利用数值积分提高一维模型电偶源电磁测深响应计算精度

讨论了直接利用数值积分提高电偶源电磁测深响应计算精度的方法．具体为对Hankel积分进行直接积分，结合连分式展开方法以提高积分求和的收敛速度．利用该方法对均匀半空间和层状(两层)模型的电磁测深响应进行了模拟，结果表明与常规的快速Hankel滤波方法相比，采用直接数值积分能明显提高电偶源频率测深响应计算精度．从而为获得高精度瞬变测深晚期响应提供算法基础．     

海洋可控源电磁法发射源姿态影响研究

海洋电磁理论是建立在水平发射偶极的基础上.然而,由于海底洋流作用海洋可控源发射偶极可能产生水平摆动、倾斜和水平旋转,造成测量数据与理想状态的水平电偶极子的电磁响应有较大的偏差.为了研究发射源姿态变化对场的影响,本文提出利用欧拉旋转将发射偶极由源坐标系转换到地球坐标系,进而分析发射源姿态变化造成海洋电磁观测数据的误差分布...     

电偶源频率电磁测深二维阻抗视电阻率计算的源效应校正法

研讨了频率域电磁法中不同源装置的大地电磁测深、线源频率电磁测深和偶极源频率电磁测深阻抗视电阻率的源效应影响特征。在唯象分析的基础上，提出了几种电磁测深法阻抗视电阻率的相互换算法──源效应校正法（大地电磁测深二维ＴＥ极化视电阻率和其它两种电磁法的赤道装置二维阻抗视电阻车）。模型试验表明，利用这一源效应校正法可以由大地电磁二维视电阻率近似地计算出线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。这一方法被尝试应用于由线源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率估算偶极源频率电磁二维阻抗视电阻率。     

水平层状大地中任意方向偶极源激发的电磁场

目前已存在多种物理模型用于解释地震前兆电磁异常,不同机制下产生电磁波场的源可等效为不同类型偶极源(磁型/电型)的组合.针对不同偶极源激发的电磁响应特征的研究对地震孕育过程中观测的电磁信号的提取与解释具有重要意义.基于此,本文推导了一套正演算法,可用于研究任意方向(方位角和倾角)、大小和位置的一个或多个偶极源在地壳或岩石圈-大气圈-电离层(Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere, LAI)模型中产生的电磁波场的传播特征.基于多源组合,该算法可进一步拓展到线电流源和面电流源的电磁响应的计算.本文给出了水平、垂直和倾斜电偶极源响应计算的实例,并针对不同类型的偶极源激发下的地中、地面以及空间电磁场响应特征进行了初步分析.模拟结果显示,相比于单纯水平或垂直的电偶极源,地中倾斜电偶极源激发的电磁响应在地表的各场量辐射花样虽然仍可反映偶极子的方位角和空间位置,但不再具有对称性,其模式更复杂.本文提出的正演算法可用于地中低频电磁辐射源的正演模拟和反演定位.     

一种广义时间域电磁测深法——单脉冲电磁测深方法

电磁测深方法可分为频率域测深和时间域测深两大类.时间域测深主要是在一次激励场结束后,观测二次涡流场.对于频率域电磁测深方法,研究问题时仅考虑边界条件即可,但对时间域方法,不但要考虑边界条件,还要考虑初始条件,所以时间域的研究往往比频率域的研究要复杂得多.在以往的时间域方法中,通常使用阶跃波作为激励源,这主要是由于阶跃波激励完成后,有充裕的时间间隙可以观测感应二次场.但由于阶跃波的时间域电磁响应的复杂性,往往采用分时段(分区间)的处理方式,分为远区(早期)、近区(晚期)、过渡区(过渡期)等方式.本文介绍一种利用?单脉冲函数的激励源的时间域电磁响应实现电磁测深的方式.它不需要将时间域分成多个区段,且可以借助任何的第三方激励源来进行激励.观测电磁响应也不需要在激励结束后进行.     

多源频率域地空系统三维电磁响应分析

地空电磁法已经成为深部资源勘探的重要地球物理方法,但对频率域地空系统的三维多源电磁响应特征研究较少.本文设计了多种激励源组合方式,采用非结构化有限元数值模拟方法,对三维地电模型的空中垂直磁场的响应特征进行了研究.首先推导了基于电场的双旋度公式及其变分形式,加入罚项以减少伪解的影响.接着把有限元稀疏矩阵方程转换为频率的函数,采用Krylov子空间投影方法,通过模型降阶算法降低稀疏矩阵的阶数,实现多频点的快速计算.建立了三维低阻体模型、高阻体模型以及两个相邻低阻体模型,分别采用单源、双源、三源和四源激励模式,从垂直磁场的总场、二次场响应和全域视电阻率等方面进行分析比较.结果表明:多源地空电磁法不仅可以增加总场的强度,而且可以改变异常体的二次电磁响应分布规律.各电偶源延长线呈正三角形分布的三源和矩形分布的四源激励模式在增强信号强度以及削弱异常体的边界效应方面具有一定的优势,是一种优化的多源激励方式.     

电性源瞬变电磁初探

随着中国经济的发展,油气资源成为制约我国发展主要瓶颈之一.电性源瞬变电磁在油气资源的勘探中取得了不错效果.为此本文开展了对电性源瞬变电磁的相关研究,本文首先对电性源瞬变电磁的两种主要模拟方法,G-S变换和余弦变换做了对比,认为GS变换结果精度较余弦变换精度要高.为了实际工作中解释的方便,又分别定义了电性源瞬变电磁各场视电阻率,为其解释带来了方便.最后,本文对其参数的选择进行了较详细的研究,通过时电性源赤道装置与偶极装置的对比研究,表明赤道装置可以对地下结构取得较好的探测效果,偶极装置可以取得较高噪比的数据.通过对激励源的研究表明,阶跃激励源激发的场视电阻率很好地反映了地质结构的变化,而脉冲波激发的场对异常体反映明显.通过对Hz场和Ex场的研究表明,Hz场在小收发距时即可进行大深度探测,并具有较高的信噪比,Ex场则对高阻体探测效果非常突出.     

井中垂直双极源体积分方程法三维模拟研究

类比水平方向电偶极源和垂直方向磁偶极源电磁场求解的原理,又利用偶极沿电流方向积分是双极原理,推导出地下均匀半空间中垂直双极源电场和磁场解析计算公式.采用体积分方程法对井中垂直双极源电磁响应进行了三维模拟.它对提高井中垂直双极源圈定储层范围的精度有着非常重要的意义,同时也为井中垂直双极源三维反演问题奠定了基础.     

瞬变电磁快速成像解释系统研究

为了提高瞬变电磁测深法对地探测的垂向分辨能力,文中研究了磁偶源瞬变电磁法快速成像的方法.详细讨论了电磁波与地震波在介质中的传播规律,分析了磁偶源瞬变电磁场在远区的响应特性.根据磁偶源瞬变电磁场与反射地震波的传播规律的相似性,提出了TEM资料拟地震快速成像解释的思路.理论模型正、反演计算结果表明方法理论是可行的,野外实测资料处理结果进一步说明了该方法是有效的.     

环形源形状对时间域电磁响应的影响分析

时间域电磁测深方法中,重叠回线、中心回线和大定源等回线源装置,因其非接地、近场源观测、小装置等优势被广泛应用.但野外观测中,回线布设时由于野外地形条件的限制,往往不能布置成规则形状,回线源的形状对其时间域电磁响应的影响就自然成为一个非常重要因素.作者在文中通过对圆形源、正方形源和正三角形源等回线源的中心点的时间域电磁响应分别按等周长和等面积计算分析,发现任意形状回线源中心点的时间域电磁响应与回线源的形状无关,而是与回线源所包围的面积成正比.并由此推断,任意形状回线源中心点时间域电磁响应观测数据的处理,可以采取等面积圆形回线源的等效处理与解释.     

Exact solution of the source problem for a finite threedimensional source

Summary In this note the surface displacement for an elastic half-space due to a finite cylindrical source has been calculated in exact terms. The source consists of outward body forces acting on the surface of the right circular cylinder, one end of which is parallel to the free surface of the half-space.     

虚源法地震技术综述

地震虚源法是为了解决复杂近地表问题而发展起来的一种新方法技术,采用地表激发井中接收的观测方式,通过在接收器位置构建虚源,能够获得井中接收器之间的地震响应.这一过程无需速度和震源位置信息,从而避开了复杂近地表对地震波场的影响.目前主要应用于复杂时变近地表条件下的油气勘探开发领域,如4D油藏监测、钻探风险评估和高陡构造精细成像等.本文首先详细介绍地震虚源法的发展历史、原理和技术特点,其次介绍其实际应用的成功实例,最后简单分析其存在的问题,并展望其潜在的应用前景和商业价值.     

Analysis of gravity source moment inversion. Part II: Usinga priori information about the source

The method of moment inversion, based on the approximation of the gravity anomaly by thetruncated series obtained from its multipole expansion, uses, implicitly,a priori information about the anomalous body. The series truncation imposes a regularizing condition on the equipotential surfaces (produced by the anomalous body), allowing the unique determination of some moments and linear combinations of moments that are the coefficients of the basis functions in the multipole expansion series. These moments define a class of equivalent distributions of mass. The equivalence criterion is based on the misfit between the observations and the field produced by the series truncated at a prefixed maximum order for the moments. The estimates of the moments of the equivalent distribution are shown to compose the stationary solution of a system of first-order linear differential equations for which uniqueness and asymptotic stability are guaranteed. Specifically for the series retaining moments up to second order, the implicita priori information introduced requires that the source have finite volume, be sufficiently distant from the measurement plane and that its spatial distribution of mass present three orthogonal planes of symmetry intersecting at the center of mass. Subject to these hypotheses, it is possible to estimate uniquely and simultaneously the total excess of mass, the position of the center of mass and the directions of the three principal axes of the anomalous body.     

Analysis of gravity source moment inversion. Part I: Using noa priori information about the source

A generic gravity source moment is an integral, over the source volume, of the product of the density distribution by a polynomia in the Cartesian coordinates of a point belonging to this volume. We obtained a formal expression for a generic moment in terms of integrals involving the gravity anomaly and the gravity potential. By analyzing the conditions under which this expression is valid, we conclude that, without usinga priori information regarding the sources, it is possible to determine, from the gravity anomaly, any moment or linear combination of moments whose associated polynomial has null Laplacian and depends only on the coordinates defining the measurement plane. Additionally, no moment whose associated polynomial has a nonnull laplacian can be determined without usinga priori information of the source.     

Radioactive source terms for the Fukushima nuclear accident

A large amount of radioactivity was released into the environment after the Fukushima nuclear accident(FNA) in Japan in 2011. This radioactivity had a significant impact on the global environment, and there was much public concern about its effects. The subsequent assessment of the FNA and the environmental remediation required are proving to be long and complicated tasks. The assessments are based on the radioactive source terms for the FNA, which determine the level of damage caused by the nuclear accident. We investigated the radioactive source terms from three aspects: the amount and composition of the radionuclides; the activity and atomic ratio of the radionuclides; and comparison with other historical events. The total amount of radioactivity, excluding the radioactive noble gases(~85Kr and ~133Xe), released by the FNA was about 10% of that released by the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 and 1‰ of the global fallout from the atmosphere nuclear explosion. However, the FNA was the most serious nuclear accident in terms of radioactive pollution of the marine environment. The recovery actions carried out after the FNA have been evaluated and the environmental impacts of the FNA are discussed.     

On the buried source in a viscoelastic halfspace

Summary The disturbance due to a buried line source in an homogeneous anelastic halfspace with internal friction is investigated using Fourier transform technique. The displacement of the free surface of the halfspace is calculated by the application of the multiple saddle point approximation.

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Zusammenfassung Die Störung erzeugt durch eine verborgene Quellenlinie in einem homogenen elastischem isotropen Halbraum mit innerer Reibung wird untersucht mit Hilfe einer Fourier Transformation. Die Verschiebung der freien Oberfläche des Halbraumes ist berechnet unter Verwendung der Sattelpunktsannäherung.

     

地电阻率观测各类干扰源的分析与研究

地电阻率观测是我国地震前兆监测的重要手段之一,目前已积累了大量的观测资料和强震震例。但随着农村经济的发展和城市现代化轨道交通设施的建设,使得部分地电台站观测环境发生较大变化,导致地电阻率前兆观测资料受到较强的干扰。本文通过对国内现有地电阻率观测资料的分析、干扰源的调研,研究了各类干扰产生的原因及识别方法。并根据已有的研究成果,对地电阻率观测抑制干扰的技术和方法及数据使用与处理提出了相应的建议。     

各向同性膨胀点源模拟长白山火山区岩浆囊压力变形源

2002～2003年长白山火山区的水平运动缺乏中心对称性分布特征,本文采用同一深度沿三个互相垂直方向拉张的点源模式模拟了长白山火山区的岩浆囊压力变形源. 在介质参数为V_p＝6.700 km/s,V_s＝3.8700 km/s,ρ＝2900 kg/m³的均匀弹性半空间中, 联合利用2002～2003年长白山火山区的GPS观测数据和水准数据, 结合PSGRN/PSCMP代码和遗传算法反演长白山火山区的压力变形源特征. 反演结果表明,由三个垂直的不等量扩张方向确定的椭球状点源模型可以较好地模拟长白山火山区岩浆囊压力变形源. 岩浆囊深处9.2 km,在走向为34.4°,倾角为82.2°的断层面的法向方向体积扩张量最大,达到7000000 m³;在走向为3028°,倾角为78.5°的断层面的法向方向体积扩张量次之,达到6598071 m³;在走向为337.7°,倾角为14.0°的断层面的法向方向体积扩张量最小,达到5220160 m³.     

Studies on seismic source

During the period of 1999~2002, the Chinese seismologists made a serious of developments in the study on seismic sources including observations, experiments and theory. In the field of observation, the methods of the accuracy location of earthquake sources, the inversion of seismic moment tensor and the mechanism of earthquake source are improved and developed. A lot of important earthquake events are studied by using these methods. The rupture processes of these events are inverted and investigated combined with the local stress fields and the tectonic moment by using the measurements of surface deformation. In the fields of experiments and theory, many developments are obtained in cause of seismic formation, condition of stress and tectonics, dynamics of earthquake rupture, rock fracture and nucleation of strong earthquakes.     

Studies on seismic source

During the period of 1999-2002, the Chinese seismologists made a serious of developments in the study on seis-mic sources including observations, experiments and theory. In the field of observation, the methods of the accu-racy location of earthquake sources, the inversion of seismic moment tensor and the mechanism of earthquake source are improved and developed. A lot of important earthquake events are studied by using these methods. The rupture processes of these events are inverted and investigated combined with the local stress fields and the tec-tonic moment by using the measurements of surface deformation. In the fields of experiments and theory, many developments are obtained in cause of seismic formation, condition of stress and tectonics, dynamics of earthquake rupture, rock fracture and nucleation of strong earthquakes.