ENSO对亚洲夏季风环流和中国夏季降水影响的诊断研究

文中以ＳＶＤ分析技术为基础,发展了一种用以提取一个矢量场和一个标量场耦合信号的统计诊断方法——联合ＳＶＤ方法（简记为ＣＳＶＤ）,并运用ＣＳＶＤ分析了ＥＮＳＯ对亚洲季风环流系统及中国夏季降水的年际变化的影响。结果表明,在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年,印度夏季风减弱,东亚夏季风增强;而在ＬａＮｉｎａ年,印度夏季风增强,东亚夏季风减弱。且ＥＮＳＯ对亚洲夏季风环流影响显著的区域主要在长江流域南北气流交汇区和索马里急流区,而对中国夏季降水影响最显著的区域则在江淮流域。     

ENSO年东亚夏季风异常对中国江、淮流域夏季降水的影响

利用Nio3指数,把ENSO循环不同位相的夏季划分为4类并进行聚类分析,发现ElNio发展期和LaNia衰减期可以聚为一类,其夏季淮河流域降水往往偏多,长江中下游降水偏少;ElNio衰减期和LaNia发展期可以聚为一类,其夏季长江中下游地区降水往往偏多,淮河流域降水往往偏少。而后对这两大类中的年份分别聚类和合成分析。结果发现,这次聚类的结果反映了强弱夏季风对江、淮地区降水的影响。这一方面表明ENSO循环的同一位相既可能对应强东亚夏季风也可能对应弱夏季风,另一方面表明ENSO循环通过影响东亚夏季风环流异常的范围而使雨带位置发生变化,东亚夏季风强弱主要使雨量多少发生变化。     

ENSO对亚洲夏季风异常和我国夏季降水的影响

首先对ＥＮＳＯ过程中亚洲夏季风环流的变化进行了诊断分析，结果表明在Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ事件和ＬａＮｉｎａ事件中亚洲夏季风系统各成员均发生不同程度的变化，甚至出现相反的变异特征。其中，对我国东部地区夏季降水进行了ＥＯＦ分析，并在此基础上分析了赤道太平洋ＳＳ－ＴＡ对我国东部地区夏季降水影响的区域和程度，该影响与ＥＮＳＯ循环的发展阶段密切相关，且在长江中下游地区和华南地区最为显著。     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA*

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 and NCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,the distribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in this paper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asian region from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and the recurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.The latter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South China Sea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northward shift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-flood rainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfall appeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China then formed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998 is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into South China Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

东亚海陆热力差指数及其与环流和降水的年际变化关系

利用 196 1～ 1999年海温和地温月平均资料 ,定义了一个海陆热力差指数 ,来表示东亚季风环流的纬向和经向海陆热力差异的变化强度 ,研究了夏季指数与东亚夏季风环流场和中国东部夏季降水的年际变化关系。结果表明 :(1)海陆热力差指数可用来表示东亚夏季风的强弱变化。强指数年东亚季风区低空西南夏季风气流和高层的东风气流明显偏强 ,表明这一年夏季风偏强 ,弱指数年反之。 (2 )海陆热力差指数能较好地反映东部季风区夏季降水的异常状况。强指数年 ,雨带偏北 ,江淮流域和长江中下游明显干旱 ,华南、华北降水偏多 ,弱指数年反之。这一降水异常特征可以从强弱海陆热力差指数年的环流场得到解释。 (3)海陆热力差指数所反映的东亚夏季风具有明显的准 2a和 3～ 6a周期的年际振荡 ,但其振幅和周期具有显著的年代际异常     

ENSO对中国夏季降水可预测性变化的研究

众多研究表明,ENSO对东亚夏季风尤其是中国夏季降水存在很大影响,已成为中国夏季降水首要的预测因子。传统的预测模型认为,当前期ENSO为暖位相状态时,夏季中国主要雨带位置偏南,长江流域降水偏多;反之,当前期ENSO为冷位相状态时,夏季中国主要雨带位置偏北,长江流域降水偏少。基于1951—2003年中国160站月平均降水资料和同时段的NOAA ERSST海表温度资料,讨论了中国夏季降水和前冬Nino3区海温关系的年代际变化。分析结果显示,近20年来二者相关性已大大衰减。作为中国夏季降水的主要预测指标,ENSO的指示意义也相应减弱。在1951—1974年,依据前冬Nino3区SSTA预测夏季降水符号准确率在67%以上的站数有43站,但在1980—2003年,同样准确率的站数只有15站。在前一个研究时段,这43站呈区域性分布于东北地区、黄河和长江流域,但后一个研究时段内的15站分布分散,不利于区域性预测。相关分析结果表明,在20世纪70年代中期之前,当前冬赤道东太平洋海温偏高时,华北和江南南部的多数测站夏季降水偏多,淮河流域降水偏少,同时梅雨开始偏晚。反之,当前冬赤道东太平洋海温偏低时,华北和江南南部夏季降水易偏少,淮河流域降水则偏多,同时梅雨开始偏早。但在20世纪80年代之后,上述对应关系较难成立。因此,在汛期预测业务中参考ENSO的作用时必须充分考虑年代际背景的差异。     

东亚夏季风与中国夏季降水年际异常的分型研究

以海陆气压差定义的夏季风强度指数为依据,讨论了东亚夏季风年际异常与中国夏季降水的关系,发现东亚夏季风强时,中国夏季降水可能多也可能少,但以少雨为主,季风弱时,中国降水也是或多或少,但以多雨为主,依此可以将季风与降水的异常关系分成强季风强降水（Ａ）,强季风弱降水（Ｂ）,弱季风强降水（Ｃ）,弱季风弱降水（Ｄ）四种关系,其中（Ａ）型和（Ｄ）型,（Ｂ）型和（Ｃ）型的降水呈反相似性分布,主要特殊性反映在东北     

THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUBSYSTEMS OF THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

In this study, the relationship between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon is analyzed using U.S. National Centers for Environmental Protection/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation monthly mean precipitation data. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the subsystems of Asian summer monsoon. The changes of intensity over the same period show that weak large-scale Asian monsoon, Southeast Asia monsoon and South Asian monsoon are associated with strong East Asian monsoon and decreasing rainfall in related areas. And when the large-scale Asian monsoon is strong, Southeast Asia and South Asia monsoons will be strong and precipitation will increase. While the Southeast Asia monsoon is strong, the South Asia monsoon is weak and the rainfall of South Asia is decreasing, and vice versa. The various subsystems are significantly correlated for all periods of intensity changes.     

El Ni?o和La Ni?a冬季增强型和减弱型及其对中国夏季旱涝的影响

根据El Ni?o和La Ni?a发生以后冬季赤道东太平洋海温距平的月际差定义了El Ni?o和La Ni?a冬季增强型和冬季减弱型, 讨论了El Ni?o和La Ni?a冬季增强型和减弱型冬、春、夏季大气环流、东亚季风及我国夏季降水和旱涝分布的特征.我国夏季降水和旱涝有明显差异的四种不同分布型可能与冬季所处ENSO循环的不同阶段以及大气环流和东亚季风对它的不同响应有关.提出了从El Ni?o和La Ni?a冬季不同型→大气环流和东亚季风→我国夏季降水和旱涝分布型的物理统计概念模型.     

El Nio和La Nia冬季增强型和减弱型及其对中国夏季旱涝的影响

根据 El Nino和 La Nina发生以后冬季赤道东太平洋海温距平的月际差定义了 El Nino和 La Nina冬季增强型和冬季减弱型 ,讨论了 El Nino和 La Nina冬季增强型和减弱型冬、春、夏季大气环流、东亚季风及我国夏季降水和旱涝分布的特征 .我国夏季降水和旱涝有明显差异的四种不同分布型可能与冬季所处 ENSO循环的不同阶段以及大气环流和东亚季风对它的不同响应有关 .提出了从 El Nino和 La Nina冬季不同型→大气环流和东亚季风→我国夏季降水和旱涝分布型的物理统计概念模型 .     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LAG INFLUENCE OF ENSO ON EAST-ASIAN MONSOON

By prescribing sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs)over eastern equatorial Pacific inJanuary—March,the lag influence of ENSO(El Nino and La Nina)on monsoon over East Asiahas been studied.The results suggest that,due to the excitation of atmospheric low-frequencyoscillation by the SSTA,ENSO has significant lag influence on the monsoon over East Asia.During the summer after E1 Nino,the subtropical high over western Pacific is intensified andshows the northward and westward displacement,meanwhile,the rainfall over East China isbelow normal,especially in North China:during the winter after E1 Nino,both the Asian troughand the winter monsoon over East Asia are strengthened.During the summer after La Nina,theanomalous subtropical high prevails over the lower reaches of Yangtze(Changjiang)River,therainfall between Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers is below normal:during the winter after La Nina,both the Asian trough and the winter monsoon over East Asia are weaker.Compared with LaNina,the effect of El Nino is stronger,but it is not always opposite to the one of La Nina.     

Relationship between Indian and East Asian Summer Rainfall Variations

The Indian and East Asian summer monsoons are two components of the whole Asian summer monsoon system.Previous studies have indicated in-phase and out-of-phase variations between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall.The present study reviews the current understanding of the connection between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall.The review covers the relationship of northern China,southern Japan,and South Korean summer rainfall with Indian summer rainfall;the atmospheric circulation anomalies connecting Indian and East Asian summer rainfall variations; the long-term change in the connection between Indian and northern China rainfall and the plausible reasons for the change; and the influence of ENSO on the relationship between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall and its change.While much progress has been made about the relationship between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall variations,there are several remaining issues that need investigation.These include the processes involved in the connection between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall,the non-stationarity of the connection and the plausible reasons,the influences of ENSO on the relationship,the performance of climate models in simulating the relationship between Indian and East Asian summer rainfall,and the relationship between Indian and East Asian rainfall intraseasonal fluctuations.     

El Ni盛期印度夏季风水汽输送在我国华北地区夏季降水异常中的作用

通过对１９５１ ～１９９４ 年我国夏季１６０ 个站降水资料的分析,指出Ｅｌ Ｎｉ珘ｎｏ 盛期在我国华北地区具有显著的降水负异常。为了解释这种降水负异常产生的原因,利用ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ１９４９ ～１９９６ 年再分析资料,分析了夏季印度季风区的水汽输送在东亚季风区水汽输送中的作用。结果表明,印度季风区的水汽输送与我国华北地区的水汽输送有显著的正相关。Ｅｌ Ｎｉ珘ｎｏ期间往往对应着弱印度季风,即Ｅｌ Ｎｉ珘ｎｏ 盛期与弱印度夏季风相联系的弱水汽输送造成了我国华北地区水汽输送的减弱,使得华北地区上空大气中可降水量产生显著负异常,由此导致了负的降水异常。     

东亚海陆热力差指数与中国夏季降水的关系

定义了东亚海陆热力差指数（ＩＬＳＴＤ）,讨论了它与东亚夏季风的强弱年际变化及夏季降水的关系。结果表明：该海陆热力差指数较好地反映了我国东部季风区夏季降水的异常变化、强海陆热力差指数年,华北地区降水偏多,长江、淮河流域明显干旱;弱海陆热力差指数年,长江,淮河流域降水又异常偏多。ＴＬＳＴＤ的异常变化对影响我国东部季风区降水的大气环流型具有较强的识别力,尤其是对夏季西太平洋副热带高压的位置与强度的识别。     

印度夏季风与我国华北夏季降水量

本文分析了1891—1983的93年降水资料,说明印度夏季风雨量与我国华北夏季降水量有相似的气候统计特征,而且两者存在稳定的、显著的正相关关系。文中还分析了与两者相联系的大气环流过程,并指出华北夏季降水量的多少与印度夏季风雨量丰欠在春季4月有共同的先兆。     

热带海温异常对东南亚夏季风爆发的影响

通过季风指数Im定义了能表征东南亚地区降水实况的东南亚夏季风指数,根据东南亚夏季风指数测算出东南亚夏季风爆发的平均时间为5月7日.利用东南亚夏季风指数分析热带海温场及垂直速度场的变化后发现,在东南亚夏季风爆发的前期秋、冬季节,中东太平洋地区以及中西印度洋地区的冷海温有利于东南亚地区夏季风的提前爆发.当中东太平洋地区是冷(暖)海温时,对应着纬向的Walker环流及季风环流圈强(弱),东南亚地区的对流也强(弱),则东南亚地区夏季风爆发早(迟).     

THE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND SUMMER RALNFALL IN NORTH CHINA

The analyses have been made of the summer precipitation data over Indian and North China during1891—1983.The statistic results show that the climatic characteristics of the Indian summer monsoon rainfallare similar to summer rainfall in North China,and a steady and significant positive correlation exists be-tween them.The circulation systems associated with the Indian monsoon and the rainfall in North China in summerhave also been discussed.It is found that there are same predictors in April to be used for the forecast ofNorth China rainfall and Indian monsoon.     

青藏高原对亚洲夏季风爆发位置及强度的影响

通过数值模拟,研究了青藏高原位于不同经度位置时,亚洲夏季风的爆发和演变情况,从动力和热力学角度分析了青藏高原大地形对亚洲夏季风爆发位置的影响。结果表明,青藏高原的“热力滑轮”作用引起:高原东南面热带陆地上空的偏南气流加强,降水增加,凝结潜热加强;高原西南面热带陆地上空出现偏北气流,降水减弱,陆面的感热加热加强。青藏高原对于亚洲夏季风的爆发地点有锚定的作用,在热带海陆分布的背景下,使亚洲夏季风首先在高原东南面的海洋东岸—陆地西岸爆发,并使亚洲季风降水重新分布。     

两种反映东亚夏季风异常的指数的比较研究

本文利用文献^ [4]提出的一种新的反映东亚夏季风异常的海陆温差指数分析了夏季风异常时我国气温、降水异常以及东亚环流状况，通过分析指出，东亚夏季风偏强，则中国东部夏季气温偏高，江淮干旱，华北多雨；夏季风偏弱则夏季气温偏低，江淮多雨，易涝，华北少雨。通过两种夏季风指数的对比，海陆温差指数能更好地反映东亚夏季环流及天气气候异常。文中还指出，海陆温差指数能更好的反映夏季风异常的原因是它的定义方法更科学，更全面的反映东亚海陆热力差异，既包含了东亚纬向海陆热力差异的影响，又考虑了东亚经向海陆热力差异的因素，并用地表气温和海表温度差来表示海陆热力差，好于以往用海平面气压差来反映海陆热力差。