广西地区地震动衰减Q值和场地响应研究

根据2007-2013年广西数字测震台网21个地震台的665条波形资料,运用三段几何衰减模型,采用Akinson方法多台多地震联合反演,得到广西地区非弹性衰减Q值,利用Moya方法进行台站的场地响应测算.结果表明:广西地区非弹性衰减Q值和频率f线性关系较好,Q(f)=366.3f0.47;其中10个台站的场地响应在1附近,且随频率变化波动小;百色、桂林、梧州地震台场地响应随着高频增加而缓慢降低;钦州地震台低频部分较为平坦,高频部分有较为明显的放大效应;河池地震台低频部分较为平坦,在频率7 Hz以上快速下降;南宁地震台仪器通带范围的能量场地响应有明显的放大效应.     

利用遗传算法反演山西地区非弹性衰减系数和场地响应

运用山西地震台网的27条数字地震波形资料,基于遗传算法,用Atkinson方法得到山西地区的品质因子Q值随频率的关系.采用Moya方法反演地震的台站场地响应,40个台站的场地响应均表现为与频率有关,其中27个台站的场地响应在频率域不平坦,只有部分台站的场地响应基本没有放大,在1附近,主要是由于这些台站的仪器安放于干扰较小的山洞所致.     

河北地区地震波Q值与场地响应

利用2009—2015年河北地震台网记录的156条地震波形数据,基于Atkinson方法,计算河北地区非弹性衰减系数随频率的幂函数,求得Q值。采用Moya方法,反演得到144个地震台站的场地响应。将地震台按台基类型分为5类进行分析,结果显示,各类台基地震台场地响应随频率变化特征差异明显。     

辽宁地区S波非弹性衰减Q值及台站场地响应研究

利用辽宁省地震台网2009~2014年所记录到的39个地震事件,震级为M_L3.2~4.6,研究了辽宁地区S波非弹性衰减Q值和台站的场地响应,得到辽宁地区的Q值和频率之间的关系Q(f)=552.7f~(0.2801)。说明辽宁地区处于Q值的中等范围,地震活动性相对较低;同时得到了32个台站的场地响应,大部分台站的场地响应基本在1附近,无明显的场地放大效应。     

陕西省地震动衰减及台站场地响应研究

利用陕西省测震台网的25个台站和2008—2010年所记录到的19个地震进行了陕西省Q值及台站场地响应值的计算,得出非弹性衰减Q值随频率f的关系为Q（f）=826.57f 0.3538。这说明陕西省处于高Q值区域,地壳相对较稳定,地震活动性相对较弱。计算得到的陕西省数字测震台网25个台站的场地响应值,其中,只有铜川台（...     

利用遗传算法反演山东地区S波非弹性衰减及场地响应

采用山东地震台网记录的地震资料,基于Atkinson方法计算得出研究区非弹性衰减Q值与频率f的关系为Q(f)=457.1f~(0.4317)。基于Moya方法得到山东台网中46个台站的场地响应,其中大部分台站效果比较理想,BSH、BZH、DOY、KEL、SHH、TZH、WEF台站存在较明显的放大效应,BZH、CHD、DOY、KEL、SHH、TCH、WEF台站的场地响应在6Hz以上出现显著的高频衰减。     

山西地区非弹性衰减系数、场地响应和震源参数的研究

根据山西数字地震台网14个地震台的310条波形资料,研究了山西地区的非弹性衰减系数,采用Atkinson和Moya方法研究了各台的场地响应和几个震源参数,并对这两种方法的反演结果进行了对比分析.得到山西地区介质品质因子Q值随频率f的关系为;Q(f)=323.2f0.506;得到的14个台站的场地响应均没有显示出明显的放大效应,这与山西台站均处于岩石地基相符;得到拐角频率和地震矩、地震矩和应力降、震源半径和应力降之间存在依赖关系.     

福建地区地震波非弹性衰减Q值、场地响应及震源参数研究

利用Atkinson方法结合福建数字地震台网28个数字地震台记录的70个地震事件波形资料,对福建地区的非弹性衰减系数进行研究,得出福建地区介质平均Q值与频率f的关系式。利用Moya方法分别计算了福建台网"九五"和"十五"系统的台站场地响应,共获得37个地震台站的场地响应。最后根据Brune模型计算了2000年1月1日至2011年9月30日福建台网记录的省内及临近海域ML2.5以上157次地震的震源参数,这些地震ML震级与地震矩M0在单对数坐标下成线性关系,与震源尺度及应力降没有明显相关性。     

山西地区非弹性衰减系数、场地响应和几种震源参数的研究.

根据山西数字地震台网14个地震台的310条波形资料，研究了山西地区的非弹性衰减系数；采用Atkinson和Moya方法，研究了各台的场地响应和几种震源参数，并对这两种方法的反演结果进行了对比分析. 得到山西地区非弹性衰减Q值随频率f的关系为Q(f)=323.2f 0.506；得到的14个台站的场地响应均没有显示出明显的放大效应，这与山西台站均处于岩石地基相符；得到了拐角频率与地震矩、地震矩与应力降、震源半径与应力降之间存在依赖关系.      

北京地区中小地震震源参数反演

利用2001年10月——2004年10月该台网记录到的511条波形资料, 分别以北京及附近地区、 北京西部山区和东部平原区作为研究区域, 采用Atkinson和Mereu方法计算各自的Q值, 并与已有的结果进行对比, 讨论了Q值计算结果的可靠性及差异存在的原因. 在此基础上, 利用Moya等方法进行了震源参数和场地响应的反演,计算时采用了两种模型:① 分区的Q值、地震和台站;② 全区的Q值、地震和台站. 结果表明,两种模型得到的震源参数和场地响应基本一致,同时也说明了采用这些方法得到的震源参数不受台网大小的限制.      

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.