2003年夏季的异常天气及预测试验

简要介绍了2003年夏季的异常天气和中国科学院大气物理研究所2003年汛期预测的结果.夏季淮河流域强降水集中发生在2周之内,引发了淮河流域的大洪水.6月底至7月上旬副高、季风涌、青藏高原东移的α中尺度高空槽以及冷空气的活动,3次处于最有利于暴雨发生的配置,梅雨锋上的扰动频繁,导致淮河流域出现引发大洪水的3次大暴雨过程.南方持续高温酷暑天气与副高的异常活动有关,特别是7月下旬至8月,西太平洋副高稳定控制江南地区.与南方的高温相反,北方凉夏是因为中纬度地区处于平直的低压带中,多小波动活动.预测系统对6～8月江淮雨带及其暴雨中心的实时预测是比较准确的,对大范围的雨带无漏报和空报;对华北地区降雨的预测评分要低于江淮梅雨,这可能是因为模式中的物理过程,特别是降水的物理过程未能较好反应华北地区的情况.     

2006年夏季主要天气系统及环流特征分析

简要介绍了2006年夏季的主要天气过程和形势。2006年夏季我国华南地区出现严重洪涝,淮河流域、东北大部、河套西部降雨异常偏多,而长江流域降雨偏少。6月造成华南地区强降雨的影响天气系统为切变线和地面静止锋,7、8月则为台风。2006年的梅雨期在典型梅雨常见的中高纬度乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压均未建立,中高纬度高压位于贝加尔湖以西,低纬度副高位置比气候平均稍偏北。华北地区的暴雨过程多为低槽冷锋造成。东北地区多低涡活动。2006年夏季登陆我国的台风偏早、偏多、偏强,特别是4号台风“碧利斯”和8号台风“桑美”给我国造成了巨大的经济损失。与2005年相比,2006年我国西南地区的高温日数异常偏多,四川、重庆出现了特大伏旱,华北地区的高温日数偏少,但也出现了持续闷热天气,江南部分地区的高温天数也偏多,东北基本未出现高温天气。     

2005年夏季的主要天气及其环流分析

简要讨论了2005年夏季的主要天气过程和形势。2005年夏季全国大部分地区降雨量接近常年同期或偏多,特别是新疆地区降雨异常偏多,华南地区出现严重洪涝,而长江流域出现了空梅。造成6月华南地区强降雨的影响天气系统为切变线和地面静止锋,主要为从东北和西北来的冷空气与暖湿气流交汇于华南地区而形成。2005年与1994、1998年环流的对比表明,1998年西南季风强度比1994、2005年都要弱,但2005年梅雨期东阻位置在贝加尔湖东侧,比1998年的鄂霍次克阻高偏西,中纬度地区多小槽活动,贝加尔湖地区没有长波槽建立,中高层西风急流带偏北大约10个纬度,低层西南风急流也偏北,有利于北方降水的发生。2005年夏季登陆我国的台风偏多,强度较强,这是又一特点。华北地区的暴雨过程多与登陆或西太平洋上活动的台风有关;东北地区多低涡活动。与2004年对比,2005年华北地区的高温日数偏多,而且出现持续闷热天气,江南部分地区的高温天数也偏多。     

2000年以来夏季长江流域降水异常研究

根据1880年以来中国夏季的雨型、1890年以来长江中下游梅雨以及1951年以来北半球大气环流等资料,利用物理统计分析的方法,研究了2000年以来夏季长江流域降水异常特征及东亚大气环流背景。结果表明,20世纪50年代至70年代后期我国夏季主要多雨带位置偏北,黄河流域、华北一带降水偏多,长江流域降水偏少,长江中下游梅雨偏弱;70年代后期到90年代末我国夏季主要多雨带南移,长江流域进入多雨期,长江中下游梅雨偏强,黄河流域、华北地区则转入少雨期;但是2000年以来的夏季,在黄河流域、华北地区仍维持少雨的背景下,主要多雨带却徘徊在黄河与长江之间及华南、江南长江流域降水显著偏少,梅雨异常偏弱,空梅频繁出现,长江流域、黄河流域及华北地区同处在持续少雨位相和干旱频发阶段,这种同步振荡的异常现象历史上极为少见。夏季东亚环流型的特殊配置是2000年以来夏季长江流域持续少雨的主要原因之一,这与2000年以前长江流域夏季少雨的环流背景不一样。     

中国东部夏季降水特征及其与西太平洋副高的关系

利用中国东部160个气象观测站1951年-2012年夏季（6-8月）的月平均降水资料,运用EOF分析方法,分析中国东部夏季降水的时空分布特征及其与西太平洋副热带高压的关系。结果表明:（1)夏季,中国东部降水大值区域从华南移到江淮流域,然后到达华北和东北地区。（2) 中国东部夏季降水EOF第一模态空间分布为长江以北与黄河以南地区之间存在一个降水大值雨带, EOF第二模态显示出整个东部沿海地区的降水量以长江为界,长江以南降水偏少,长江以北降水偏多,且江南与江北的降水呈反位相。（3)在西太平洋副热带高压较强的年份,江淮流域降水偏少,华北地区降水偏多;西太平洋副热带高压较弱的年份,江淮流域降水偏多,华南地区降水偏少。     

全球海气耦合模式（BCC_CM1.0）对江淮梅雨降水预报的检验

以国家气候中心全球大气-海洋耦合模式(BCC-CM1.0)20年的预报产品为基础,重点分析了该模式对中国江淮梅雨的预报能力以及梅雨预报中存在误差的可能原因.试验表明:BCC-CM1.0对江淮梅雨降水有一定的预报能力,模式基本上能够预报出气候态下梅雨降水的空间分布特征.尽管其方差贡献率和时间系数与观测相比有偏差,但模式还是能够预报出梅雨降水的主要模态.气候平均下,BCC-CM1.0模式预报的梅雨雨带位置偏北,因而预报的江淮流域长江以北降水偏多,而长江以南预报的降水偏少.同时发现模式对江淮流域梅雨期中等强度降水预报较好,雨强概率分布与观测结果基本一致,而对大雨强降水和小雨强降水预报相对较差.合成分析发现,江淮流域雨带偏北、降水偏少时,模式的预报能力较好;而江淮流域雨带偏南、降水偏多时,模式预报能力相对较差.BCC-CM1.0对高度场的预报普遍偏低,尤其是在青藏高原上空有一个虚假的低值中心,对副热带高压的预报也偏弱,这样使得东亚季风区气压梯度增加,从而导致预报的东亚夏季风偏强、向北推进的幅度加大,最终致使预报的梅雨雨带偏北.此外,比湿场预报的偏差也可能是造成梅雨雨带偏北的原因之一.     

2009年夏季异常天气及其环流分析

简要讨论了2009年夏季的异常天气过程和环流形势演变,主要涉及南海夏季风、华南、江淮、东北降雨等情况.该年夏季未发生区域或流域性的洪涝,而干旱的面积较大.2009年南海夏季风在5月第4候爆发,爆发后季风的推进出现了异常,同时,印度季风的推进出现了异常.华南前汛期降雨时间长、降水范围广.江淮梅雨期典型梅雨形势没有建立,为...     

2018年汛期我国东部雨季天气特征分析

2018年主汛期我国平均降水量为652.0 mm，较常年同期偏少95.0 mm。空间分布上呈现出北方降水偏多，南方降水偏少的总体特征。其中华南地区前汛期降水量较常年偏少5—8成, 江淮地区梅雨季降水量较常年偏少4—8成，华北地区降水量较常年偏多2—8成，局地偏多2倍以上。除华北雨季开始时间较常年偏早外，华南前汛期、江淮梅雨期开始时间均较常年偏晚。2018年主汛期全国平均降水日数71.29d，较常年偏少12.67d。共出现暴雨5229 站日，较常年偏少280站日。华南前汛期降水阶段性明显，中前期冷空气较弱，副高异常偏强是降水偏少的重要原因，后期南海季风爆发，水汽条件明显改善，中高纬度环流经向度增大，降水明显增强；江淮梅雨期间，长江中下游地区高层辐散抽吸的动力条件以及低层水汽辐合均较常年同期偏弱，是梅雨期降雨强度整体偏弱、梅期偏短的重要原因。华北雨季期间，东北亚稳定维持着一个异常反气旋环流，在中纬度地区形成东高西低的环流形势，是华北地区出现强降水的重要原因之一。2018年汛期全国共出现34次区域性暴雨过程，区域性暴雨过程的次数与常年同期基本持平或略偏少，全国暴雨站日也较常年同期略偏少。     

2019年夏季东亚大气环流异常及对我国气候的影响

为更好了解2019年夏季（6—8月）我国主要气候异常特征及成因,利用气象要素站点资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析大气环流资料分析了2019年夏季降水、气温的时空分布和东亚大气环流特征,并初步诊断了长江中下游降水偏少的可能原因。结果显示,2019年夏季全国气温偏暖明显,降水总量接近常年,但旱涝分布有明显的空间差异,东部主要多雨区位于江南至华南及东北地区,云南和黄淮等地气象干旱长时间持续。东部季风区降水还呈现出明显的季节内变化,尤其是江南等地在夏季前期降水过程密集,涝灾严重,但后期急速减少,高温事件迅速爆发。华南前汛期和江南梅雨开始早结束晚。2019年夏季,欧亚中高纬度地区两槽一脊的环流形势非常明显。其中黄海至日本海持续维持的低槽造成夏季西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强,位置略偏西偏南。这一低槽也是长江中下游少雨和江南多雨的直接原因。其在夏季前期位置明显偏南,和副热带高压脊线南北位置的演变非常一致。但在夏季后期,随着这一低槽的减弱北移,副热带高压迅速北跳,也造成雨带从江南快速移动到北方地区。     

梅雨降水偏多，灾害损失严重——2008年夏季（6—8月）浙江天气与气候

浙江省2008年夏季气温略偏高,降水略偏多。夏季高温、台风和强对流天气活动频繁,南海夏季风爆发早,强度多变,造成2008年人出梅早、雨量多、降水集中、过程性降水频繁、雨带摆动幅度大。频繁出现的极端天气气候事件对全省造成严重损失。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on