减围压平面应变压缩试验条件下丰浦砂中剪切带特性研究

不同于常规土体单元试验中恒定围压的应力路径,进行了减围压（卸载）应力路径下丰浦砂的平面应变压缩试验,研究了初始围压和初始相对密度对砂土的剪切强度和剪切带特性的影响。结合二维数字图像（DIC）相关方法,分析剪切带的形成过程,对剪切带的厚度和倾角及其影响因素进行定量地分析。研究结果表明,剪切带形成于峰值剪切强度之前;对于密实丰浦砂试样,随着围压的增加,其剪切强度(最大有效主应力比)减小且峰值强度出现越晚,剪切带厚度减小而剪切带倾角变化不大;丰浦砂试样的相对密度越高,剪切强度越大且峰值强度出现越早,剪切带厚度越小而剪切带倾角越高。此外,基于峰值内摩擦角的Coulomb公式可以较好地预测平面应变试验条件下丰浦砂的最大剪切带倾角。     

Numerical studies of shear banding in interface shear tests using a new strain calculation method

Strain localization is closely associated with the stress–strain behaviour of an interphase system subject to quasi‐static direct interface shear, especially after peak stress state is reached. This behaviour is important because it is closely related to deformations experienced by geotechnical composite structures. This paper presents a study using two‐dimensional discrete element method (DEM) simulations on the strain localization of an idealized interphase system composed of densely packed spherical particles in contact with rough manufactured surfaces. The manufactured surface is made up of regular or irregular triangular asperities with varying slopes. A new simple method of strain calculation is used in this study to generate strain field inside a simulated direct interface shear box. This method accounts for particle rotation and captures strain localization features at high resolution. Results show that strain localization begins with the onset of non‐linear stress–strain behaviour. A distinct but discontinuous shear band emerges above the rough surface just before the peak stress state, which becomes more expansive and coherent with post‐peak strain softening. It is found that the shear bands developed by surfaces with smaller roughness are much thinner than those developed by surfaces with greater roughness. The maximum thickness of the intense shear zone is observed to be about 8–10 median particle diameters. The shear band orientations, which are mainly dominated by the rough boundary surface, are parallel with the zero extension direction, which are horizontally oriented. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simulation study of microstructure evolution inside the shear band in biaxial compression test

We study the development of microstructure inside the shear band in granular media consisting of elliptical‐shaped particles. Plane strain biaxial compression test was simulated using two‐dimensional distinct element method. The generation of large voids and concentration of excessive particle rotation inside a shear band are found in a quite similar manner to those observed in natural soils. Evolution of the microstructure inside and outside the shear band is studied. The magnitude and direction of particle rotation inside the shear band is influenced by orientation of long axes of elliptical particles. Because of such particle rotations inside the shear band, the preferred alignment of particles becomes horizontal in the residual state, which results in a more anisotropic contact normal distribution oriented along the major principal stress axis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An approach to determining the thicknesses of shear bands with an echelon‐crack structure

In this paper, the internal structure of shear band is investigated, and a model of the shear band with an echelon crack structure is developed. The model assumes the shear band to be composed of two conjugate sets of echelon cracks, such that the smaller echelon cracks are embedded in the space of the larger ones. The additional strain induced by the echelon cracks and the anisotropic development of the compliance tensor in the shear band zone are analyzed. The critical crack density at the onset of shear band is obtained by applying the bifurcation condition. Deviating from previous approaches, the new procedure evaluates the thickness of shear band based on the geometrical characteristics of echelon crack arrays and the failure probability of grain boundaries in the longitudinal direction at the onset of shear band. Parametric analysis shows that grain size, internal friction angle, dilation angle, and failure probability of grain boundaries are the dominant factors that account for the shear band thickness. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. The model soundly explains that the measurements of the shear band thickness are generally scattered, ranging from 4 to 30 (or even more) times the grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于梯度塑性本构理论的岩样侧向变形分析(Ⅰ):基本理论及本构参数对侧向变形的影响

研究了岩样在单轴压缩条件下轴向应力．侧向或环向变形的全程曲线特征。基于考虑峰值剪切强度后微小结构之间相互影响和作用的梯度塑性理论，得到了由于剪切局部化而引起的侧向塑性变形。利用虎克定律描述了试件的弹性变形，得到了轴向应力．侧向变形全程曲线的解析解。在软化阶段，试件中部侧向变形及对靠近试件上端或下端部位的侧向变形并不相同。与轴向应力．应变曲线可能出现的回跳现象类似。试件中部轴向应力．侧向应变曲线也可能出现回跳现象。在应变软化阶段，与应力．侧向应变曲线相比，应力．环向应变曲线不容易发生回跳现象。若在试件内部出现多条剪切带，则应该以等效剪切带宽度替代本文中的剪切带宽度。随着剪切带倾角、内部长度参数的降低、剪切模量的增加及弹性模量的降低，轴向应力．侧向应变曲线越陡；甚至能出现弹性回跳。     

Propagation of a shear band in sandstone

Closed‐loop, servo‐controlled experiments were conducted to investigate the development of a shear band in Berea sandstone at various confining pressures. The tests were performed with the University of Minnesota Plane‐Strain Apparatus, which was designed to allow the shear band to develop in an unrestricted manner. Measured load and displacements provided estimates of the stress and deformation states whereby dilatancy and friction were evaluated prior to localization. Experiments were stopped at various stages of shear‐band development within the strain‐softening regime. The specimens displayed a progression of deformation from inception, where the shear band was characterized by a high density of intragranular microcracks and crushed grains, to the tip where the intragranular microcracks were significantly less dense and separated by intact grains. Decreased slip deformation towards the tip of the shear band indicated that localization developed and propagated in plane. Thin‐section microscopy showed porosity increase within the shear band was 3–4 grain diameters wide. Increased porosity did not extend beyond the tip of the shear band. A cohesive zone model of shear fracture, used to examine the stress field near the tip, showed similarities to principal compressive stress orientations interpreted from intragranular microcracks. Thus, propagation of the shear band could be associated with in‐plane mode II fracture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the evolution of simple shear in saturated soils

Development of shear bands in saturated soils is a multi-stage process based on the theoretical and numerical investigations in this paper. The soil is initially in homogenous shear strain state, and the instability can be characterized by a dimensionless number D. The inhomogenous distribution of shear strains appears when D>1, and the shear band will initiate and develop gradually. Numerical solutions show that only single shear band that is finally formed in the central region of the specimen even several disturbances (distributed along the specimen) appear in the beginning. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Undrained shear band in water saturated granular media: A critical revisiting with numerical examples

By taking into account the continuity of stresses and pore pressure across the boundaries of a shear band, it is theoretically shown that incipient localization may take place in saturated loose contractive sand in the regime of decreasing deviator stress under undrained conditions. The undrained shear band orientation primarily depends on the Poisson's ratio and the dilatancy characteristics of the material. However, under strict isochoric constraint, localization is precluded in dense dilative sand with deviator stress increasing only. If any local volume change takes place with a certain mechanism, undrained shear band would be possible in dense sand, most likely in the regime of decreasing friction angle after the peak friction angle is mobilized. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the variation of shear band inclinations with void ratios and initial consolidation pressures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strain localization in sand: an overview of the experimental results obtained in Grenoble using stereophotogrammetry

Experimental results are presented from the extensive program of drained plane strain compression tests on sand carried out in Grenoble over the last two decades. Systematic analysis of photographs of the deforming specimen allowed for measuring deformations and determining strain fields throughout the test, that is: prior to, at, and after the onset of strain localization. The principles, details and accuracy of the procedure are described, as well as its suitability to properly depict the patterns of deformation. Findings concerning the occurrence and progression of strain localization are discussed. The issues of shear band orientation and thickness are addressed, as well as temporary and persistent complex localization patterns, and the volumetric behaviour inside a band after its formation. The influence of such variables as initial state of the sand (effective stress and relative density), specimen size and slenderness, as well as grain size, is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

基于图像相关分析的土体剪切带识别方法

提出了一种基于数字照相量测和图像相关性分析技术的土体剪切带识别方法。首先,在模型试验中,用数码相机采集土体全程变形图像序列;接着,在图像全局观测范围内粗略搜索到剪切带发生的大致区域;然后,布置跨越剪切区域的多对测点线,进行局部范围精密搜索,识别出剪切带的准确位置与形状, 并确定剪切带的边界点。与在模型上描画网格线等传统方法相比,该法操作简单,量测准确,适用于模型试验中岩土材料的剪切带识别及其厚度、倾角、带内变形和演变过程等特性的试验研究;最后,给出了一个大型砂土剪切试验中的应用实例。结果表明,基于图像相关分析的识别土体剪切带的方法是可行而有效的。     

三明治形加筋土筋-土界面动力剪切特性

三明治形加筋土是一种在黏土中加入加筋砂层形成的混合填料形式的新型加筋土。为了研究不同条件下三明治形加筋土筋-土界面的动力剪切特性,采用大型直剪仪对三明治形加筋土进行了一系列循环剪切试验,研究了不同薄砂层厚度、循环剪切幅值和竖向应力对界面剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明：筋-土界面的剪应力峰值随着循环次数的增加而增加,循环周次为10时,薄砂层厚度为5、6、7、8、9 mm的条件下,筋-土界面的剪应力峰值分别为24.84、27.4、27.94、26.33、24.68 kPa,表明薄砂层厚度为7 mm时,筋-土界面在循环剪切阶段的峰值剪应力最大;剪切幅值越大,界面循环剪切的最终剪缩量越大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度和阻尼比越小;在不同竖向应力下,界面在循环剪切过程中都发生了循环剪切硬化现象,循环周次为10时,竖向应力为30、60、90 kPa的条件下,筋-土界面的剪应力峰值分别为20.4、25.14、32.96 kPa,表明剪应力峰值随竖向应力的增大而增大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度也随竖向应力的增大而增大。     

The role of non‐coaxiality in the simulation of strain localization based on classical and Cosserat continua

It is normally accepted that materials inside the shear band undergo severe rotation of the principal stress direction, which causes non‐coaxiality between the principal stress and principal plastic strain rate. However, classical plasticity flow theory implicitly assumes that the principal stress and the principal plastic strain rate are coaxial; thus, it may not correctly predict the onset of the shear band. In addition, classical continuum does not contain any internal length scales; as a result, it cannot provide a reasonable shear band thickness. In this study, the original vertex non‐coaxial plastic model based on the classical continuum is extended to the Cosserat continuum. The corresponding codes are implemented via the interface of the user defined element subroutine in ABAQUS. Through a simple shear test, the effectiveness of the user's codes is verified. Through a uniaxial compression test, the influence of non‐coaxiality on the onset, the orientation, and the thickness of the shear band is investigated. Results show that the onset of the shear localization is delayed, and the thickness of the shear band is widened when the non‐coaxial degree increases, while the orientation of the shear band is little affected by the non‐coaxial degree. In addition, it is found that the non‐coaxiality can weaken the micro‐polar effect to some extent; nonetheless, the Cosserat non‐coaxial model still has its advantage over the classical non‐coaxial model in capturing the pre‐bifurcation as well as the post‐bifurcation behaviors of strain localization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non‐linear analysis of shear band formation in sand

The paper investigates the incipience of shear band with an incrementally non‐linear constitutive equation. Necessary conditions for the emergence of shear band are derived. The lower bound solution is obtained by taking the strain rate inside and outside the shear band into consideration. Numerical results of localized bifurcation for general stress and strain are presented and compared with experiments. In the principal stress space, the stresses at the onset of shear band form a surface, which is partially enclosed by the failure surface for homogeneous straining. The significance of the analysis for identification of the material parameters and verification of the constitutive model against experiments is discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单粒组密砂剪切带的直剪试验离散元数值分析

为分析砂土的剪切力学特性,采用离散元商业软件PFC2D对单粒组密砂在直剪试验中出现的剪切带进行了数值分析。改进传统的分条带观察方式,采用矩形格分割法观察试样内部不同区域的变形特性。对离散元商业软件进行了二次开发,实现了大小主应力及其应力主方向角的可视化,分析了试样内部的应力偏转情况。同时,以纯转动率和颗粒速度等微观变量为中心,观察了试样内部颗粒的运动状态,解析了直剪试验中砂土剪切带形成的微观机制。研究表明,直剪试验中应变局部化区域集中在剪切面附近的一个条带内。通过转动场和速度场的分析可知,剪切带宽度约为10～15倍的砂土平均粒径,带内颗粒转动明显,带边缘出现大的速度和转动变化梯度。对组构和接触力分布的分析可知,剪切过程中粒间接触点和接触力的主轴方向发生了相一致的偏转,偏转后的主轴方向为60°左右。     

采用环剪仪对超固结黏土抗剪强度特性的研究

利用大型高速环剪仪,对不同超固结比、法向应力和剪切速率下的超固结饱和黏土的峰值强度和残余强度特性进行了研究,并对循环荷载作用前后残余强度的变化进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明,（1）超固结比对超固结黏土的峰值强度和残余强度有着明显的影响;（2）在剪切速率相同的条件下,土体达到残余强度时的位移取决于现存的应力状态,而与应力历史无关;（3）剪切速率越大,峰值强度随之增大,达到稳定残余强度时的剪切位移也随之增加,但剪切速率的变化对残余强度值几乎没有影响;（4）在循环荷载作用下残余强度不同程度的降低,最大降低幅度达12.2 %;当土体剪切面为不规则剪切带时,施加循环荷载后出现残余强度上升的现象。     

基于数字图像分析的土工合成材料加筋砂土拉拔试验研究

由于加筋土界面作用的复杂性,加筋土工程建设中铺设土工格栅时往往采用经验的方法,很大程度上造成了土工格栅的浪费及工程安全隐患,理清不同填料筋土界面作用的影响范围,有助于确定加筋土结构的合理加筋间距。为了揭示不同填料筋土界面作用的影响范围,采用4种不同类型的砂土与格栅在不同法向应力下进行了一系列的拉拔试验,并结合数字图像量测技术,分析了不同类型砂土下界面剪切带厚度、颗粒位移矢量、格栅拉拔阻力峰值及应变等演变规律。研究表明：界面剪切带厚度H随法向应力σ_v与砂土平均粒径d₅₀的增加而增大,通过多变量拟合的方法,得到了H、σ_v与d₅₀三者之间的函数表达式;格栅在拉拔过程中,砂土颗粒位移矢量以土工格栅为界有着显著的差别,格栅上部的颗粒位移矢量明显大于下部颗粒,且在格栅上下一定范围内会形成颗粒位移矢量集中带;拉拔阻力峰值随σ_v及d₅₀的增加而增大;不同类型砂土各区段的格栅应变均表现出由前向后依次递减的趋势。     

Modelling strain localization in granular materials using micropolar theory: numerical implementation and verification

Implementation and applications for a constitutive numerical model on F‐75 silica sand, course silica sand and two sizes of glass beads compressed under plane strain conditions are presented in this work. The numerical model is used to predict the stress versus axial strain and volumetric strain versus axial strain relationships of those materials; moreover, comparisons between measured and predicted shear band thickness and inclination angles are discussed and the numerical results compare well with the experimental measurements. The numerical model is found to respond to the changes in confining pressure and the initial relative density of a given granular material. The mean particle size is used as an internal length scale. Increasing the confining pressure and the initial density is found to decrease the shear band thickness and increase the inclination angle. The micropolar or Cosserat theory is found to be effective in capturing strain localization in granular materials. The finite element formulations and the solution method for the boundary value problem in the updated Lagrangian frame (UP) are discussed in the companion paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于数字图像测量系统的饱和细砂渐进破坏特性研究

基于亚像素角点检测的数字图像测量系统能够记录三轴试样表面方块角点的位移,从而获得试样表面每一时刻的局部应变及应变场。分析了试样不同位置的局部径向应变在剪切过程中的变化,获得了以不同初始成样含水率制备的松砂和密砂试样在不同特征时刻的应力与应变的特征值。通过轴向应变场的变化分析了从应变局部化出现到剪切带发育、形成的这一完整的渐进破坏过程,总结了剪切带形成时的局部最大轴向应变特征值,并定性地分析了剪切带内、外土体在渐进破坏过程中不同的轴向应变增长率。试验结果表明：在应变场中试样应变局部化明显,并可以依此确定应变局部化的出现、剪切带的形成;对于密砂及初始含水率为0%制备的松砂试样,应力在应变局部化出现之初即达到峰值,剪切带形成时应力已经开始下降,进入应变软化阶段;以初始含水率为6%和12%制备的松砂试样在达到应力峰值时剪切带已经形成;剪切带内土体的局部轴向应变增长幅度比剪切带外的土体大得多。试样整体轴向应变的增大主要是由剪切带内土体剪切破坏产生的较大轴向应变所致。     

Effects of pore water pressure dissipation on rate dependency of shear strength in localised failure of soils

The paper presents analytical solutions for the evolution of excess pore pressures in the vicinity of a shear band in a rate‐dependent, strain‐softening permeable soil, with the aim to explore, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the potential variation of failure shear stress in the shear band. The solutions encompass both dissipation of a pre‐existing pore pressure regime within the main soil domain, and the effects of generation of additional pore pressure within the shear band itself. The simplified analytical solutions were checked by numerical inversion of exact solutions in Laplace transform space, confirming their high accuracy. The solutions show that it is possible for the failure shear stress to rise initially because of short‐term dissipation of the pre‐existing excess pore pressure at a faster rate than generation of new excess pore pressure within the shear band. This apparent strain hardening in a strain‐softening soil can be misleading in that it can temporarily slow down the sliding mass and create a false sense of stabilization of the slope. It can also result in additional temporary shear resistance for sliding foundations or pipelines on the seabed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单剪条件下主应力大小及主应力轴方向

对单剪条件下的应力莫尔圆变化过程进行详细分析,将莫尔圆从初始状态到破坏状态的大、小主应力变化过程看做由若干个等增量步组成,从而推导出任意剪应力状态与初始状态对应的小主应力差值与两者大主应力差值的比为一常数,该常数可以根据初始状态莫尔圆和破坏时对应的莫尔圆确定。推导出单剪条件下任意剪应力对应的大、小主应力及主应力轴方向的表达式。讨论了土体材料参数及法向应力对主应力轴偏转过程的影响以及大、小主应力与剪应力的关系。结果表明：在土体材料参数一定的条件下,主应力轴方向由应力比唯一确定;法向应力一定,土体的摩擦角越小,相同剪应力对应的主应力偏转角越大;剪切起始阶段,主应力变化缓慢,随着剪应力增大,主应力急剧变化至土样破坏时保持不变。