和层面转动角,其与有限元数字模拟的实验结果还是较接近的。进一步的理论分析给出了利用菱形石香肠几何学参数(剪切角和层面转动角)求取石香肠与基质粘度比的方法,即菱形石香肠构造流变计,并运用它在湖北铁山地区获得石香肠的粘度是基质的4.76倍,菱形石香肠构造流变计扩展了香肠构造流变计的适用范围,提供了在野外快捷测算岩石粘度比的途径。     

鱼嘴构造在相邻能干层能干性估测中的应用

      利用不同类型鱼嘴状石香肠构造恢复能干层原岩的初始厚度,并进一步分析原岩发生在应变椭球Z轴方向和X方向 的线应变,以应变差折射流变计的方法为基础,推导出一种求相同基质中相邻能干层粘度比的估测方法。以湖北大冶铁山 地区采集的两块鱼嘴状石香肠标本为例进行了应用尝试,得到大理岩基质中两层不同的角岩鱼嘴状香肠体的粘度比分别为 3.07和0.75。     

骨节状石香肠构造应变计初探

考虑两期纯剪切变形成因的骨节状石香肠。假设骨节缝处香肠层的厚度近似等于香肠层的原始厚度,再根据等面积法原理恢复骨节状石香肠层的原始长度,求得石香肠层的拉伸有限应变,并采用物理模拟方法对骨节状石香肠等面积法进行了检验,误差范围分别为3.23%,2.84%,3.94%和6.82%。将该种方法应用于湖北铁山含骨节状石香肠岩石的有限应变测量,得到石香肠层的伸长有限应变值为33.80%~48.22%。再利用矩形断裂石香肠对骨节状石香肠应变测量结果进行检验,取得比较一致的结果。并将两期构造变形的岩石有限应变进行了分离。     

利用石香肠恢复能干层原始厚度的等面积法

在恢复岩层古环境、计算岩石流变学参数时常需要岩层的原始厚度.利用在褶皱地区伴生的肿缩石香肠可恢复岩层的原始厚度.经过沉积、压实作用以后,岩层压实率趋近最终压实率,岩石中矿物颗粒骨架基本上保持不变,则岩层体积保持不变.褶皱一般是受到垂直岩层或平行岩层作用力而形成的,肿缩石香肠在褶皱轴向(b轴)上变形通常很微小,根据体积不变的假设,则石香肠体在褶皱横向剖面(ac面)上变形前后的面积应是相等的,以此来恢复岩层的原始厚度.为了求解肿缩石香肠横向剖面面积,对其边界进行拟合、积分,发现它相当于一些梯形面积之和.运用此方法进行模拟实验并对铁山地区进行计算,并把计算结果与肿缩石香肠的最大厚度比较,发现它更能反映真实情况.     

辽西地区台里韧性剪切带中长英质脉体的变形演化机制研究

华北克拉通构造演化及破坏机制一直是地学界的热点话题,中生代华北克拉通东部主要受扬子板块的俯冲使区域内岩浆-变质事件频繁,形成一系列近EW向构造,包括位于辽西地区的一条中生代NEE向台里韧性剪切带。该韧性剪切带中发育有S-C组构、旋转碎斑、石香肠、长英质脉体等丰富的构造现象。通过野外观测和室内综合分析,识别出其中长英质脉体的演化序列为"分异脉→香肠化→透镜化→碎斑化→细粒化→丝带化"六个变形阶段。对各变形阶段样品切制垂直面理平行线理的薄片,并对薄片基质层进行二维有限应变测量分析与统计,包括真应变差(ε_1-ε_2)等值线图、岩层厚度比(S)等值线图、运动学涡度(W_k)等值线图。其中W_k在演化前期主要小于0.71,演化中期主要大于0.71,演化后期主要小于0.71,表明长英质脉体演化过程前期主要为纯剪切作用,中期为简单剪切作用,后期为纯剪切作用,同时W_k为正值和S小于1反映研究区内韧性剪切带在伸展减薄的动力学背景下形成,这对了解华北克拉通东部中生代构造演化提供了新的约束。     

北京西山和湖北铁山发现骨节状石香肠构造

人们对于石香肠构造的普遍性及其意义早就有所认识。 Lohest于 1 90 9年最早对石香肠构造进行了描述。但直到 Cloos于 1 947年和 Ramberg于1 95 5年对石香肠构造的成因进行初步探讨后 ,人们才逐渐的注意这种构造。根据石香肠构造的连续性 ,将其可分为膨缩石香肠构造 (或藕节状石香肠构造 ) [1]和断裂石香肠构造 [2 ] 。经典的膨缩石香肠都是双凸形。而 Malavieille等 [3] 发现了一种双凹形石香肠 ,并称之为骨节状石香肠。此后不久他们的文章被介绍到中国 ,但这十多年来 ,国内并未见骨节状石香肠的进一步报道。笔者在进行“石香肠构造流变计研究”项目的过程中 ,对北京西山和湖北铁山的石香肠构造进行了研究 ,分别在两地发现了骨节状石香肠构造。北京西山的骨节状石香肠构造发育于震旦系碳酸盐岩建造中。由灰质白云岩组成香肠体 ,白云质灰岩组成基质 ,石英脉充填于香肠体裂口处 (图 1 )。反映出两期垂直层面的压缩和平行层面拉伸的纯剪切变形的叠加。图 1　北京西山第一类骨节状石香肠1石英脉 ;2灰质白云岩 ;3白云质灰岩湖北铁山的骨节状石香肠构造发育于狮子山岩体与围岩的接触热动力变质带上...     

一种利用断裂石香肠恢复岩层原始厚度的方法

断裂石香肠的形成是能干层不连续变形和韧性层连续变形共同作用的结果.以湖北铁山麻雀脑产出的断裂石香肠为例,介绍了一种利用断裂石香肠估算岩层有限应变进而恢复其原始厚度的方法.该方法操作非常简便,结果确凿可靠.      

Improvement and Application of Riedel Shear Systerm

For some strain in the strike slip zone is difficult to be determined accurately in the classification scheme of the 7 elements of the ellipse of the strike slip strain ellipse (PDZ, R, R', P, T, Y and local contraction), the properties of the strain elements in all directions in the strained ellipse were reunderstood by analyzing the causal relationship between the mechanical state and the strain properties in a certain direction. A new model of the Riedel shear system was proposed, which contained 4 pure strain zones (pure right walk slip, pure left walking slip, pure extrusion, pure Stretch Strain Zone) and 4 complex strain zones (both stretching and right walking, both stretching and left walking, both extrusion and left walking, both extrusion and right walking slip strain zone). The closer the crack was to the direction of a single strain band, the stronger the corresponding property. The model included all the elements of the traditional model and made up for its vacancy. It proved the rationality of the left (right) row left (right) order and the double tectonic belt rule. At the same time, three research examples of Bohai Sea were cited to illustrate the application of the model: (1) The synchronous and perpendicular spatial-temporal relationship between compressive and extensional stress fields in strike-slip zones, as well as the unified but not contradictory dialectical relationship between them, were illustrated through the example of the co-controlled cycle formation of northeastern depression in Laizhou Bay Depression; (2) The Bohai Sea walk was enumerated. The research results of the slip transition zone illustrated the strain trend law of the extensional or compressive transition zone in the strike-slip zone; (3) The relationship between the strike of the effective fracture and the extensional strain zone in the present strike-slip stress field was illustrated by giving an example of the effective fracture research results of a buried hill structure in the Bohai Sea.     

极摩尔圆法计算二维平均运动学涡度

通过有限应变椭圆长短轴比(R_s)和长轴与剪切面夹角(α)构建极摩尔圆,本文计算得出二维平面应变平均运动学涡度(W_m)计算公式为W_m=cos ,并以此绘制了W_m关于R_s和α的等值线投影图。公式计算和有限应变数值投影都是计算平均运动学涡度的简捷有效的方法。极摩尔圆计算提供了判定剪切类型(简单剪切,纯剪切,减薄一般剪切,增厚一般剪切)的两种方法:α值判定瞬时应变剪切类型; R_s×tan²α值判定有限应变剪切类型。     

韧性剪切带的剪切作用类型和韧性减薄量

韧性剪切带组构的演化和剪切作用类型受到许多研究者的关注。运用极莫尔圆法、有限应变法、刚性颗粒法、石英光轴组构结合有限应变测量法、拖尾形态法、剪切带内变形脉体(岩墙)法、碎斑法等方法可以估算剪切带变形过程中的运动学涡度,进而判别剪切带中单剪切组分与纯剪切组分的相对含量。自然界的剪切带一般介于单剪与纯剪之间,运动学涡度Wk介于0~1之间,表明韧性剪切带在变形过程中发生了垂直于剪切带边界(Z轴)方向的韧性减薄。剪切带变形过程中的韧性减薄量可依据有限应变测量与运动学涡度估算求得,也可依据剪切带内的石香肠(布丁)构造求解,还可依据构建极莫尔圆求解。以华北克拉通北缘的楼子店变质核杂岩及其韧性剪切带,以及希腊西奈山的Chelmos剪切带为例,介绍估算韧性剪切带韧性减薄的方法,这种韧性减薄是对大规模岩石圈减薄的有益补充和完善。研究结果表明,定量估算与变质核杂岩相关的韧性剪切带的剪切作用类型是分析变质核杂岩形成机制的有效途径和方法。     

运动学涡度的理论与实践

一般剪切作用下,碎斑或顺剪切作用方向向前或逆向旋转向两特征方向或流脊(非旋转方向)靠拢。高应变条件下,二长比大于一特定值的碎斑,当其顺向或逆向旋转至以特征方向为渐近线的双曲线的稳定翼上时,便稳定下来不再旋转。二长比小于该值的碎斑将不断向前旋转。这一特定值位于该双曲线的顶点,相应的临界形态因子(B*)或/和两特征方向间夹角的余弦定义为运动学涡度(Wk)。Wk是确定一相关韧性变形带纯剪切和简单剪切组分相对大小的重要度量,是根据内旋转(涡度)与线应变速率之间的比值而定的数值度量。就变形带而言,一般剪切带的运动学涡度变化为0~1,纯剪切为零,简单剪切为1。这是一非线性尺度,纯剪切和简单剪切各占50%的运动学涡度为0.71,而不是0.5。运动学涡度可通过计算、图解(双曲线网(PHD)、刚性颗粒网(RGN)法、Passchier图解、Wallis图解)、极摩尔圆法和应力或瞬时增量应变方向获得。运动学涡度与有限应变测量相结合很可能是估算一地地壳减薄/伸展量或增厚/缩短量的最佳途径。变形过程中运动学涡度很可能变化,应根据不同时期形成的构造获得相应时期的运动学涡度。     

Strain analysis in Jurassic argillites of the Monte Sirino area (Lagonegro Zone,southern Apennines,Italy) and implications for deformation paths in pelitic rocks

Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped reduction spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction (X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pretectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis (X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction (X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks.     

Pulsating oblate and prolate three-dimensional strains

The progressive ductile deformation of competent spherical inclusions is modeled analytically. Results of this study may help to understand better the limitations connected to geological field methods using competent inclusions for strain analyses. Parameters studied and quantified here are the strain magnitude, the progressive change in inclusion shape, the orientation of the finite strain axes, the frequency of pulsation, and the coupling between the strain ellipticity and viscosity contrast. Competent inclusions develop pulsating apparent strains if the host material is subjected to a component of simple shear and provided time or strain rate is sufficient to complete the strain cycle. The disparity between the strain magnitude inferred from competent viscous inclusions and that undergone by the host rock, increases for larger viscosity between them. The pulsation of the inclusion may suggest zero strain after a strain cycle has been completed, even though strain in the host rock is extremely large. The inclusion will develop pulsating oblate strains if a shortening rate is superposed normal to the plane of pulsation. Conversely, pulsating prolate strains occur if an extension rate is superposed instead of shortening. Stretching lineations outlined by deformed competent inclusions within shear zones beneath collapsing nappe sheets may even point perpendicular to the direction of nappe transport. This finding offers an explanation for the occurrence of mutually perpendicular pebble elongations in nearby locations within the Bygdin conglomerate beneath the Jotun nappe, Norwegian Caledonides.