丝鳍圆天竺鲷的繁殖习性、胚胎发育和胚后发育观察

本文以丝鳍圆天竺鲷(Sphaeramia nematoptera)为研究对象,观察记录了其繁殖习性以及胚胎发育和胚后发育的过程。研究结果表明:丝鳍圆天竺鲷的繁殖活动由雌鱼主导,在凌晨1点至3点交配,产卵受精后由雄性口孵,产卵间隔期为11～18d,无季节性。雌鱼单次产卵3126～4882粒,受精卵近圆球形,卵径(720±10)μm,内有数颗油球;在水温(27.0±0.5)℃条件下,受精卵经过卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期到出膜需187h。丝鳍圆天竺鲷胚后发育分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期和成鱼期,初孵仔鱼全长(2.8±0.1)mm,口裂高度(0.202±18)mm,孵化后第二天仔鱼开口摄食;孵化后24d鳍条形成,身体出现两条黑色条带,结束浮游阶段,进入稚鱼期;孵化后50d鳞片完全形成,体色斑纹等外形特点与成鱼相同,进入幼鱼期;孵化后360d性腺发育成熟,具备生殖能力。     

条石鲷早期发育的形态特征

条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatusTemminck et Schlegel 1844)的受精卵为球形浮性卵,卵径为0.79~0.90 mm,无色透明,油球一个,卵黄靠近动物极有龟裂结构。在22℃±0.5℃,盐度为30的条件下,卵子授精后31 h仔鱼孵出。初孵仔鱼全长1.66~2.20 mm,在背鳍膜的前边缘上有4~5个星状黑色素;1日龄仔鱼全长1.83~2.32 mm,背鳍膜上黑色素异常明显;2日龄仔鱼,胸鳍原基出现,尾部鳍膜中间开始出现放射丝;3日龄仔鱼,背鳍膜上黑色素消失,上下颌开启,部分仔鱼开口摄食;4日龄仔鱼,卵黄囊吸收殆尽,鳔原基出现;5日龄仔鱼,胸鳍可垂直向外伸展,上下颌开启频繁;12日龄仔鱼,具有集群和趋光性;20日龄仔鱼,体前部呈黑色,在水中分散均匀,摄食旺盛。25日龄稚鱼,全长6.55~8.42 mm,体前部开始出现黑色条带痕迹;30日龄稚鱼,头部眼的上缘由一横带,鱼体体侧出现3条黑褐色的横条带。40日龄幼鱼,全长15.50~35.55 mm,鱼体体型与成鱼相似,体侧有6~7条黑褐色的横条带。通过对条石鲷早期发育的形态学观察,了解其卵胚及仔稚的发育规律和种属的特异性,不仅可以丰富我们对鱼类早期生活史的认识,而且对进一步进行条石鲷的生产育苗起到积极的推进作用。     

鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代变态发育和生长特征分析

为了深入研究鞍带石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus) (♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(E. tukula) (♂)杂交F1代的变态发育及生长特征，本研究对杂交组和纯种鞍带石斑鱼胚胎发育时间、受精率、畸形率、孵化率和仔稚幼鱼生长性状(全长、体长、体高、肛前距），以及杂交组卵黄囊和油球吸收过程，第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘生长和收缩，口径和眼裂的变化等进行了详细的观察描述和统计分析。结果显示，在水温28℃条件下，杂交组和鞍带石斑鱼受精卵分别经21 h 24 min和21 h 32 min完成胚胎发育；杂交F1代受精率、畸形率和孵化率分别是89.09%±0.08%、35.16%±5.05%和62.59%±10.70%，与纯种鞍带石斑鱼无显著性差异。根据卵黄囊、第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘、鳞片、体色等形态变化，将其胚后变态发育分为前期仔鱼(孵化后0～6 d)、后期仔鱼(孵化后7～34 d)、稚鱼期(孵化后35～46 d)和幼鱼期(孵化后47～86 d)，前期仔鱼生长较缓慢，后期仔鱼到幼鱼期生长逐渐加快，86 d时杂交组和对照组体长分别达(60.80±0.50) mm和(51.80±0.47) mm，杂交组生长速度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。在胚胎发育时期卵黄囊消耗量为29.45%，油球消耗量为20.75%，卵黄囊在孵化后1 d消耗最快，达58.70%。油球在孵化后3 d消耗最快，达32.08%，孵化后第5 d仔鱼卵黄囊和油球基本吸收完毕。第二背鳍棘、腹鳍棘在孵化后29 d达到最长，分别是(8.15±0.02) mm和(5.80±0.10) mm，至47 d完全退化，变态发育完成。第一天仔鱼眼径为(0.16±0.01) mm，至86 d眼径增大22倍，第四天口裂长为（0.09±0.02） mm，至86 d增大99倍。结果表明，鞍带石斑鱼(♀)×蓝身大斑石斑鱼(♂)杂交F1代胚胎和仔稚幼鱼发育正常，而且杂交F1代与母本相比具有较显著的生长优势，本研究为两种石斑鱼杂交苗种培育、发育研究和品种改良提供了丰富的数据。     

犬齿牙鲆胚胎及仔、稚、幼鱼形态发育观察

犬齿牙鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)卵为端黄卵,受精卵浮性,卵径950~1100μm,油球径200~225μm.在水温20.5~22.0℃,盐度33条件下培育,受精后1 h 20 min 进入卵裂期,6 h 10 min 进入囊胚期,11 h 20 min 进入原肠胚期,19 h 10 min 发育到胚孔封闭期,胚体形成,26 h 50 min 尾芽出现,33 h 35 min心跳开始,48 h 10 min 开始孵化出仔鱼.初孵仔鱼平均全长2.59 mm±0.02 mm,在培育水温为17.0~21.0℃,盐度24~34条件下,胚后发育时序为:1日龄~9日龄为仔鱼前期,10日龄平均全长5.52 mm±0.05 mm,卵黄囊和油球完全吸收进入仔鱼后期;40日龄平均全长20.82 mm±0.67 mm,各鳍鳍条发育形成进入稚鱼期;65日龄平均全长41.13 mm±0.88 mm,全身鳞被完整进入幼鱼早期     

星斑川鲽仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育与生长

为了摸清星斑川鲽仔、稚、幼鱼各期形态发育特征,2006年4-7月在实验室利用显微数码摄像系统,通过电脑显示屏观察、测量、拍摄记录星斑川鲽胚后发育形态变化.培育水温14.0～19.5 ℃,S 27～31,光照度500 lx左右,饵料依次为经过强化的轮虫、卤虫无节幼体和配合饲料.星斑川鲽初孵仔鱼全长1.80～2.08 mm, 1日龄仔鱼平均全长2.89 mm;3日龄开始摄食;5日龄卵黄囊吸收完毕进入后仔鱼期;15～16日龄全长8.84 mm,开始伏底变态进入稚鱼期;20日龄全长10.12 mm,稚鱼右眼完全迁移至左侧,变态完成营底栖生活进入幼鱼期.星斑川鲽仔鱼变态发生日龄与培育水温有关,在12～15 ℃需24～27 d;15～16 ℃需18～20 d;17～19 ℃需15 d.开始变态仔鱼全长9 mm,变态完成时全长11 mm.幼鱼期鳞被形成,基本具有成鱼的外部形态和习性.     

Mian状黄姑鱼的早期发育研究

本文对Ｍｉａｎ状黄姑鱼的胚胎和仔、稚鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。Ｍｉａｎ状黄姑鱼的爱精卵的为圆球形浮性卵,无色透明。在水温２０￣２３℃,盐度２６￣３０的条件下,经２４ｈ３５ｍｉｎ陆续孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育分为２６期。初孵仔鱼至孵化后４日龄为仔鱼前期;孵化后５￣２２日龄为仔鱼后期;孵化后２３￣３２日龄为雅鱼期;孵化后３３日龄进入幼鱼早期。仔、稚鱼培育水温１８￣２８℃,盐度２０￣３０。仔鱼２日龄稍开     

斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态发育研究

2005年10～12月,在集美大学水产学院水产试验场,对人工培育的斜带石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了观察和描述.根据卵黄囊、鳍膜、鳞片以及背鳍长棘和腹鳍长棘的变化,将斜带石斑鱼的胚后发育划分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期和幼鱼期3个时期.初孵仔鱼平均全长1.68mm(1.60～1.78mm).在培育水温为21.0～28.5℃,盐度为24.8～28.3条件下,初孵仔鱼至孵化后5日龄为前期仔鱼,3日龄仔鱼开口;孵化后6日龄至31日龄为后期仔鱼;孵化后32日龄至68日龄为稚鱼期;孵化后69日龄进入幼鱼期.背鳍第二鳍棘和腹鳍鳍棘的长出与收缩是斜带石斑鱼前期发育过程中最明显的变化.此外,本文探讨了斜带石斑鱼与青石斑鱼、点带石斑鱼和赤点石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼期发育的异同.     

红小丑人工繁殖和育苗的初步研究

为了了解红小丑鱼(Amphiiprion frenatus)在人工饲养条件下繁殖和仔鱼培养的条件,采用实验生物学的方法,在严格控制的条件下培养亲鱼、胚胎和仔鱼.结果表明,红小丑每次产卵500～1 100粒,为黏性卵,成片集中附着在靠近海葵的坚硬物体表面,亲鱼有护卵行为.受精卵呈长椭圆形,长径为2.6 mm±0.2 mm,短径为O.9 mm±O.1 mm,经过9～10 d孵出仔鱼.初孵仔鱼平均体长3.84 mm±0.21 mm,对不饱和脂肪酸的依赖非常高,最好的饲喂方式是立即投喂经小球藻(Chlorella sp.)强化的褶皱臂尾轮虫(Bra-chionus plicatiliis),密度在10个/mL左右,并保持到第7天.从第5天开始投喂经小球藻强化的卤虫(Ar-temia sp.)幼体.第6天进入稚鱼阶段,平均体长为6.32 mm±0.32 mm.到第18天,鱼苗已转入幼鱼阶段,平均体长为14.83 mm±1.62 mm.幼鱼期投喂用小球藻或其他单胞藻饲养了2 d的小卤虫.25 d后,饵料从卤虫逐渐过渡到鱼糜或虾糜.     

卵形鲳鲹胚后发育阶段的体色变化和鳍的分化

采集在池塘进行育苗的31天前的卵形鲳鲹Trachinotus ovatus仔稚幼鱼,对其早期发育阶段的体色变化和鳍的发生、发育进行了连续观察。在水温24.73±2.11℃、盐度20‰—24‰、pH8.0—8.2条件下,初孵仔鱼体表已具有黑色素,第2天眼点的褐色素增加,此时仔鱼未开口、眼点未有视物功能;第3天开口时,眼大而突出、布满黑色素,变为黑色的眼睛,具有视觉功能;第17天当仔鱼变态为稚鱼时,鱼体变得不透明;在第22天变态为幼鱼时,鱼体体表为褐色;30天的幼鱼体表为银白色,与成鱼的体色一致。各鳍开始分化和发育的顺序依次为胸鳍→尾鳍→背鳍→臀鳍→腹鳍。1天仔鱼胸鳍原基出现;2—3天仔鱼开始摄食,胸鳍为扇形;第17天各鳍发育基本完成,标志着稚鱼期的开始。体色的变化和鳍的形成和发育对仔稚鱼的摄食、行为、生长、变态和存活等生命活动有着至关重要的作用,也是仔稚鱼变态发育的重要特征之一,与人工育苗生产技术尤其是投饵、分池等密切相关。     

鮸状黄姑鱼的早期发育研究

本文对状黄姑鱼的胚胎和仔、稚鱼各发育阶段的形态特征进行了描述。绝状黄姑鱼的受精卵为圆球形浮性卵,无色透明。在水温20～23℃,盐度26～30的条件下,经24h35min陆续孵出仔鱼。胚胎发育分为26期。初孵仔鱼至孵化后4日龄为仔鱼前期;孵化后5～22日龄为仔鱼后期;孵化后23～32日龄为雅鱼期;孵化后33日龄进入幼鱼早期。仔、稚鱼培育水温18～28C,盐度20～30。仔鱼2日龄稍开口,3～4日龄为混合营养阶段,是仔鱼的主要危险期。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.