两类厄尔尼诺事件期间热带大气GILL响应分析

分析了1979—2018年两类厄尔尼诺事件期间月平均热带太平洋海面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)异常、对流降水异常、大气环流异常等特征,发现东部型、中部型厄尔尼诺期间海洋及大气加热场并不是赤道对称,赤道以南热源强度大于赤道以北。大气对热源的响应表现在:1)低层在大气热源西侧出现南、北半球热带相对应的气旋环流异常,但是赤道以南气旋的涡度大于赤道以北,且两类厄尔尼诺事件期间涡度中心的位置不同;到高层赤道中东太平洋呈现赤道对称的反气旋环流控制。2)低层热源的西侧出现西风异常,东侧为东风异常,西风异常的强度与范围明显大于东风异常,且东部型西风异常的强度大于中部型;而到高层,纬向风的风向和低层正好相反。3)低层东部型、中部型厄尔尼诺上升运动异常分别位于赤道中东太平洋和赤道中太平洋,下沉运动出现在热源东西两侧及赤道两侧5°N以北、5°S以南的热带地区;东部型到中层上升运动异常强度达到最大,而中部型到高层上升运动异常强度达到最大。4)低层东部型、中部型厄尔尼诺期间位势高度在中东太平洋为负异常,西太平洋为正异常;到高层,整个赤道中东太平洋地区均为位势高度正异常,并且在赤道两侧分别出现位势高度正异常中心,与反气旋环流涡度中心及下沉运动异常中心相对应。5)除西风异常范围大于东风异常,其他特征与赤道非对称热源GILL响应的理论计算模态基本一致。     

8月中国登陆台风降水与对流层高层西风急流关系的初步研究

采用中国气象局及美国台风联合警报中心整编的1954—2013年best-track热带气旋资料、中国大陆743站逐日降水数据和美国国家环境预报中心及大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的再分析资料,研究登陆中国的台风降水特征及其与对流层高层西风急流的关系。结果表明:8月登陆台风降水对中国东南沿海地区的影响明显,福建、浙江的登陆台风降水占同期降水的30%左右,局部地区达到40%。基于降水与200 hPa纬向风的显著相关区定义的东亚西风急流指数(EAWJI),描述了西风急流位置的经向移动。EAWJI与台风降水具有显著的负相关,即EAWJI出现负异常时,急流位置偏北,中国登陆台风降水增加,反之急流位置偏南、降水减少。急流位置偏北,西太平洋台风活动区域的对流层纬向风出现东风异常,有利于台风登陆中国,且登陆位置较常年偏北,登陆台风数较常年偏多,台风登陆后维持时间较常年偏长;在中国大陆及东部沿海附近,纬向风垂直切变为异常的东风切变、对流层低层相对涡度增强及水汽输送增大均有利于台风登陆后的维持,从而使登陆台风降水增加。     

1330号台风海燕强烈发展和快速移动原因分析

本文运用NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°,垂直层次26层)和各种常规观测资料以及中央气象台台风实时定位定强数据对2013年全球最强台风海燕的特点和极端性展开分析,并运用天气学分析和动力学诊断的方法探讨"海燕"强度发展的动力机制和快速移动的原因,同时发掘预报着眼点,以提高中央气象台对类似台风的综合预报能力。本文主要研究结论为:(1)"海燕"在登陆菲律宾之前的持续加强和高强度维持发生在副热带西风急流加强南压和副热带高压南侧对流层各层低纬东风同时加强的条件下。(2)副热带西风急流加强南压是导致西太平洋副热带高压加强和副热带高压南侧对流层各层低纬东风加强及"海燕"高速靠近并登陆菲律宾的重要原因。(3)"海燕"的水平风速分布存在明显不对称,呈现台风北侧东风大于南侧西风、台风东侧南风大于西侧北风的特点,其中纬向风的不对称更显著。而由台风海燕东西两侧经向风和南北两侧纬向风的不对称分布导致的切变正涡度的增加可能是台风强度持续增强的重要原因之一。(4)对流层低层水平辐合的显著加强和台风海燕南北两侧经向垂直环流圈的加强和建立也是"海燕"强度持续加强的重要原因之一。(5)台风海燕持续加强和高强度维持的主要动力机制为内核区对流层低层水平辐合和对流层中低层涡度的持续增长以及台风所处环境的高层辐散的明显增加和高低层垂直切变的减小。(6)预报启示为:对于秋冬季的台风而言,除了西太平洋副热带高压、西风槽、对流层低层偏东风、越赤道气流外,还需关注对流层上层副热带西风急流的变化,特别是对于偏西行台风而言,副热带西风急流的加强南压可能会导致台风移速的加快和强度的明显加强。另外对流层上层不光是台风的出流层,能影响台风高层出流的变化,对流层上层的环流还可能对台风移动造成一定影响。     

两次台风暴雨冷空气影响对比分析

利用常规观测、气象卫星资料及NCEP分析数据等,对台风"麦德姆"(1410)和"苏迪罗"(1513)的冷空气作用形式及对台风暴雨的影响进行对比分析。两个台风在冷空气影响下的强降水分布差异显著:"麦德姆"强降水经向特征明显;"苏迪罗"强降水纬向性较强。冷空气质点运动轨迹显示,"麦德姆"的冷空气沿西北路径入侵,包含西北冷槽和东北冷槽的共同影响;"苏迪罗"冷空气沿偏东路径入侵,冷空气源为单一的东北地区冷槽系统,强度较弱。在垂直方向上,"麦德姆"低层冷空气入侵早于高层,"苏迪罗"则相反。受冷空气不同作用方式影响,"麦德姆"台风倒槽明显,对流层低层冷暖平流较强,锋生显著,正涡度和上升运动沿台风倒槽呈东北—西南向分布;"苏迪罗"对流层低层冷平流及地面锋生均较弱,在台风北侧,低层偏东风急流引起较强的正涡度和上升运动,同时中层冷空气入侵有利于位势不稳定的增强,导致强降水沿台风北侧的偏东风急流呈东西向分布。     

澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响

利用1980—2012年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国气象局的最佳台风路径资料,研究澳大利亚冷空气活动对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响。研究发现,北半球夏季925 h Pa经向风超过6 m/s的频数在澳大利亚东北部海域最高,达40 d/a。为此,确定澳大利亚冷空气侵入南北半球低纬的关键区为澳大利亚东北部所罗门海地区,并用该区域经向风风速定义了一个澳大利亚冷空气活动强度指数。该指数与越赤道气流及赤道西风都有很好的相关关系,还与同期的SOI(Southern Oscillation Index,南方涛动指数)显著相关。当SOI偏低(高)时,关键区经向风风速偏强(弱)。合成分析和相关分析结果表明,澳大利亚冷空气活动强、弱年西北太平洋热带气旋生成的位置的变化与季风槽的变化一致,西北太平洋热带气旋生成总数则无显著差异。澳大利亚冷空气活动强年季风槽偏强偏东,热带气旋生成位置偏东偏南;而弱年季风槽偏弱偏西,热带气旋生成位置偏西偏北。低层涡度场、水汽输送、风垂直切变以及低纬地区对流活动的分布表明,澳大利亚冷空气活动强年有利于热带气旋生成位置偏东、偏南;弱年偏西、偏北。     

梅雨发生前对流层顶及平流层异常信号的分析

利用NCEP和欧洲中心的ERA-Interim再分析资料结合中国国家气候中心的20a梅雨观测资料,分析了梅雨发生前江淮地区对流层顶和位涡的异常以及北半球环状模指数的变化。研究表明,江淮地区在梅雨开始前3—5天会出现对流层顶的下降,且高度的经向变化比纬向变化更为明显。对流层顶的降低与北方冷空气的南下入侵、东亚季风的爆发以及急流轴北跳引起的频繁的对流层顶折卷过程有关。对流层顶的下降伴随着来自平流层的高位涡冷空气的入侵。而梅雨发生前江淮地区上空对应正位涡异常,这一异常的建立和维持与贝加尔湖、西西伯利亚、鄂霍次克海附近的正位涡异常有关;而梅雨发生前江淮地区平流层温度达到极大值,梅雨爆发后开始下降,纬向风则处于西风到东风的转换期。梅雨期的总降水量与对流层上部平流层下部的北半球环状模指数存在一致的正相关关系,而在梅雨发生前15—30天,这种相关性尤为显著。这一结果说明,在对流层顶附近的北半球环状模指数对梅雨期降水量的预测有较好的指示意义。     

南北半球台风形成的物理场特征对比分析

以南半球7619热带风暴和北半球8111号台风为例，对台风生成区附近的低空大尺度纬向流场的变化及越赤道气流强度的变化进行分析和计算，并对台风生成区大气层结构的温湿场分布、大气低层涡度的逐日变化和对流层上下层的风垂直切变场逐日变化进行计算。同时进行南北半球台风对比分析。找出了南北半球台风生消时段大尺度环流和台风生成区大气物理场的共同特征和和相同的天气变化机制，分析表明台风生成的决定性因素是低层大尺度流场对台风生成区辐合的加强，致使水平切变急剧增大的结果。由此提出一个生消诊断公式，讨论了用天气学方法定量预报台风生消的可能性。     

副热带高压带的三维结构特征

先从纬向平均的角度出发,以地转平衡关系为基础,从纬向平均纬向风分布得到中、低纬度的位势高度场在赤道附近存在极小值,将其他纬度上位势高度相对于此的差(仿纬向偏差而称其为经向偏差)不但可以表示副热带高压带脊线位置与用纬向风零线的表示一致,还可以表示其范围及强度.结合纬向平均纬向风零线和经向偏差,对气候平均的副热带高压带以及其季节变化和年际变化等三维特征进行了分析.结果表明,对流层中,随高度升高,气候平均的副高带脊线向赤道靠拢,强度减弱,范围缩小.副高带脊线的季节变化和年际变化均很明显,并且表现出对流层整层的同时的变化特征.对流层中上层副高带的强度,夏半球强于冬半球,北半球的变化较南半球大.尤其在北半球夏季,副高带在对流层中、上层随高度升高而增大;其脊线的移动也表现出一定的跳跃性.这些结果表明对副热带高压带的研究,从整体上进行是必要的.     

NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中南北半球大气质量交换的特征研究

用1948～2000年共53年的NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,分析了南北半球大气质量交换的周期变化特征和两半球大气质量交换通道的空间分布。结果表明：两半球的大气质量交换从长时间来看基本上是平衡的。两半球质量交换的季节变化表现为明显的半年周期,冬季和夏季的交换比较显著,且以夏季为主;具有显著的十年际变化;年际变化特征总体来看不显著,只在1980年代～1990年代存在较为显著的2-5年的年际振荡。NCEP资料存在较大变更的三个时段（以1968、1979年为分界）的周期变化特征确实存在一定的差异。全球平均异常向南的越赤道质量输送不存在很强的季节依赖性,主要由低空北半球太平洋．大西洋副热带高压南侧东北信风和亚洲季风区对流层高层副热带高压南侧的越赤道东北气流决定,亚洲季风区冬季南下的冷空气也起到很大的作用;而异常向北的越赤道质量净输送则主要发生在夏季,主要由亚洲季风区越赤道西南季风决定,特别是索马里越赤道急流从对流层低层到高层整层的向北输送,同时对流层低层赤道中东太平洋．大西洋信风区的东南信风也有较大的贡献。     

北半球准定常行星波气候平均态的资料分析和数值模拟

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和大气环流模式(CCSR/NIES AGCM Ver 5.6),对北半球准定常行星波的气候平均态分布进行分析和模拟.再分析资料分析的结果表明:北半球冬季,准定常行星波沿两支波导向上传播,其中一支在对流层上层转向中低纬度传播,另外一支折向高纬度,通过极地波导上传到平流层.其中,1波和2波可以上传到平流层,因而其振幅分布除在中低纬的对流层上层出现一个次大值外,在高纬度平流层中上层会出现一个最大值,3波则主要限制在对流层,其振幅分布除在副热带对流层上层出现一个次大值外,最大值出现在中纬度对流层上层.北半球夏季,整个平流层为东风环流,极地波导不存在,行星波不能上传到平流层,在对流层活动也较弱,1波、2波、3波的传播情况大致相似,表现为在对流层上层由中纬度向赤道地区的传播.相应的振幅分布是,对1波和2波而言,最大值出现在中低纬对流层顶附近,同时在中高纬对流层上层出现一个次大值,而3波的振幅分布正好相反,最大值出现在中高纬对流层上层,次大值则在中低纬对流层顶附近.利用大气环流模式进行的数值模拟表明,模式可以比较好地模拟冬夏季准定常行星波的传播路径,但模拟的北半球冬季沿极地波导向平流层的传播明显偏弱,其结果是对1波、2波而言,高纬度平流层中上层的振幅最大值明显小于再分析资料的数值.文中还讨论了数值模拟与资料分析中行星波的差异可能对大气环流模拟的影响.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on