鮸鱼胚胎发育及其仔、稚、幼鱼形态特征和生活习性的初步研究

作者对鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)的早期发育(从受精卵到45日龄幼鱼)形态特征及生态习性进行了描述。鮸鱼的受精卵在水温21.4℃~22.0℃,盐度25.7条件下,经过29 h30 min仔鱼孵出。从受精卵到仔鱼出膜可分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、胚体形成期等4个主要时期,然后进入胚后发育阶段。孵出后的3日龄仔鱼已能在水体中平游,极少数个体可开口摄食轮虫。4日龄仔鱼全部开口摄食,并对光反应敏感,出现明显的集群现象。22日龄的后期仔鱼各鳍鳍条发育形成,鳞片开始出现,进入到稚鱼期。39日龄后,鮸鱼全身披满细小的鳞片,全部分布于育苗池的底部,开始进入到幼鱼发育阶段。根据仔、稚、幼鱼形态特征和生活习性对鮸鱼的分类进行了探讨。     

云纹石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态观察

为丰富云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)的基础生物学资料,对云纹石斑鱼早期发育阶段的形态变化进行了观察,对各时期的形态特征与生态习性进行了描述,并详细记录了各时期全长、口裂、第2背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的变化.根据卵黄囊和油球的消失、鳍膜的消退、第2背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的伸缩、鳞片的生长及色素的变化把云纹石斑鱼早期发育阶段胚后发育分为仔鱼期(包括早期仔鱼和晚期仔鱼)、稚鱼期和幼鱼期.在水温26.71±1.26℃的培育条件下,仔鱼4日龄开口摄食;至6日龄,卵黄囊和油球消失,进入晚期仔鱼期;至29日龄,鳍膜消失,进入稚鱼期;至41日龄,鳞片开始长出,至59日龄,稚鱼全身覆盖鳞片,完成变态,进入早期幼鱼期.并发现在生态幅范围内提高培育水温,可以提高生长效率,加快育苗速度.     

光唇鱼( Acrossocheilus fasciatus) 胚胎及仔、稚鱼的发育

采用干法授精方法获得受精卵,在人工培育条件下观察了光唇鱼胚胎及仔、稚鱼发育过程。结果表明,光唇鱼受精卵呈圆球形,沉性、弱粘性。在水温23—25℃下,胚胎发育历时46h45min,经历了胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成和孵化等阶段。在水温24—27℃下,仔、稚鱼发育历时22d,初孵仔鱼具有较大的卵黄囊,胸鳍原基及肛门原基形成;4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,进入混合营养期;7日龄仔鱼卵黄囊消失,营外源性营养,体侧8条横斑形成,各鳍均已出现,进入晚期仔鱼阶段;14日龄仔鱼各鳍鳍条发育基本完成;16日龄仔鱼鳞片开始出现,进入稚鱼期;22日龄稚鱼全身被鳞,进入幼鱼期。     

鮸状黄姑鱼的早期发育研究

本文对状黄姑鱼的胚胎和仔、稚鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。绝状黄姑鱼的受精卵为圆球形浮性卵,无色透明。在水温20～23℃,盐度26～30的条件下,经24h35min陆续孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育分为26期。初孵仔鱼至孵化后4日龄为仔鱼前期;孵化后5～22日龄为仔鱼后期;孵化后23～32日龄为雅鱼期;孵化后33日龄进入幼鱼早期。仔、稚鱼培育水温18～28C,盐度20～30。仔鱼2日龄稍开口,3～4日龄为混合营养阶段,是仔鱼的主要危险期。     

斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育研究

2005年10～12月,在集美大学水产学院水产试验场,对人工培育的斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了观察和描述.根据卵黄囊、鳍膜、鳞片以及背鳍长棘和腹鳍长棘的变化,将斜带石斑鱼的胚后发育划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期3个时期.初孵仔鱼平均全长1.68mm(1.60～1.78mm).在培育水温为21.0～28.5℃,盐度为24.8～28.3条件下,初孵仔鱼至孵化后5日龄为前期仔鱼,3日龄仔鱼开口;孵化后6日龄至31日龄为后期仔鱼;孵化后32日龄至68日龄为稚鱼期;孵化后69日龄进入幼鱼期.背鳍第二鳍棘和腹鳍鳍棘的长出与收缩是斜带石斑鱼前期发育过程中最明显的变化.此外,本文探讨了斜带石斑鱼与青石斑鱼、点带石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼期发育的异同.     

横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)仔鱼饥饿不可逆点及摄食生长特性研究

横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)为我国东南沿海具有良好发展前景的养殖鱼类,目前亟待突破其规模化苗种培育的瓶颈技术问题。为探究横带髭鲷仔鱼发育阶段的摄食和生长特性,采用实验生态学方法,在水温(24±0.2)℃、盐度为26的条件下对饥饿仔鱼形态发育、生长、不可逆点及投喂状态下的摄食节律进行研究。结果表明,孵化出膜后的初孵仔鱼,3日龄开口摄食,进入混合营养期,3日龄卵黄囊消耗完毕,油球于8日龄消耗完全,混合营养期为5d。饥饿组仔鱼全长呈先增长后下降趋势,拐点出现在3日龄,在4日龄有畸形仔鱼出现。饥饿仔鱼初次摄食率为10.12%,最高初次摄食率出现在7日龄,为85.06%;PNR出现在7日龄和8日龄之间,至9日龄全部死亡。早期仔鱼(7日龄)的摄食高峰出现在7:00、11:00和15:00,晚期仔鱼(14日龄)在7:00、11:00、15:00和19:00四个时间段,摄食高峰均出现在白天,属于典型的白天摄食类型,随着仔鱼的生长发育,摄食高峰有所延长。横带髭鲷仔鱼最佳开口摄食时间在3日龄,掌握仔鱼的摄食高峰期,在此时间段驯化配合饲料,对于活体饵料向配合饲料的驯食转化具有重要实践意义。     

星斑川鲽仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育与生长

为了摸清星斑川鲽仔、稚、幼鱼各期形态发育特征,2006年4-7月在实验室利用显微数码摄像系统,通过电脑显示屏观察、测量、拍摄记录星斑川鲽胚后发育形态变化.培育水温14.0～19.5 ℃,S 27～31,光照度500 lx左右,饵料依次为经过强化的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料.星斑川鲽初孵仔鱼全长1.80～2.08 mm, 1日龄仔鱼平均全长2.89 mm;3日龄开始摄食;5日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕进入后仔鱼期;15～16日龄全长8.84 mm,开始伏底变态进入稚鱼期;20日龄全长10.12 mm,稚鱼右眼完全迁移至左侧,变态完成营底栖生活进入幼鱼期.星斑川鲽仔鱼变态发生日龄与培育水温有关,在12～15 ℃需24～27 d;15～16 ℃需18～20 d;17～19 ℃需15 d.开始变态仔鱼全长9 mm,变态完成时全长11 mm.幼鱼期鳞被形成,基本具有成鱼的外部形态和习性.     

漠斑牙鲆仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育研究

2006年12月至2007年2月,在福建省漳州市东山县华涛水产综合养殖场,对漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)仔、稚、幼鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了观察和描述.初孵仔鱼平均全长2.73±0.211mm.在培育水温18.1～23.0℃和盐度为33～34条件下,初孵仔鱼至孵化后7日龄为前期仔鱼,6日龄仔鱼开口;孵化后8日龄至30日龄为后期仔鱼;孵化后31日龄至45日龄为稚鱼期;孵化后46日龄进入幼鱼期.冠状幼鳍的消长、右眼的移位以及体色的左右不对称是漠斑牙鲆早期发育过程中最明显的外部形态变化.     

丝鳍圆天竺鲷的繁殖习性、胚胎发育和胚后发育观察

本文以丝鳍圆天竺鲷(Sphaeramia nematoptera)为研究对象,观察记录了其繁殖习性以及胚胎发育和胚后发育的过程。研究结果表明:丝鳍圆天竺鲷的繁殖活动由雌鱼主导,在凌晨1点至3点交配,产卵受精后由雄性口孵,产卵间隔期为11～18d,无季节性。雌鱼单次产卵3126～4882粒,受精卵近圆球形,卵径(720±10)μm,内有数颗油球;在水温(27.0±0.5)℃条件下,受精卵经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期到出膜需187h。丝鳍圆天竺鲷胚后发育分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期和成鱼期,初孵仔鱼全长(2.8±0.1)mm,口裂高度(0.202±18)mm,孵化后第二天仔鱼开口摄食;孵化后24d鳍条形成,身体出现两条黑色条带,结束浮游阶段,进入稚鱼期;孵化后50d鳞片完全形成,体色斑纹等外形特点与成鱼相同,进入幼鱼期;孵化后360d性腺发育成熟,具备生殖能力。     

菊黄东方纯胚胎及仔稚幼鱼的发育

本文报道了菊黄东方纯胚胎及仔稚幼鱼发育情况．其结果表明：在水温20～21℃、盐度20～30、pH值8．0～8．3的条件下，受精卵受精后2h为2细胞期、15h为囊胚期、30h为原肠期、55h为胚体期、152h孵出仔鱼；孵出仔鱼在水温19～28℃、盐度20～30、pH8．0～8．3条件下，孵化后5d开口、18d进入稚鱼期、40d进入幼鱼期．此外，对胚胎及仔稚幼鱼各发育阶段进行较详细描述、测量并给出示意图．     

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用的回顾与展望

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用是海洋农牧业及工业的重要组成部分。20世纪经过几代人的努力，我国在海带、紫菜、裙带菜及龙须菜的繁育、养殖关键技术等方面成功取得突破，为这些海藻的产业化提供坚实的保障，为我国成为世界海藻大国奠定了基础。海藻养殖产业为人们提供了食品、藻胶及其它丰富的产品，这包括保健品、功能食品、化妆品及药物等。海藻养殖产业也对人类经济、社会的发展起到重要作用，通过吸收环境中的二氧化碳、氮和磷，为海洋生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。本文对我国海藻繁育、养殖及综合开发的历程进行简要回顾，对当前我国、中国科学院海洋研究海藻研究与应用进行了总结，对海藻研究发展的未来进行了展望；适应海藻产业从量向质的方向转变，同时兼顾生态环境效益，为我国海藻研发及应用提供参考。     

斑节对虾TSG101基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究肿瘤易感基因101(简称TSG101)对斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)的免疫应答作用,了解在细菌刺激下斑节对虾的机体发生的变化机制,本研究以哈维弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)为实验组,以磷酸缓冲液(PBS)为对照组,通过荧光定量分析展开对斑节对虾对菌刺激的免疫应答作用。结果显示,斑节对虾的TSG101在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的表达量最高。在金黄色葡萄球菌刺激下,斑节对虾的TSG101在肝胰腺中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第12小时的TSG101 mRNA的表达量达到最大(为对照组的21.60倍);在鳃中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第6小时斑节对虾TSG101的表达量达到最大值(为对照组的3.64倍)。在注射哈维弧菌第9小时,肝胰腺中的PmTSG101 mRNA表达量极显著上调(P0.01)且达到最大(为对照组的2.50倍)。实验结果初步表明,斑节TSG101参与斑节对虾的先天免疫反应,在金黄色葡萄球菌和哈维弧菌的刺激的情况下,该基因RNA水平的表达情况发生明显变化。     

牙鲆与夏鲆杂交及回交子代胚胎发育及早期生长比较

通过人工授精技术对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus )和夏鲆( Paralichthys dentatus )进行了正反交及回交实验,并比较了正反交、回交子代的胚胎发育时序和仔稚幼鱼的生长.结果表明:孵化水温18.0±0.5℃下,初孵仔鱼破膜用时为:牙鲆41 h,正交鲆47 h,回交牙鲆42 h30 min,回交夏鲆44 h;16.5±0.5℃下,夏鲆61 h 40 min,反交鲆66 h.正交及两组回交子代在胚胎期均可正常发育.反交子代卵裂期出现异常,仅少数胚胎可以孵化.胚胎孵化后,在1~64日的培养过程中,反交鲆于3~4 d 内全部死亡,回交牙鲆发育至18日龄时全部死亡.正交鲆和回交夏鲆可正常发育,与牙鲆没有明显差别     

Tissue Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations in different-aged and different functional thallus regions of three brown algae from western Ireland

Copper and iron concentrations in three brown algae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (and additionally Mn in L. digitata) from the Irish west coast were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations in the three species were indicative of prevailing bioavailable metal concentrations in situ but varied greatly between functional tissue parts, between sites and over time. Cu concentrations in actively growing tips of A. nodosum decreased over a 4-month period during autumn/winter, while Fe concentrations increased. Both Fe and Cu concentrations in different thallus sections of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus increased with increasing age of thallus part in a clean site, but there was no consistent trend for F. vesiculosus from an industrialized site. Within sites, concentrations of all Cu and Fe were similar in both fucoids, but concentrations at the industrialized site were about twice as high as at the pristine site. In L. digitata, all three metals were highest in holdfasts, but had distinctly different distribution patterns in stipes and blade sections, which were most likely related to growth pattern and tissue function. Fe was lowest in meristematic and young blade regions, suggesting small-scale Fe limitation in actively growing tissue. Mn concentrations were higher in distal blade sections than in stipes, and Cu concentrations were highest in meristematic and young thallus parts.     

Resource Partitioning Among Planktivorous Fish Larvae and Fry in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon

Resource partioning among the planktivorous stages of eight fish species occurring in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon was studied. Five species were migratory mullets that spawned in the sea (Liza ramada, L. aurata, L. saliens, Chelon labrosusandMugil cephalus), while the other three species were resident and spawned in the lagoon (Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpioandGambusia holbrooki).Mullet fry exhibited similar diets, based on the consumption of zooplanktonic Crustacea such as copepods and cladocerans, although adult chironomids were also important.Gambusia holbrookiandA. boyerifed on small prey such as copepod nauplii, copepodites and rotifers, whileC. carpioconsumed larger prey preferentially (cladocerans and copepods).According to the trophic overlap and niche width results, seven species pairs could be competing in the estuary, although further experimental evidence is still required.     

Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, southern Africa

The depth-distribution profiles of meiofauna in four transects in the Mngazana River, Transkei were studied during summer 1980. Highest densities [±1000(100 cm³)⁻¹] were encountered within the top 10 cm of the sediment. Nematodes dominated (80%) and the remainder was made up of ciliates, oligochaetes, gastrotrichs, and low numbers of polychaetes, copepods, kinorhynchs and various crustacean larvae. Among chemical parameters Eh correlated most consistantly with distribution, particularly at the lower tidal levels. Temperature and pH appeared to be of lesser importance. The maximum estimated depth of penetration was on average 72 cm at the HW levels; 32 at MW and 23 at LW. The mean dry biomass was estimated at 1073 mg m⁻²; 941 mg m⁻² and 196 mg m⁻² at these tidal levels respectively. The importance of preliminary studies designed to estimate the depth distribution of meiofauna is discussed.     

牙鲆耐寒相关基因CIRP、HMGB1的克隆及表达特征分析

为鲆鲽鱼耐低温标记辅助育种研究和应用提供候选基因,并了解耐寒相关基因在低温下的表达图示,作者通过同源克隆以及5?/3?RACE的方法扩增得到了牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)CIRP和HMGB1基因。组织表达谱分析显示,这两个基因在脑、鳃、心脏、肌肉、肝脏、肠等组织均有表达,但HMGB1基因在鳃中表达较弱。低温胁迫后,两基因随着胁迫时间的延长其表达量在肌肉中都出现先上升后下降的趋势:在0~12 h逐渐上升并达到最大值,然后下降恢复至最初水平。但在肝脏和脑组织中的变化趋势却不同,低温胁迫后0~2 h HMGB1基因在脑中的表达量上升至最高,然后下降至最初水平,在肝脏中变化不大。而CIRP基因在低温胁迫后0~2 h在肝脏中表达量处于上升趋势,然后下降至初始水平,在脑中变化不大。由此推测,这两个基因在低温条件下都参与了机体对外界的抵抗,特别是在抵抗外界寒冷的主要组织—肌肉中发挥作用,可能共同参与了机体的免疫反应,对低温胁迫环境下的鱼体进行保护,可以作为鱼类耐低温标记筛选的候选基因。     

外来与乡土红树种间竞争十五年的群落现状与发展趋势

为了探究经过15年种间竞争后的外来无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)与乡土红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)的群落现状与发展趋势,采用样方法对福建省厦门市同安湾典型红树林群落特征开展实地研究。结果表明:(1)无瓣海桑是无瓣海桑群落中的优势种,而秋茄仅在该群落北侧与无瓣海桑少量混交,秋茄+无瓣海桑群落为种植秋茄和无瓣海桑的茂密混交林;(2)调查幼苗天然更新情况中发现,在两个群落中秋茄均有幼苗自然生长,但均未发现无瓣海桑幼苗;(3)生长状况的调查发现,无瓣海桑长势较秋茄差,其倒伏数量和倒伏程度明显比秋茄严重;(4)无瓣海桑在秋茄+无瓣海桑群落中的生长状况优于在无瓣海桑群落,倒伏程度较轻。综上可见,无瓣海桑在福建省厦门市该研究样地及其周边更新成林和扩散困难,未有入侵秋茄群落的优势;无瓣海桑在风浪环境下,较秋茄更易出现倒伏和枯死等不可逆生长现象;红树林种植过程中采用"外来种+乡土种"的模式,可提高整个林分的抗风浪能力,但需注意种植布局规格的合理性,可避免外来速生快长种与乡土种紧邻混交产生较大的种间竞争,减小对乡土种生长的影响。     

水体中添加两种菌剂对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长及消化酶活力的影响

向水体中添加不同浓度的短小芽孢杆菌CGMCC1004（Bacillus pumilus）和胶红酵母菌CGMCC1013（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）以研究凡纳滨对虾（Litoenaeus vapznamei）体长、体质量、存活率、胃蛋白酶、肝胰腺淀粉酶和肝胰腺脂肪酶的影响，以及需钠弧菌（Vibrio natriegens）的感染效果。结果表明：向水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌能提高对虾体长、存活率，但结果不显著，但对体质量增长率具有显著提高作用；水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌对提高需钠弧菌感染后对虾成活率有一定的提高作用；水体中添加10^4CFU／mL短小芽孢杆菌能显著提高胃蛋白酶活性，但是对肝胰腺淀粉酶活性有一定抑制作用；添加复合菌剂比添加单一菌种的作用要好；亦证明了向水体中添加细菌的方式对凡纳滨对虾的体长、体质量、存活率以及水质指标影响比较小，但是对消化酶具有一定的提高作用。     

Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. ¹⁵N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen.