The influence of the construction process on the deformation behaviour of diaphragm walls in soft clayey ground

Conventional numerical predictions of deep excavations normally neglect the construction process of the retaining structure and choose the earth pressure at rest as initial condition at the beginning of the simulation. The presented results of simulation and measurements during the construction process of the Taipei National Enterprise Center show, that such an assumption leads to an underestimation of the horizontal wall deflection, the surface ground settlements as well as the loading of the struts in case of normally to slightly over‐consolidated clayey soil deposits. The stepwise installation process of the individual diaphragm wall panels results in a substantial modification of the lateral effective stresses in the adjacent ground. Especially the pouring process of the panel and the fresh concrete pressure causes a partial mobilization of the passive earth pressure and a distinct stress level increase in the upper half of the wall. As a consequence of the increased stresses prior to the pit excavation, up to 15% greater ground and wall movements are predicted. Moreover, the increased stress level due to the installation process of the diaphragm wall leads to substantial higher strut loadings during the excavation of the pit. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地下连续墙施工影响应力重分布的数值模拟

对武汉市某超大型超深基坑10幅邻近地连墙跳跃式施工过程进行了三维有限差分数值模拟。数值模拟步骤依次为泥浆护壁成槽开挖、混凝土浇筑及混凝土硬化3个过程。泥浆护壁成槽开挖及混凝土浇筑分别采用常静液压力和变静液压力的方式加载,混凝土的硬化过程采用变弹性模量和泊松比的线弹性实体单元完成。数值计算结果与实测数据吻合较好。对单个跳跃式开挖过程墙上土压力的监测揭示了地下连续墙施工影响应力重分布的变化规律。模拟施工完成后10幅地下连续墙上的土压力值沿墙长度方向随静止土压力值上下波动,波谷出现在槽段连接处附近,波峰接近槽段中心轴,波动幅度大小与土体深度有关。分析表明,泥浆压力、混凝土灌注压力及土压力差值是影响墙后应力重分布波动幅度的主要原因,适当的泥浆重度及合理的注浆方式能避免土体扰动。     

Influence of diaphragm wall installation on the numerical analysis of deep excavation

This paper presents a numerical analysis of the influence of initial stress state on the response of deep excavation supported by retaining wall. Indeed, the influence of diaphragm wall installation prior to excavation works may affect the soil response and lateral wall deflection induced by excavation process. The first part of this paper gives a short review of the numerical methods aimed to reproduce the retaining wall installation. Numerical analysis of a deep excavation in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional conditions is then performed according to the methods previously presented. In three‐dimensional conditions, diaphragm wall installation is performed considering a sequence of panels, described by their number and length. Results of three‐dimensional calculations confirm that stress state is disturbed by wall installation, which has a sensitive effect on the ground response induced by soil excavation. It is also noted that these results are not easily reproduced in two‐dimensional conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

格形地连墙与软土相互作用的离心试验研究

格形地下连续墙（GCRW）是一种常用于软土地区的基坑开挖的新型支护结构,该结构与软土的相互作用是必须深入研究的关键问题。结合背景工程,首先进行了格形地连墙模型的设计和试验方案的制定,通过离心模型试验模拟了分步开挖基坑时格形地连墙和软土的相互作用,并把测定结果与朗肯土压力进行了比较。试验结果表明,土压力基本上呈现线性变化特征,格形地连墙因基坑开挖引起的前墙内侧土压力而产生变形和位移;格形地连墙和格子内的土体作为一个整体在土压力的作用下保持平衡,受力特征与重力式支护结构相似。支护结构处于最不利状态时,主动区土压力介于朗肯静止土压力和主动土压力之间,而被动区土压力大于朗肯被动土压力,前墙没有倾覆是因为受到了隔墙拉力     

Numerical analysis of the installation effect of diaphragm walls in saturated soft clay

The construction of diaphragm wall panels can cause the stress change and soil movements in adjacent ground. In this paper, the construction sequence of a typical diaphragm wall panel in saturated soft clay is simulated with a 3D finite element program. The soil is assumed to behave as an isotropic linear elastic/Mohr–Coulomb plastic material with a soil–water coupled consolidation response. Influence of the pore water pressure is concerned to consider the consolidation behavior of the saturated soft clay. The analysis shows that the changes in effective horizontal stress and pore water pressure during diaphragm wall installation depend on arching mechanism and permeability. The variation in stresses and movements of ground computed by the coupled consolidation analysis and the total stress analysis are compared. Influences of the permeability coefficient on the installation effects are discussed by parametric studies. Finally, a case study of a diaphragm wall construction in Shanghai, in which the ground settlements were monitored, is presented to illustrate the prediction procedure of coupled consolidation analysis.     

考虑土体硬化的基坑开挖性状及隆起稳定性分析

基坑开挖过程中,土体应力路径、卸载回弹再压缩特性与简单加载或卸载不同,采用常规的理想弹塑性模型模拟基坑开挖,得到的围护墙位移、坑内土体回弹以及坑外沉降较大。分析了基坑开挖不同区域土体的性状,采用土体硬化模型模拟基坑开挖的卸载与土体硬化行为,结合工程算例,对比土体硬化模型和理想弹塑性模拟以及实测的围护结构土压力、围护墙水平位移和坑外土体沉降,并利用强度折减法分析基坑的稳定性。计算结果表明,考虑土体硬化的HS模型有限元方法能体现土体卸载再加载与开挖的特性,所得土压力、围护结构水平位移以及基坑抗隆起稳定性符合软土地区基坑工程的实践。     

拓宽方式对软土路基工程特性影响的离心模型试验

如何保持新旧路基间的变形协调是拓宽工程中普遍关注的问题,目前尚缺乏对于拓宽方式对软土路基工程特性影响的直接对比分析。本文开展离心模型试验,采用普通填料或气泡轻质土进行放坡或挡墙拓宽,分析了新旧路基变形、地基土中孔压和土压力在路基拓宽后的变化规律。试验结果表明,气泡轻质土显著减小拓宽过程中产生的孔隙水压力增量和附加应力增量。相较于边坡拓宽,挡墙拓宽方式对地基影响更小。轻质土路堤采用挡墙拓宽方式引起的挡墙倾角和墙背土压力均较小。采用Boussinesq公式计算得到的拓宽路堤引起的地基中附加应力分布与实测值基本吻合,且偏于保守。本文的研究成果对指导路基拓宽工程具有借鉴意义。     

A simple prediction model for wall deflection caused by braced excavation in clays

Deep excavations particularly in deep deposits of soft clay can cause excessive ground movements and result in damage to adjacent buildings. Extensive plane strain finite element analyses considering the small strain effect have been carried out to examine the wall deflections for excavations in soft clay deposits supported by retaining walls and bracing. The excavation geometry, soil strength and stiffness properties, and the wall stiffness were varied to study the wall deflection behavior. Based on these results, a simple Polynomial Regression (PR) model was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection. Wall deflections computed by this method compare favorably with a number of field and published records.     

砂土地层中考虑基坑施工效应的柔性挡墙主动土压力研究

以基坑施工过程中柔性挡墙墙后主动土压力为研究对象,假定柔性围护结构最大变形位于开挖面处,墙后滑面为通过墙趾的平面,推导出考虑基坑开挖及支护的墙后滑面倾角一般表达式。采用水平层析法,研究墙体内凸型变形时的主动土压力分布、主动土压力合力及其作用点。研究表明,理论结果与实测结果规律一致,大小相近;随着基坑开挖深度的增加,滑面倾角减小,基坑开挖对周边环境的影响范围增大,土压力合力增大,对合力作用点位置的影响较小;当基坑开挖深度减小时土体内摩擦角和墙土间摩擦角增大时主动土压力非线性分布更加明显,主动土压力合力减小,合力作用点距墙趾的距离增大。     

Effects from diaphragm wall installation to surrounding soil and adjacent buildings

A new approach for simulating the excavation and construction of subsequent panels is proposed to investigate the effects from the installation of diaphragm walls on the surrounding and adjacent buildings. The method has been combined with a 3-D nonlinear analysis and a constitutive law providing bulk and shear modulus variation, depending on the stress path (loading, unloading, reloading). From the application of the method in a normally to slightly over-consolidated clayey soil it was found that the panel length is the most affecting factor of ground movements and lateral stress reduction during panel installation. Moreover, from the evaluation of horizontal stress reduction and the variation of horizontal displacements arises that the effects from the construction of a panel are mainly limited to a zone within a distance of the order of the panel length. The effects on an adjacent building have also been investigated by applying a full soil–structure interaction including the whole building. Settlement profiles and settlements are given at specific points as increasing with subsequent installation of panels, providing the ability of specific monitoring guidelines for the upcoming construction of the diaphragm wall in front of the building. Contrary to lateral movements, which mostly take place at the panel under construction, it was found that the effect of settlements covers a larger area leading to a progressive settlement increase. The effect highly depends on the distance from the panel under construction.     

挡土墙主动土压力分布研究

基于极限平衡理论,利用单元分层法分别讨论了墙后无开挖回填和有开挖回填不同工况条件下的挡土墙土压力分布形式,推导出不同工况条件下的主动土压力强度及主动土压力系数理论公式。结果表明,墙后无开挖回填工况条件下墙背主动土压力沿墙高成线性分布;墙后有开挖回填工况条件下墙背土压力沿墙高成非线性分布。     

肋柱式锚杆支挡结构的徐变次内力分析

采用老化徐变理论和等效弹性模量法,对肋柱式锚杆支挡结构的徐变影响提出了具体计算方法,并通过实例计算了支挡结构的徐变次内力。计算结果表明,在逆作法条件下,随着开挖深度的加大,岩土侧向压力也增大,使后期施工的混凝土构件产生的徐变次内力也随之增大;考虑徐变后使结构设计更加安全可靠,尤其坡脚处后期浇筑的混凝土构件,更要关注徐变的影响。     

基坑施工对临近运营地铁影响控制标准及关键技术

随着城市的快速发展,地铁车站周边开发的建筑越来越多,周边建筑施工对地铁车站将产生不可避免的不利影响。本文结合某大型建筑深基坑工程的设计、施工及监测数据,通过有限元计算,分析基坑开挖施工力学特征,研究基坑施工对临近地铁车站的变形影响。研究发现,基坑采用合理的地下连续墙、钻孔灌注桩等围护体系、适当的被动区加固方式、科学的分基坑开挖施工组织等措施,可以保证基坑开挖施工对临近车站的影响在可控制、可接受的范围内,为软土地区类似基坑的设计、施工提供参考经验。     

临近地下室外墙影响下的挡土墙空间土压力研究

目前关于临近地下室外墙影响的挡土墙空间土压力的计算理论的研究还比较少,原有的平面应变条件下的理论不能满足挡土墙的长高比B/H较小时的挡土墙土压力计算要求。通过将土拱效应原理引入顾慰慈[8]建立的空间土压力计算模型,建立了考虑土拱效应的临近地下室外墙影响的空间土压力计算模型,根据挡土墙和地下室外墙的间距与土体破裂面状态的关系将该模型分为3种情况,并将各模型划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个区域,通过在各个区域内取水平微分单元体,建立各微分单元体的水平和竖向静力平衡方程,推导出了各区相应的挡土墙空间主动土压力计算公式,该公式可以计算出墙背任意位置的主动土压力;并提出了空间土压力合力及其合力作用点的计算方法。通过算例计算可以直观地看出挡土墙后主动土压力的空间分布,由此可以看出,当空间效应存在时,考虑土拱效应的挡土墙主动土压力沿墙长的分布与平面应变条件时有很大的不同,此时挡土墙两端附近区域的主动土压力远小于平面应变条件下计算出的主动土压力,同时可以看出,考虑空间效应的挡土墙主动土压力合力作用点要比平面应变条件下的位置要高,挡土墙长高比B/H越小,空间效应对主动土压力沿墙长的分布和主动土压力合力作用点位置的影响越大。     

A novel strut-free retaining wall system for deep excavation in soft clay: numerical study

This paper presents a novel strut-free earth retaining wall system for excavation in soft clay, referred to as the rigid and fixed diaphragm (RFD) wall retaining system. The RFD system is comprised of four main structures—diaphragm walls, rib-walls, cross walls, and buttress walls—and a complementary structure—the cap-slab. The characteristics of the RFD system are: (1) the formation of a continuous earth retaining wall by constructing diaphragm walls along the circumference of the excavated zone; (2) the formation of a rigid and fixed retaining wall system by a series of rib-walls and cross walls; and (3) the formation of a rigid retaining wall by buttress walls and the cap-slab. Furthermore, the performance and mechanisms of the RFD system were investigated carefully through three-dimensional finite element analyses. The results demonstrated that the system stiffness of the RFD system was a major factor controlling deformations induced by excavation. Moreover, the excavation geometry determined the dimension of each component of the RFD system.

     

Displacements induced by the installation of diaphragm panels

The walls of a deep excavation in cohesionless soils below the water table have been supported by a reinforced concrete diaphragm with T-shaped panels. To improve the safety against the risk of local collapse during the panel excavation, the soil surrounding the panels has been treated by deep mixing to a depth of 6?C10?m. The horizontal displacements, induced in the surrounding soil by the installation (deep mixing, slurry supported excavation, placing of the reinforcement cage, concrete casting and curing) of the diaphragm, have been measured by means of inclinometers. It is claimed that they can be a significant fraction of the total displacements induced by the excavation. A back analysis of the observed displacements shows that the deformation process is essentially elastic and can be satisfactorily modelled provided the values of the soil stiffness are properly selected.     

Geotechnical influence on existing subway tunnels induced by multiline tunneling in Shanghai soft soil

Multiline tunneling construction in soft soil significantly impedes risk control and environmental protection. Current research has investigated on the effect of single-line shield excavation on surrounding environments and tunneling for parallel-crossing or perpendicular down-crossing underground structures. However, minimal attention has been given to soil disturbances induced by multiline tunneling and complex overlapped interaction mechanics for adjacent structures, such as existing above-crossing and down-crossing subway tunnels. Few studies focus on oblique crossing construction and setting rules for the operation parameters of shield machines. Based on the Shanghai Railway transportation project and in situ monitoring data, the deformation analyses of existing subway tunnels induced by an earth pressure balance (EPB) shield during the process of above-overlapped and down-overlapped crossing tunnels with oblique angles are presented. The deformation analyses employ the three-dimensional finite element (3D FE) numerical simulation method, and the simplified analytical method. The analysis results from the theoretical methods are consistent with the monitoring data. The setting rules of multiline propulsion main parameters, including the earth pressure for cutting open, and the synchronized grouting, are also established. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the development of properly overlapped crossing schemes and geotechnical protective measures during multiline tunneling construction in soft soil.     

土钉支护中土钉力和位移的计算问题

土钉支护是一种比较经济的支护方式,工程实践中已广泛应用,但其设计理论则相对缺乏。针对目前土钉支护设计中存在的主要问题,即土钉力和土钉支护位移的计算分析,以工程实测资料为背景,根据侧壁主动土压力与总土钉力相等的原则,考虑施工过程的影响和增量法的思想,提出了基于经验和理论相结合的土钉力计算公式。按照弹性力学理论,对由于土的开挖引起支护的土体侧移提出了简易的位移计算公式。通过工程实测检验了公式的正确性。这些计算公式简便,其结果较符合实际,较好地解决了土钉支护设计的主要问题,可为工程设计提供参考。     

基质吸力对基坑支护结构土压力的影响研究

在进行基坑支护设计时,现行规范采用朗肯土压力理论计算基坑支护结构土压力。这种设计计算方法是基于饱和土力学理论的,误差较大。依据非饱和土力学理论,对基坑非饱和土体主动土压力及被动土压力计算公式进行了推导。在此基础上,以实际工程为例,就基质吸力及施工季节对基坑支护结构土压力的影响进行了探讨。     

不同面板形式加筋土挡墙结构特性现场试验研究

以成昆铁路复线加筋土挡墙为工程依托进行现场原位试验,对比分析工后9个月内新型整体式面板、内嵌返包结构的模块式面板和模块式面板3类加筋土挡墙的结构特性。在此期间发生两次地震,监测了震后挡墙变形及土压力变化。结果表明:整体式面板加筋土挡墙整体稳定性最好,具有良好的抗震性能,格栅应变变化率、墙体压缩量和墙面水平位移均最小。整体式面板和模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈M型,内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙墙背土压力沿墙高近似呈倒S型。整体式面板加筋土挡墙的侧向土压力系数沿墙高变化较小,小于美国联邦公路局(FHWA)加筋设计指南计算值;内嵌返包结构的模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数沿墙高呈增大的趋势,挡墙中、下部小于FHWA计算值,上部接近或大于静止土压力系数;模块式面板加筋土挡墙侧向土压力系数大部分处在FHWA计算值与静止土压力系数之间。3类挡墙土工格栅应变沿墙高均呈非线性变化。挡墙墙体压缩量随着时间的增加逐渐增加,在工后前50 d时间内增加速率较快,随后增加速率减缓,进入雨季之后增加速率再次增大。发生地震后,3类加筋土挡墙均出现不同程度的墙背土压力减小、格栅应变增大、墙体压缩量增加和墙面板外移的现象。