湿地沉积物-水界面营养盐交换的定量估算

为有效控制湖泊内源营养盐的释放,探讨了不同物理改良措施(覆沙、底质疏松)对沉积物-水界面营养盐的释放通量控制效果。利用原位孔隙水采样技术(Peeper)来获得沉积物孔隙水剖面,对改良后湿地沉积物孔隙水营养盐的垂向分布及其扩散通量进行了研究。结果发现,改良后沉积含水率、孔隙率分别提高了91%和54%。水土界面附近,随剖面深度增加,孔隙水中PO₄3-、NH₄+、NO₃-及NO₂-浓度分布符合指数关系,PO₄3-、NH₄+在8 cm左右达到最大值。种植芦苇后沉积物孔隙水中PO₄3-、NH₄+均有不同程度的下降,改良措施能有效降低表层弱结合态磷在总磷中比例但增加铁磷的比例,种植芦苇可强化这一效应。运用Fick第一定律对剖面孔隙水营养盐的扩散通量进行估算,发现沉积物经疏松后,NH₄+、PO₄3-的扩散通量由57.47~72.19μg/(m2·d)和2.55~3.21μg/(m2·d)变为-95.54~-130.94μg/(m2·d)和1.50~2.05μg/(m2·d),可考虑疏松沉积物-水界面附近沉积物来作为控制湖泊内源污染的有效手段之一。     

长江口及其邻近海域孔隙水地球化学特征

对长江口沉积物有机碳、总氮、总磷、Fe、Mn、AI及孔隙水和上覆水体中营养盐、Fe、Mn的含量进行了测试,结合早期成岩模型及地球化学热力学分析,探讨了在河口环境中影响孔隙水营养盐和Fe、Mn分布的主要因素,并对沉积物-水界面营养盐扩散通量进行了估算。结果表明,孔隙水中NH4^＋、NO3^-、PO3^4、H4SiO4和Fe、Mn的含量显著高于上覆水体。早期成岩过程是控制长江口沉积物孔隙水营养盐和Fe、Mn分布的主要因素。NH^4＋剖面暗示长江口近岸和远岸海域存在两类不同的生物地球化学过程。孔隙水Fe、Mn剖面暗示在河口环境中其是有机质降解的重要电子受体。在近岸海域MnO2可能是底部NH4^＋ -N移除的重要机制。长江口孔隙水中低磷酸盐与铁及沉积物中磷的形态有关。通量计算结果显示NH4^＋、NO3^-、PO4^3-、地SiO4、Fe和Mn向上覆水体扩散的通量分别为356—3074μmol／（m2·d）、-45．3～62．6μmol／（m2·d）、-0．3～1．7μmol／（m^2·d）、323—3172μmol／（m^2·d）、3．0～10．5μmol／（m^2·d）和35．7～439．5μmol／（m^2·d）。N、P、Si界面通量对上覆水体浮游生物所需营养盐的贡献分别为0．19％～1．65％、0．13％～0．14％和1．2％～12．2％,因此在考虑长江口区域浮游生物所需营养的来源时,沉积物-水界面营养盐扩散通量可以忽略。     

长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制与微生物调控分析

为探析长江口沉积物-水界面砷的迁移转化机制,本文分析了2019年夏季长江口4个站位上覆水和间隙水中总As浓度及形态的剖面变化特征,耦合氧化还原敏感元素(Fe、Mn和S)的剖面变化剖析了沉积物-水界面砷循环的Fe-Mn-S控制机制,同时结合砷相关功能基因探讨了沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的微生物调控过程,估算了沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量。结果表明,除A7-4站位外,长江口其他3个站位间隙水总As以As³⁺为主要存在形态,且总As浓度均在上覆水中为最低值(0.748~1.57 μg·L^-1),而在间隙水中随着深度增加而逐渐增加并在6~9 cm深度达到峰值(7.14~26.9 μg·L^-1)。间隙水总As及As³⁺浓度的剖面变化趋势与溶解态Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺相似,其均在中间层出现高值,说明沉积物Fe/Mn还原带砷的释放可能是随固相Fe(Ⅲ)或Mn(Ⅳ)的还原而转移到间隙水中的。氧化层和Fe/Mn还原带过渡区间隙水砷浓度与砷异化还原菌功能基因arrA和arsC丰度存在对应关系(除A1-3站外),说明砷异化还原菌将溶解As⁵⁺或固相As⁵⁺还原为溶解As³⁺可能是该过渡层砷迁移转化的另一重要过程。硫酸盐还原带的间隙水总As和As³⁺浓度降低,但由于间隙水的低S^2-浓度不利于砷硫化物生成,因此深层间隙水砷可能与铁硫矿物结合而被移除。底层环境氧化还原条件是影响沉积物-水界面砷迁移转化的重要因素,随底层水DO浓度的降低,砷迁移转化更倾向于微生物还原控制。长江口沉积物-水界面总As的扩散通量为1.18×10^-7~2.07×10^-7 μmol·cm^-2·s^-1,均表现为沉积物间隙水中总As向上覆水释放,即沉积物是研究区域水体总As的来源之一。     

神狐海域沉积物孔隙水卤素浓度及碘同位素特征对天然气水合物成藏的示踪研究

对南海北部神狐海域SC-02钻孔沉积物孔隙水开展卤族元素浓度和I同位素研究。根据沉积物孔隙水中Cl^-、Br-和I-浓度特征,该钻孔可分为2层:上层沉积物孔隙水中卤族元素浓度随深度增加呈递增趋势;下层沉积物孔隙水卤素浓度则出现大幅波动,可能与该层赋存的水合物在钻取采样时发生分解有关。下层沉积物孔隙水的¹²⁹I/I年龄为20.77±2.4 Ma,明显老于其赋存地层的年龄,暗示该站位的天然气水合物中CH₄可能来自下伏的深部地层。     

痕量金属孔隙水取样技术比较

痕量金属孔隙水取样技术比较ＳｔｅｖｅｎＥ．ＢｕｆｌａｐＨｅｒｂｅｒｔＥ．Ａｌｅｎ刘新华译王洪艳校采集和分析孔隙水已经成为许多环境计划的一个重要方面，并且已用于化学物质在水体中扩散的研究。因此了解孔隙水化学物质的浓度，在沉积物污染估价和沉积物对水体表面...     

波浪扰动对太湖底泥磷释放影响模拟

为揭示波浪扰动对湖泊底泥磷释放的影响,在波浪水槽中模拟了不同波高情况下扰动对水体、水土界面、底泥间隙水的磷、溶解氧等的影响.结果显示,在大波扰动下,沉积物大量悬浮,水体总磷随之增加,溶解性磷增加却不显著;波浪扰动显著增加了水体和沉积物界面的溶解氧浓度,并增加了溶解氧在沉积物的侵蚀深度;波浪扰动降低了沉积物表层10 cm内间隙水中的磷浓度,而10 cm以下沉积物中间隙水中磷浓度基本保持不变.研究表明,波浪扰动可迅速增加水体中颗粒态的营养盐,但是对于溶解态营养盐,尤其是水体中活性磷浓度的影响,则受沉积物性质、水-沉积物间隙水磷浓度差,以及水-沉积物中氧含量等多方面因素的影响.     

潮滩沉积物-水界面磷、铁的高分辨率分布特征及生物地球化学行为

为了解潮间带微环境中磷、铁元素的分布和耦合规律及对磷释放的影响,借助薄膜扩散梯度技术（ZrO-Chelex DGT）原位高分辨率获取九龙江口红树林潮滩孔隙水剖面的溶解活性磷（DRP）、Fe2+浓度,并测定沉积物相应的理化参数.研究结果表明:（1）在表层孔隙水中,DRP、Fe2+浓度呈现显著的正相关性,证实了磷、铁元素的耦合关系以及沉积物铁氧化物对磷吸附/解吸附的控制作用;（2）在深部还原带,DRP浓度相对Fe2+浓度具有较大的波动,主要受到沉积物异质性以及红树植物吸收等的影响;（3）根据表层孔隙水中DRP的浓度梯度计算获得磷的分子扩散通量为0.000 64~0.006 00 μg·cm-2·d-1,结果远低于一般湖泊沉积物内源磷的扩散通量,原因是富铁且具较深氧化带的潮滩沉积物中的磷-铁耦合关系有效地抑制了磷的释放.      

珠江口海域沉积物-水界面营养盐释放特征研究

在2015年春季(3月),采用实验室培养法对珠江口海域5个站位的沉积物样品进行了沉积物-水界面营养盐交换速率的实验。结果显示,河口区交换速率较大,海湾地区交换速率较小。NH~+_4、NO~-_3、PO_4~(3-)由沉积物向水体释放,NO~-_2由水体向沉积物迁移,交换速率均值分别为90.6μmol·d~(-1)·m~(-2)、106.9μmol·d~(-1)·m~(-2)、13.8μmol·d~(-1)·m~(-2)和-21.9μmol·d~(-1)·m~(-2)。NH~+_4、NO~-_3和NO~-_2在水体贫氧环境下的交换速率高于富氧条件下的交换速率,贫氧条件下沉积物是PO_4~(3-)的释放源,富氧条件下沉积物是PO_4~(3-)的汇。扰动条件下NH~+_4和PO_4~(3-)的交换速率都大于非扰动条件,但NO~-_3则相反。NO~-_3和NO~-_2的交换速率主要受沉积物-水界面浓度扩散影响,NH~+_4和PO_4~(3-)更多的受界面吸附-解吸控制;在增氧和扰动条件下由于沉积环境由强还原性向氧化性剧变,对沉积物-海水界面营养盐的交换影响比较复杂。与国内近岸海区相比,珠江口沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换速率处于中等水平。     

用镭同位素评价九龙江河口区的地下水输入

为评价九龙江河口区的地下水输入量及其输送的营养盐数量,建立了天然存在的镭同位素224Ra和226Ra的质量平衡模型。镭的源项考虑了河流的输入、河流悬浮颗粒的解吸、沉积物再悬浮颗粒的解吸、沉积物扩散输入、涨潮时外海的输入和地下水的输入;镭的汇项考虑了镭的放射性衰变,以及退潮时河口水的输出。根据镭的质量平衡计算,地下水输入的镭通量约占河口区镭总输入通量的41.9%~56.9%,转换成地下水输入量为1.65亿1.83亿m3/d,该地下水输入量是河流径流输入量的4倍多。以陆源地下淡水占总的地下水输入量的10%考虑,计算获得营养盐输入通量分别为461万mol/d(DIN)、22万mol/d(DIP)、694万mol/d(DSi),它们分别约是河流输入营养盐通量的23%(DIN)、28%(DIP)、77%(DSi)。结果表明九龙江河口的地下水输入量及其所输送的营养盐相当可观,所输入的营养盐是海域富营养化的潜在影响因素,在未来的河口环境管理中应引起重视。     

湖泊沉积物-水界面营养元素的生物地球化学作用和环境效应 Ⅰ.界面氮循环及其环境效应

发生在沉积物-水界面的剧烈生物地球化学作用对沉积物和上覆水体具重要的环境效应，然而此方面研究很少。本文通过云贵高原四个湖泊湖水和孔隙水NH和NO剖面，沉积物柱芯不同结合态氮含量剖面分布，界面扩散通量，影响氮循环的因素及它们季节性变化规律等的对比研究，初步揭示了湖泊沉积物一水界面的氮循环及其环境效应。     

胶州湾李村河口沉积物中硫化物形成的控制因素

在胶州湾李村河口,对多个短柱状岩芯沉积物中的有机质（有机碳和有机氮）、酸可挥发性硫化物（AVS）、黄铁矿及活性铁等进行了分析。结果表明,样品的有机质含量较高,有机碳含量为0．16％～3．21％,有机氮含量为0．002％-0．2％;6个短柱状样的AVS含量变化较大：198．4—0．4umol／g,平均35．6umol／g;活性铁含量为47．5～169．3umol／g,平均91．4umol／g;黄铁矿含量为14．8～41．0umol／g,平均28．7umol／g。通过计算沉积物中活性铁的黄铁矿化度（DOP）与硫化度（DOS）指标,及分析各参数间相关性,发现以下现象：（1）胶州湾李村河口沉积物中的活性铁被转化为硫化物的程度较高,被转化为黄铁矿的程度较低,沉积物中的黄铁矿得到了较好保存。DOP不适宜用作河口区氧化还原状态的判断指标,DOS对氧化还原状态的响应更加灵敏;（2）距河口较近的区域,受李村河河水的影响较大,易分解有机质供应充足,AVS大量形成,其向黄铁矿的转化并不充分,活性铁成为硫化物形成的控制因素。距河口较远的站位,活性铁含量相对充足,有机质含量相对不足,因此有机质含量成为硫化物形成的控制因素,AVS向黄铁矿的转化比较充分;（3）有机质尤其是易分解有机质含量是李村河口硫化物形成、活性铁富集及其黄铁矿化度的主要控制因素。AVS的形成主要受到有机氮的限制,而黄铁矿的形成主要受到有机碳的限制。因此,河流输入物质对河口区沉积物中C、S和Fe的循环具有显著的影响。     

Secondary turbidity maximum in a partially mixed microtidal estuary

Data from a two-year period of monthly slackwater surveys reveal that in addition to the classical estuary turbidity maximum (ETM), another peak of bottom total suspended sediment (TSS) concentration, or a so-called secondary turbidity maximum (STM), often exists in the middle part of the York River estuary, Virginia. This STM, observed in most (but not all) of the slackwater surveys, moves back and forth in the region of about 20 to 40 km from the York River mouth where the mud percentage of bottom sediment is very high. The distribution of the potential energy anomaly, which was calculated using salinity data, indicates that the STM usually resides in the transition zone between the upstream well mixed and the downstream more stratified water columns. An analysis using the conservation equation of suspended sediment concentration in the water column reveals that four processes may contribute to the formation of the STM: convergence of bottom residual flow, tidal asymmetry, inhibition of turbulent diffusion by stratification, and bottom resuspension. The along-channel variations of the strength of bottom residual flow, the effect of tidal asymmetry, and the stratification patterns are probably due to the geometric features of the York River estuary.     

Ammonium and phosphate dynamics in a Virginia salt marsh

Experimental chambers were used in a Virginia salt marsh to partition the tidal flux of dissolved nutrients occurring at the marsh surface and in the water column. On five dates from June to October 1989, six replicate chambers in the short Spartina alterniflora zone were monitored over complete tidal cycles. When reservoir water, used to simulate tidal flooding in the chambers, was initially low in dissolved nutrients, the marsh surface was a source of both ammonium and phosphate to the water column. Calculations of the physical processes of diffusion and advection could not account for total nutrient release from the marsh surface. We hypothesize the primary source of nutrients was organic matter mineralization in surface sediments, which released nutrients into the flooding water column. Assimilation (uptake) of phosphate measured in water-column incubation experiments was nearly equal to phosphate released from the marsh surface. Surface release of ammonium, however, was somewhat greater than water-column uptake. In this salt marsh, benthic production and release of ammonium and phosphate is comparable in magnitude to pelagic consumption, thereby yielding only a small “net” transfer of these nutrients to the estuary.     

环境磁学样品干燥过程中的磁性效应

对长江口南岸潮滩沉积物柱样和表层样品的烘干、风干和冻干法处理,然后进行系统磁性测量和水分、有机质的测定。实验结果得知:以冻干法为参照,烘干和风干方法对样品的磁参数的稳定性影响很小,但研究质地粘重样品时,应避免采用风干方法或校正风干样含水量质量后计算相关的磁参数。有机质的含量与主要磁参数成正相关,它对磁参数的影响很小     

Spatial and temporal variation of organic carbon in the northern South China Sea revealed by sedimentary records

Three sediment cores were taken from the Pearl River estuary and adjacent northern South China Sea (SCS). These sediment cores span the time interval 1900–2000 AD. The stratigraphy of the concentration, the ratio of total organic carbon (TOC) to total nitrogen (TN) and stable isotope (δ¹³C_org) of organic carbon (OC) from three high-resolution sediment cores were analyzed. The stratigraphic profiles of OC concentration, TOC/TN ratios and δ¹³C_org for the near past 100 yrs indicate that terrestrial organic matter decreases from 68.3% to 27.4% of the TOC in the Pearl River estuary, while Dapeng Bay (offshore east of Hong Kong) apparently had throughout little terrestrial organic matter input. The highest deposited OC occurs at the Humen River mouth and the OC concentrations are higher in the outer estuary than in the inner shelf of the northern SCS. The deposited OC at the River mouth increased with time, which could be caused by the high precipitation of land-derived organic matter and the high input of terrestrial organic matter, which is likely related to the rapid urbanization and industrial development in the Pearl River Delta since the 1970s. The OC concentrations did not exhibit an obvious increase with time in most areas of the Pear River estuary and adjacent inner shelf of the SCS, but the algal-derived OC concentration inferred from the δ¹³C_org values increased with time especially from 1980 to 2000 in the outer Pearl River estuary and Dapeng Bay. This increase is presumably caused by enhanced primary marine productivity supported by higher anthropogenic nutrient inputs.     

The effects of damming on the materials flux in the Colorado River delta

During the last century, the Colorado River delta (CRD) has been dramatically altered by the diversion of river water for use in human activities. This alteration has eliminated the delivery of fresh water to the Gulf of California radically transforming the former estuary into an inverse-estuary. Under the new conditions, the new materials budget was estimated at the mouth of the Colorado River in terms of salts, total suspended sediments, organic suspended matter and nutrients. The results of this study show that, because of the asymmetry of the tidal wave, the variability of seston concentration follows a sedimentation pattern of three successive stages: re-suspension (erosion at ebb flow) > dilution (during flood flow) > sedimentation (at the end of the flood stage). The tidal asymmetry during neap tides was characterized by longer ebb (at least, 30 min longer) than flood and more intense ebb currents (as much as 43% higher), hence characterizing an ebb-dominated system. The CRD is characterized by high nutrients concentrations. Maximal levels are: nitrates (41 μM), phosphates (2.6 μM) and silicates (68 μM), nitrite (15 μM). The mass balance indicates that the system acts as a net exporter of suspended sediment with rates as high as 7 tons per tidal cycle. This behavior indicates that the CRD is in a destructive stage as a result of the lack of freshwater inflow and supply of sediment into the system.     

Nutrient Loading and Transformations in the Columbia River Estuary Determined by High-Resolution In Situ Sensors

The Columbia River estuary is characterized by relatively large tidal currents and water residence times of a few days or less. These and other environmental conditions tend to suppress water column productivity and favor the export of riverborne nutrients to the coastal ocean. However, hotspots of biological activity may allow for significant nutrient transformation and removal within the estuary, but these processes have previously been difficult to quantify due to the challenges of obtaining measurements at appropriate frequency and duration. In this study, nutrient biogeochemical dynamics within the salt-influenced region of the estuary were quantified using high-resolution in situ observations of nutrients and physical water properties. During 2010, three autonomous nutrient sensors (Satlantic SUNA, SubChem Systems Inc. APNA, WET Labs Cycle-PO4) that together measured nitrate?+?nitrite, orthophosphate, ammonium, silicic acid, and nitrite were deployed on fixed observatory platforms. Hourly measurements captured tidal fluctuations and permitted an analysis of river and ocean end-member mixing. The results suggested that during summer, the lower estuary released high concentrations of ammonium and phosphate despite low concentrations in the river and coastal ocean. This was likely a result of organic matter accumulation and remineralization in the estuarine turbidity maximum and the lateral bays adjacent to the main channel.     

Chernobyl fallout and radionuclide activity in bottom sediments at the River Adige estuary (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy)

The artificial radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹⁰⁶Ru have been determined up to 16 cm deep in two sediment cores collected in March 1988 at the River Adige estuary in the northern Adriatic Sea. Interdependent relations between the properties of the sediment levels and the activity of radionuclides have been investigated using multivariate statistical analysis. The interactions between radiocontaminants and the particulate matter or water phase are discussed during their transfer processes from the river to the estuary and the marine environment. Diffusion phenomena within the sedimentary column have also been considered. The vertical distribution of the artificial radionuclides due to Chemobyl fallout in sediment cores from the River Adige mouth, compared to those from similar estuarine environments in the Adriatic Sea, point out a general rapid accumulation of river-borne solid material in coastal zones of the North Adriatic Sea.     

The formation and detection of metal dispersion halos in organic lake sediments

The application of organic-rich lake sediment (gyttja) to exploration geochemistry is discussed. Gyttja was collected from some 42 lake sites in the Red Lake-Uchi Lake volcanic-sedimentary sequences.The existance of free sulphide ion in most gyttja is confirmed and theoretical calculations are used to define the approximate concentrations of sulphide ion which determine whether the accumulation of Cu⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ is by metal sulphide precipitation, organic complexing or both. These calculations show that in the sediments collected in this study, the accumulation of copper will probably be by metal sulphide formation, whereas for zinc, organic complexing and possibly sulphide precipitation are likely mechanisms.It is shown that the background concentrations of copper and zinc on a dry matter basis increase with the content of organic matter in the sediment and it is further shown that the quantity of interstitial water in the sediment increases linearly with the organic content. Also it is demonstrated that the organic matter in the sediment is dispersed in the interstitial water in approximately the same concentration irrespective of the sediment composition.On the assumption that copper sulphide colloids are dispersed in the interstitial water of the sediment, it is suggested that the copper content of gyttja should be expressed as μg/g interstitial water for meaningful interpretation. Similarly, the zinc content should be expressed relative to the organic matter content.The ability of reagents to selectively extract only chemically dispersed metals and not silicate lattice metals from gyttja is discussed.Both the analytical procedures and the interpretations are applied to the samples collected.     

污染河道对沿岸地下水环境影响规律研究

以江苏奎河为例,观测研究奎河污染物COD_Cr、NH₄+-N、NO₃--N、Cl-入渗进入地下水中发生物理、化学及生物变化的时空分布规律,分析河道沿岸土壤对污染物的去除能力.结果表明:河床的土壤对污染物COD_Cr具有很高的去除率,对NH₄+-N亦有较高的去除率.河道中的NO₃--N在入渗过程中虽有一定的去除率,但由于NH₄+-N、NO₂--N等污染因子转化成NO₃--N,因此该浓度不一定会明显降低.Cl-是保守性污染因子,入渗过程中虽有一定的去除率,但仍对沿岸地下水环境产生影响.因此,当污染河道中污染因子是保守性物质时,必须考虑对沿岸地下水源地的影响.