改进的卡尔曼灰色模型在隧道沉降预测中的应用

为提高地表沉降预测精度,针对灰色预测模型(GM(1,1))易受随机干扰影响致使预测精度不高的问题,建立了基于卡尔曼滤波的灰色理论预测模型。考虑到沉降量受到温度和时间因素影响较大的特点,将地表的沉降看作时间、温度的相关函数来建立卡尔曼滤波模型,并利用迭代滤波理论和LevenbergMarquardt优化滤波,构建改进的卡尔曼滤波模型。改进的卡尔曼滤波模型与灰色模型相结合,应用于地表沉降预测中,并将改进的卡尔曼滤波灰色模型预测结果与卡尔曼滤波灰色模型的预测结果进行对比。实例计算表明,使用改进的卡尔曼滤波对消除检测数据扰动误差后的数据进行灰色模型预测的精度相比于单纯灰色预测的预测精度更高。     

灰色预测在建筑物沉降变形分析中的应用

本文将灰色系统理论的GM(1,1)模型应用于建筑物沉降变形数据分析,结合南宁市民生广场沉降观测实例,进行沉降预测结果的分析和检验,充分证实了在建筑物沉降变形分析中应用灰色预测方法的可行性。     

EXCEL在GM(1,1)模型沉降数据建模计算中的 应用与实现

介绍了灰色系统的基本原理、建模过程、模型精度等级评定方法,针对高层建筑沉降的特点,运用灰色系统的基本原理,在EXCEL表格中输入相关计算公式,对高层建筑沉降观测数据进行处理计算,建立高层建筑的GM(1,1)模型,并进行沉降预测与精度分析,预测结果与实测结果较吻合,计算过程简单直观,数据处理自动准确,可以轻松实现灰色预测,效率提升且预测结果精度较高,具有一定的实用性。     

优化背景值的时变参数GM(1,1)在铁路沉降中的应用

针对传统的GM(1,1)模型在建筑(构筑)物形变和沉降预测中的灰色作用量恒定和背景值构造有偏差的缺陷,该文通过引入线性时间项的灰色作用量和广义加权构造最优背景值相结合的方法构建了优化背景值的时变参数GM(1,1)模型。以实际铁路沉降监测点的累计沉降监测数据为例,分别采用传统的GM(1,1)模型、时变参数GM(1,1)模型和优化背景值的时变参数GM(1,1)模型对观测数据进行了拟合和预测。结果表明,优化背景值的时变参数GM(1,1)模型的拟合和预测精度相比传统GM(1,1)模型和时变参数GM(1,1)模型有很大提高,适合于铁路沉降数据的监控和分析。研究结果可为铁路的沉降预测提供一定的参考价值。     

灰色预测模型在地面沉降中的应用

城市地面沉降已经成为城市发展的严重制约因素,很多城市都在积极采取控制沉降的措施.地面沉降趋势的预测可为地面沉降防控提供数据参考.本文基于天津某地区沉降监测数据,采用灰色理论建立GM(1,1)模型对沉降趋势进行预测.结果 显示,利用灰色模型预测地面沉降具有较高的精度,能够在地面沉降的预测研究中发挥作用.     

基于灰色支持向量机的地铁沉降滚动预测

为了确保地铁隧道主体结构和周边环境安全,必须对地铁隧道结构进行沉降监测,对监测数据进行及时分析与反馈,并对以后的沉降情况作出预测,对防止事故发生有着重要的现实意义。本文结合灰色系统理论和支持向量机(SVM)的基本原理,采用滚动预测的方式建立灰色支持向量机沉降预测模型,以提高沉降预测精度。通过工程实例的预测结果对比表明,组合模型与灰色和SVM两个单独预测模型相比能够更准确的反映实际的沉降过程,具有很大的应用价值。     

基于小波去噪的灰色Verhulst模型在高铁路基沉降预测的应用

高铁路基需严格控制工后不均匀沉降。鉴于高铁路基沉降预测值精度受观测噪声和预测拟合函数的影响,本文提出了基于小波函数去噪,对去噪数据进行灰色Verhulst模型预测的方法,并阐述了高铁路基沉降预测评价方法。通过工程实例对比分析了去噪灰色Verhulst模型、GM(1,1)模型、双曲线模型在沉降数据处理中的拟合精度和预测精度。结果表明:GM(1,1)模型拟合精度高,预测精度低,不适用于长期预测;双曲线法预测精度最低,预测曲线不包含路基饱和发展过程;小波去噪灰色Verhulst模型符合高铁路基沉降规律,预测精度高,可以广泛用于路基沉降预测。     

基于PSInSAR的水溶矿区沉降预测

针对水溶矿区地表沉降监测与预测中传统大地测量监测手段所获结果空间分辨率较低的问题,利用PSInSAR进行了水溶矿区地表沉降监测;基于PSInSAR监测结果,分别采用GM(1,1)灰色模型、BP神经网络模型和多项式拟合模型进行沉降预测;以均方误差和相关系数为精度的衡量标准,将预测结果与实际结果进行对比,分析了3种模型的预测精度。结果表明,针对某水溶性矿山,基于PSInSAR数据构建的GM(1,1)灰色模型预测精度最高,可通过该方法为矿区的开采提供良好的高空间分辨率的短期预测。     

马尔可夫残差修正模型的高铁路基变形预测

针对灰色系统模型在变形预测中存在预测结果不理想的问题,给出马尔可夫残差修正模型,首先应用灰色预测模型对未来的沉降变形进行预测,然后用马尔可夫过程对预测结果修正,提高预测精度。应用表明:马尔可夫残差修正模型的预测值与观测数据的拟合结果优于传统灰色系统预测模型以及残差修正模型,其预测精度明显提高,沉降预测值更为可靠,可为工程监测提供科学决策依据。     

改进的灰色模型在建筑物沉降预测中的应用

介绍灰色非等间距GM(1,1)模型的建立及其精度评定方法,着重探讨模型精度的主要影响因素,并从模型背景值的构造以及初值选取两个方面对灰色非等间距GM(1,1)模型进行改进,结合高层建筑沉降监测实例进行预测结果分析,结果表明,改进后的灰色模型具有较高的精度,在沉降预测中具有较高的应用价值。     

Examining the C1-P1 Pseudorange Bias

Use of GPS tracking data from different dual-frequency receiver types (cross-correlating vs. codeless) has revealed satellite-dependent biases in pseudorange observables P1 (Y-code) and C1 (C/A, Clear Acquisition code). These biases can have a direct effect on clock estimates, carrier phase bias fixing, and other parameters estimated in GPS data processing. A set of satellite-specific compensatory pseudorange offsets is calculated, and each is applied to a wee of daily global network analyses in which satlellite, receiver, atmospheric, and Earth rotation parameters are estimated. Results from these analyses are then compared to those from corresponding baseline cases in which no biases were applied. There is also some evidence that suggests that the pseudorange biases differ even among codeless receiver models. Hence, a second set of offsets is computed on a different basis, and compared with the baseline model in a similar manner. A preliminary examination of C1-P1 variations over time is presented. Finally, recommendations are made for the use of the calculated offsets, and consideration is given to a future dissemination of updates to these values as necessary. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

《1:500 1:1000 1:2000外业数字测图规程》修订情况说明

外业数字测图是大比例尺测绘地理信息成果生产的重要方法,GB/T14912《1∶500 1∶1000 1∶2000外业数字测图规程》规定了外业数字测图方法生产大比例尺数字测绘地理信息成果的作业方法和技术规定。这次修订对原标准内容进行了补充和完善,增补了外业数字测图新技术需要规范的内容,同时与相关的测绘地理信息标准进行统一和协调,对外业数字测图作业的技术内容、要求进行约定和规范,指导数字测绘地理信息成果生产,保证作业质量。     

《基础地理信息数字成果1：50001：100001：250001：500001：100000数字高程模型》修订说明

随着数字摄影测量技术、LiDAR和InSAR等测绘高新技术的发展,数字高程模型在数据获取、生产技术和工艺等方面较以往发生了很大变化。2001年首次发布的行业标准《基础地理信息数字产品1：100001：50000数字高程模型》在很大程度上已经不能反映当前我国DEM生产的实际状况,有必要对该标准进行修订。深入分析和研究美国、英国、加拿大等国DEM相关标准,并充分考虑我国测绘生产的实际状况,对该标准的相关内容和技术指标进行修订,提高标准的现势性,保证相关标准之间的协调性和完整性,能更好地满足测绘生产和用户的实际需要。     

1：2000数字高程模型（DEM）在高速公路设计中的应用

阐述了生产DEM过程中应注意的问题及DEM在高速公路设计中的应用。     

Atmospheric Correction Methods for GF-1 WFV1 Data in Hazy Weather

Increasing hazy weather in the eastern area of China limits the potential application of high-resolution satellite data and poses a huge challenge for the atmospheric correction of remote sensing images. Consequently, it is necessary to find the most suitable atmospheric correction method under hazy condition. In this study, five kinds of atmospheric correction models, including 6S, COST, FLAASH, QUAC, and ATCOR2, are applied to the GaoFen-1 Wild Field Camera (GF-1 WFV1) data in the eastern area of China, and examined by both quantitative and qualitative analyses using the measured spectrum data. Experimental results indicated that ATCOR2 achieves the best performance among the atmospheric correction methods qualitatively and quantitatively. Hence, specifically for the study area and GF-1 WFV1 dataset, ATCOR2 is the most suitable atmospheric correction approach under hazy in the eastern area of China.     

Towards a 1 mGal accuracy and 1 min resolution altimetry gravity field

Over the past three decades, radar altimetry has made a significant contribution to marine gravity field modeling. To improve the accuracy and resolution, we propose a new twin-satellite altimetry. Such a system has several advantages. Among others, it provides (i) twice the number of samples per time epoch, and (ii) information about the cross-track surface gradient with high accuracy because most of the environmental and tidal errors will be common to the simultaneous measurements and therefore cancel out when computing the cross-track gradient computation. We describe a rigorous procedure for the deduction of the sea surface gradient at each altimeter observation point (i.e., not only at the crossovers), from the twin-satellite altimetry system. The precision of the gradient will be slightly affected by orbit errors, instrument drift, and inaccuracies in the geophysical corrections to be applied. We also demonstrate that a 1 mGal accuracy and 1 min resolution marine altimetry gravity field can be obtained if certain conditions are met. To achieve the expected goal, we recommend an orbital configuration, phasing two satellites in 4-s time delay such that the Earth rotation creates a natural baseline between the two satellites, and a 18 kHz SAR altimeter.     

Pass processing of IRS-1C/1D PAN subscene blocks

This paper describes a method for pass processing of IRS-1C/1D imagery acquired by the three CCD arrays of the panchromatic (PAN) camera. It is based on the fact that during a single pass, the image data stream from the three CCD arrays of the PAN camera can be adjusted together as a single image, exploiting the knowledge of the internal geometry and the angular relationships between the CCD arrays. The geometry of this extended image can be rectified with a single ground control point (GCP). A full PAN scene consists of nine subscenes, each with a dimension of 23.5 km×23.5 km. The method is not restricted in the number of continuous full scenes (in the same pass) that can be adjusted. The scale variations between the images from the three detectors are corrected by computing the relative focal lengths of detectors 1 and 3 with respect to detector 2. Two tests were conducted to verify the accuracy of the adjustment procedure. Average root-mean-square (RMS) errors of ±10.5 m in the latitude direction and ±11.3 m in the longitude direction were obtained with a single surveyed GCP and a set of survey points used as checkpoints. The results of the tests show that the adjustment of full PAN scenes, as proposed in this paper, is an effective means of reducing the number of GCPs required for precise determination of ground coordinates.     

变异时序回归GM(1,1)模型

鉴于在GM(1,1)预测模型中,灰参数与背景值导致的GM(1,1)模型的残差,本文提出将残差引入到时序中,对时序进行变异,利用不同的曲线回归方程对变异时序进行估计.基于对不同回归方程估计结果的误差分析,选用最佳的回归方程作为GM(1,1)变异时序预测方程;并将预测结果作为GM(1,1)模型的变量k.实例计算表明,变异时...     

双树乡1∶1000地形图测量技术设计

设计利用全站仪与GPS-RTK联合作业进行野外数据采集,通过CASS6.0成图软件进行内业成图,完成龙港区双树乡1∶1 000地形图测量工作。主要叙述了RTK技术在地形图图根测量、碎部测量中的可行性和RTK外业测量的操作步骤、注意事项,阐述了RTK定位技术的相关原理,说明了RTK与全站仪联合进行数字化测图是一种高速度、高效率的新方法,对于地形条件复杂的地区,考虑到全站仪与RTK技术的优缺点,可以采用RTK与全站仪联合作业的方式进行地形图的测绘。在测区内不需要进行图根控制测量,使RTK与全站仪优势互补,可大幅度提高测量速度,且可保证测图精度。