右江盆地含油气成矿流体性质及其成藏-成矿作用

右江盆地含油气成矿流体是一种多组分、多相态的不混溶体系,成藏流体具低温(多为90～160℃)和低盐度(多小于6wt%NaCl)的特征,其主要组分是有机质、CO2和H2O;金矿成矿流体以中低温(多集中于150～250℃)和低盐度(0.4～6.7wt%NaCl)为特征,其主要组分为H2O和CO2,次为烃类有机组分。盆地内古油藏与金矿床在空间上密切共存,在成藏和成矿流体活动时限上基本一致,在成因上一脉相承,表明两者均为盆地有机成矿流体演化的产物。加里东晚期至印支中期,"盆-台相间"的沉积构造格局为成矿和成藏奠定了物质基础,盆地有机成矿流体的活动使油气和金属分别聚集形成油气藏和金属矿床。印支晚期至燕山早期,伴随褶皱造山作用的盆地流体活动使油气的原始分布格局发生改变,并造成了油气和金属矿床的空间分带。燕山中晚期强烈的构造抬升剥蚀,使油气藏和金属矿床遭受强烈的破坏与改造。     

有机流体成矿作用与古油藏成藏作用相互耦合——以右江盆地微细浸染型金矿为例

右江盆地微细浸染型金矿与古油藏均产于二叠纪生物礁的核部或侧翼.流体包裹体拉曼光谱分析和矿石抽提物色质谱分析均发现了大量的有机质官能团, 暗示金矿成矿过程与古油藏的形成、演化密切相关.金矿与古油藏的物质均来源于盆地裂陷期和凹陷早期的沉积地层, 流体来源于沉积地层中封存的建造水, 形成年龄 > 172 Ma.在随后约40 Ma(172~130 Ma)的时间里, 流体向盆地中生物礁及其他构造部位运移聚集.由于盆地中烃源岩逐渐成熟, 这一过程是油气运移成藏的过程, 也是有机流体萃取成矿物质, 最终演变为有机成矿流体并聚集的过程.燕山运动是金矿成矿作用的主要构造营力(130~46 Ma), 同时也是古油藏破坏的主要原因.正是古油藏的破坏打破了流体的动态平衡, 导致流体中成矿物质沉淀形成矿床.右江盆地的金矿和古油气藏是同一种流体体系在其发展演化过程中不同阶段的产物.      

南海南部北康盆地生物礁的类型及油气勘探前景

南海南部北康盆地发育大量的生物礁,蕴藏丰富的油气资源。文章基于北康盆地高精度地震数据及钻井数据的研究表明,北康盆地的生物礁成像较好、类型齐全,有点礁、台地边缘礁、块状礁、层状礁、塔礁、环礁共6类型。其发育演化可以分为4个阶段,分别为早中新世的初始发育阶段、中中新世早期的繁盛阶段、中中新世晚期的衰退阶段和晚中新世的淹没阶段。古近纪及早中新世的断裂活动产生了大量的构造高点,为生物礁的初始发育创造了条件,而中中新世以来基底快速沉降导致的相对海平面的快速上升决定了生物礁主要发育于中中新世时期,而晚中新世以来相对海平面持续上升,致使生物礁退积到隆起顶部,从而进入淹没阶段。北康盆地的生物礁数量多、规模大,而且很少受后期成岩作用的二次改造,具备优质储层形成的前提。同时,区域烃源岩、疏导体系、盖层及生物礁的分布等油气地质条件,决定了中部隆起西部和东部隆起东部是北康盆地今后生物礁油气勘探的重点区域。     

南海盆地演化及碳酸盐岩油气勘探

南海盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探最早可追溯到19世纪后期，20世纪70年代开始有较多发现。南海的形成演化经历了安第斯型边缘-弧后裂谷-大西洋型海底扩张等一系列转变，形成了众多规模不等、类型各异的新生代含油气盆地。这些盆地可划分为拉张型、聚敛型、走滑型三大类，且可细分为陆缘张裂型、裂离陆块型、弧前型、周缘前陆型、走滑一拉分型以及残留洋壳型等6种类型，不同的构造演化背景和盆地类型，碳酸盐岩的建隆及其生物礁具有不同的特征，其地震相特征也有一定差异。碳酸盐岩主要发育在中中新统一上中新统中及上始新统上部，储层分布范围广，发育有台地边缘礁、塔礁、块礁、点礁、环礁等多种类型，以铸模灰岩、颗粒状白云岩的油气储集性能较好。碳酸盐岩的形成和分布受大地构造演化的影响和控制。以越东一廷贾断裂为界，其北部海域发育晚始新世一早中新世(早期)和中一晚中新世(晚期)两期碳酸盐岩和生物礁；而其南部海域仅发育晚期碳酸盐岩。在南海，至今尚未发现有单纯的典型碳酸盐岩构成油气源岩的，绝大多数是与所伴生的生物礁一起组成储集层，所发现的碳酸盐岩及其生物礁(滩)型油气田，普遍具有较好的物性。在南海北部盆地和东南巴拉望盆地中是油气兼有，而在南海南部以产天然气为主。     

南海盆地演化及碳酸盐岩油气勘探

南海盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探最早可追溯到19世纪后期,20世纪70年代开始有较多发现。南海的形成演化经历了安第斯型边缘-弧后裂谷-大西洋型海底扩张等一系列转变,形成了众多规模不等、类型各异的新生代含油气盆地。这些盆地可划分为拉张型、聚敛型、走滑型三大类,且可细分为陆缘张裂型、裂离陆块型、弧前型、周缘前陆型、走滑-拉分型以及残留洋壳型等6种类型,不同的构造演化背景和盆地类型,碳酸盐岩的建隆及其生物礁具有不同的特征,其地震相特征也有一定差异。碳酸盐岩主要发育在中中新统一上中新统中及上始新统上部,储层分布范围广,发育有台地边缘礁、塔礁、块礁、点礁、环礁等多种类型,以铸模灰岩、颗粒状白云岩的油气储集性能较好。碳酸盐岩的形成和分布受大地构造演化的影响和控制。以越东-廷贾断裂为界,其北部海域发育晚始新世-早中新世(早期)和中-晚中新世(晚期)两期碳酸盐岩和生物礁;而其南部海域仅发育晚期碳酸盐岩。在南海,至今尚未发现有单纯的典型碳酸盐岩构成油气源岩的,绝大多数是与所伴生的生物礁一起组成储集层,所发现的碳酸盐岩及其生物礁(滩)型油气田,普遍具有较好的物性。在南海北部盆地和东南巴拉望盆地中是油气兼有,而在南海南部以产天然气为主。     

含油气盆地流体史分析原理

通过对松辽盆地的研究，提出了含油气盆地流体史分析的基本原理和工作流程。含油气盆地流体史分析包括流体化学史和流体动力史，它是盆地演化过程中各个地质历史时期的气候、沉积环境、古地貌和构造性质及其演化在孔隙流体中的综合反映，并且决定了地层压力场、水化学场的形成与演化以及油气水的分布规律。     

合肥盆地石炭系——二叠系储层流体包裹体特征与油气运移研究

合肥盆地石炭系—二叠系具有油气勘探潜力,但研究薄弱。根据盆地中部安参1井石炭系—二叠系储层中流体包裹体的岩相学分析及显微测温,主要讨论了油气运移特征。结果表明,储层石英微裂隙及次生加大边中与油气包裹体伴生的盐水包裹体均一温度主要在145.2~150.2℃,155.6~160℃及169.9~177.9℃等三个温度区间。结合储层埋藏史-热史,发现储层主要经历了3期流体充注,时间在162.1~157.2 Ma之间(晚侏罗世)。通过包裹体冰点的测定,得到每一期流体的盐度特征,结合构造演化、烃源岩发育背景,推测油气主要是在石炭系—二叠系地层内部运移,同时也可能有新元古界、下古生界等深部的热液通过深大断裂运移到石炭系—二叠系,参与了油气的运聚,这在研究区今后的油气成藏研究中需要注意。     

右江盆地流体运移过程中成矿与成藏作用

右江盆地裂陷期和坳陷早期的沉积物提供研究区金矿与古油藏的物质与流体。成矿物质与烃类在盆地流体中沿以二叠纪生物礁为核心的断层、浊积岩及不整合面组成的三维输导体系向盆地边缘及二叠纪生物礁的核部运移。由于烃类物质与盐水体系密度的差异，使烃类物质与成矿物质差异聚集于不同的圈闭中形成流体藏。流体矿藏的破坏是导致成矿物质沉淀形成矿床的直接原因。构造活动、风化剥蚀及流体压裂均可导致流体矿藏破坏，其中燕山构造运动是该区流体藏破坏的主要原因，因而亦是该区金矿成矿作用的主要构造营力。本文从盆地流体运移、演化的角度证明，该区古油藏是盆地裂陷与坳陷阶段流体聚集的产物，而矿床则是盆地挤压抬升阶段流体藏破坏、流体散失的结果。研究成果表明，金矿与油气是同一盆地流体在其不同演化阶段的产物，这对在盆地中寻找相同类型的金属矿产意义重大。     

句容盆地中、古生界轻烃特征

本文应用轻烃(C1-C2)分析结果，研究了一个碳酸盐岩含油气盆地泥盘系至三叠系的原油和生油岩的轻烃特征。研究表明：从轻烃的组分和含量的变化，可以成功地划分有机质类型和热演化阶段，以及油源对比等。对时代相对较老的碳酸盐岩地区，仍可作为油气和生油岩地球化学研究的有效手段。     

西加拿大沉积盆地泥盆系含油气系统

西加拿大盆地为—典型的非对称性前陆盆地,主要位于阿尔伯达省境内。以盆地中的鲍艾兰大背斜为界,又分为阿尔伯达和威利斯顿两个次一级盆地,油气绝大部分分布在阿尔伯达盆地。泥盆系含油气系统均为碳酸盐岩储层,除含有大量的常规油气资源外,还拥有巨大的待开发的重油和沥青资源。安特勒(D 末)和拉腊米(K_2—E_1)两期造山运动决定了盆地的规模、形态和升降格局,其构造演化控制了盆地的碳酸盐沉积、生物礁形成和油气运移。油气在拉腊米期随深部地层流体的排驱,以孔渗性强的碳酸盐岩台地“管线”和断层为通道发生运移。大多数圈闭是地层—成岩复合成因的生物礁圈闭。盆地发育有上泥盆统D1、D2、D3和中泥盆统D4四套旋回层,每套旋回层均含有碳酸盐岩透水层(包括礁储集岩)和起分隔作用的页岩、泥灰岩或蒸发岩类弱透水层(包括烃源岩)。含油气系统是“封闭”的,即泥盆系烃源岩的油储存于泥盆系储层中。识别出五套烃源岩,其中的上泥盆统Duverney 组和(或)Majeau Lake 组烃源岩是盆地最主要的油气来源。控制储层特征的主要因素是前寒武纪基底构造、地层发育和成岩作用。碳酸盐岩的成岩演化复杂,可分为沉积—浅埋藏期胶结、渗透交代白云石化、油气成熟运移、深埋期热化学硫酸盐还原、岩溶期油气氧化降解(为重烃)五个阶段。形成五类油气藏:重油藏、伴生重油的生物气藏、(轻)油藏、无硫气—凝析气藏和深部含硫气藏。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)