三种拟除虫菊酯对毛蚶的急性毒性效应及其物种敏感度分布研究

为探究拟除虫菊酯类农药对埋栖贝类的毒性作用,本文研究了甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)幼贝和成贝的急性毒性效应及其物种敏感度分布。研究表明,甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯对毛蚶幼贝的96 h半致死浓度(LC_(50))值分别为286.5、23.4和17.9 ng·mL~(-1),对成贝的96 h LC_(50)值分别为3 931.9、709.5和737.7 ng·mL~(-1),说明相较成贝毛蚶幼贝对3种拟除虫菊酯类农药更敏感。多物种毒性数据比对发现,贝类对3种菊酯的敏感性低于已报道的鱼类和甲壳类,物种敏感度分布模型分析表明,基于保护95%水生生物种类的甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯毒性阈值分别为0.20、0.01和0.02 ng·mL~(-1)。研究结果可为我国近海环境中3种拟除虫菊酯类农药使用中的生态风险评估提供理论依据。     

磺胺甲恶唑降解菌Planococcus kocuriiO516的分离及其降解特性研究

为更好地去除海水循环养殖废水中的抗生素磺胺甲恶唑(SMX),以降低养殖废水排放造成的生态风险,从胶州湾近岸海水养殖池塘底泥中分离到一株SMX降解菌株O516,对其开展了SMX降解条件的优化,并考察了菌株附着生长特性及应用于废水处理系统的可行性。结果表明,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析,该菌被鉴定为库克动性球菌(Planococcuskocurii)O516;适宜培养温度为20～35℃,适宜pH为7.4;菌株在淡水中72 h可降解2.0 mg·L~(-1)的SMX,当盐度为35 g·L~(-1)时,72 h内可去除6.0 mg·L~(-1)的SMX。另外,菌株7 d内可在光滑的脱脂玻璃表面稳定生长出超过4个细胞厚度的生物膜,附着生长能力良好;将固定化菌株投加海水养殖废水处理反应器后,反应器对进水中1.0 mg·L~(-1)的SMX降解率自28.7%～40.0%提高至60.9%～68.1%。本研究表明,自海洋环境中分离的菌株库克动性球菌(P.kocurii)O516具有高效的SMX降解能力和耐盐特性,在海水养殖废水SMX治理中展现出很好的应用潜力。     

海水中农药的光化学降解研究

农药的光化学降解是海水中农药残留污染物去除的重要途径,其降解过程和降解产物对海水环境的影响很大。文中研究了有机污染物农药在海水环境中光化学降解的反应类型,反应机理,影响因素(光照条件、溶液介质、pH、重金属离子、光敏剂),光降解产物及其分析方法。指出了当前农药光化学降解研究中存在的一些问题并提出了今后的研究方向。     

4种拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带生长及叶绿素a含量的影响

为研究不同拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带（Laminaria japonica）生长和叶绿素a（Chl a）含量的影响,选取溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、醚菊酯等4种拟除虫菊酯类农药,设置1、5、10、50、100、500 μg/dm3 6个梯度对海带进行半静置染毒。结果表明：低浓度(1 μg/dm3)组4种拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带生长均具有促进作用（P<0.05）,高浓度（100、500 μg/dm3）对海带生长具有显著抑制作用（P<0.01）。溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、醚菊酯对海带的24 d半抑制效应浓度（EC50 ）分别为82.4、53.0、10.7、14.6 μg/dm3,抑制作用大小为氰戊菊酯≈醚菊酯>联苯菊酯>溴氰菊酯。低浓度（1、5 μg/dm3）组海带体内Chl a含量均出现升高,具有一定促进作用（P<0.05）;高浓度（100、500 μg/dm3 ）组海带体内Chl a含量均出现明显下降,具有显著抑制作用（P<0.01）,抑制作用大小为醚菊酯>氰戊菊酯>联苯菊酯>溴氰菊酯。4种拟除虫菊酯类农药对海带生长和Chl a含量的影响均表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制作用,且随着浓度升高和暴露时间延长,呈促进作用减弱,抑制作用增强之势。     

两株海水氮降解菌的分离鉴定及其无机氮去除特性初步研究

为解决海水养殖环境中的无机氮污染问题,从河鲀(Takifugu rubripes)养殖池塘的水体和底泥中筛选出2株可有效去除氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的菌株——盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.DN3)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis HC),并初步探讨了2株菌在不同无机氮源中的氮去除特性。研究表明,2株细菌均具有较好的无机氮去除效果。在初始无机氮浓度为42 mg·L~(-1)的单一氮源基础降解液中,菌株DN3对氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的去除率分别为84.1%、62.1%和98.8%;菌株HC对三者的去除率分别为81.2%、49.0%和90.3%。在氨态氮去除过程中,虽未检测到硝态氮和亚硝态氮的积累,但从系统的氮收支分析,总氮浓度均显著下降,推测可能存在硝化过程;在硝态氮和亚硝态氮去除过程中,菌株DN3还原硝态氮时具有亚硝态氮的积累,菌株HC氧化亚硝态氮时具有硝态氮的积累。而从总氮浓度均有下降推测,可能存在好氧反硝化过程。在初始无机氮浓度为42 mg·L~(-1)的混合氮源基础降解液中,2株菌均具有良好的同步去除无机氮能力。以氨态氮和亚硝态氮为氮源时,菌株DN3和HC的总无机氮去除率分别为75.4%和66.6%;以氨态氮和硝态氮为氮源时,菌株DN3和HC的总无机氮去除率为69.5%和75.6%,2株菌在2种混合氮源中的氨态氮去除率均在90.0%以上。综合分析,菌株DN3和HC对无机氮去除机制主要以菌体的同化作用为主,同时推测具有一定的硝化和反硝化作用。研究结果表明,菌株DN3和HC均可高效去除无机氮,其在海水养殖水环境调控中具有潜在的应用价值。     

海洋微生物对甲胺磷农药的降解作用

作者从沿岸海域分离了38株有机磷农药的耐药菌,用分批培养法进行富集培养,得到有机磷农药的降解菌,并着重研究了其中两株菌对甲胺磷农药的降解情况,其结果表明,在10d内,降解菌株1对甲胺磷的降解率为59．1％,降解菌株2的降解率为53．3％,在各自的安磷培养液中,降解菌株1的数量大于降解菌株2;在甲胺降解过程中,其毒性逐渐减弱,降解菌株1所引起的毒性下降幅度大于降解菌株2。     

一株低温降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘环境中驯化分离筛选到1株低温有机物和氨氮降解菌株DB11。根据其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为马氏副球菌(Paracoccus marcusii)。经驯化,该菌株以刺参饵料为唯一营养源,低温(15℃)、低接种量(<5×10-3)条件下能同时高效降解饵料中的有机物和氨态氮,5 d时间内对富集培养基中COD和NH4+-N的降解率分别达50%和98%。进一步研究其降解特性表明,菌株生长适温15~30℃,生长适宜pH值为7~10,降解刺参饵料中COD和NH4+-N的最适温度条件为15~20℃、最适pH条件为8.0~8.5;在最适降解条件下、接种量为5×10-3时,对10~20 g/L高质量浓度的刺参饵料液中COD降解效果显著,3 d时间去除率达56.9%~65.7%,对1~20 g/L质量浓度的刺参饵料液中NH4+-N 3 d时间的去除率达91.7%~99.9%。     

一株降解刺参残饵的芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及施用效果

从刺参养殖底泥、肠道、水体中共分离纯化得到36株菌落形态不同的芽孢杆菌,研究36株菌对刺参残饵的降解效果,从中筛选了一株降解效果较好的芽孢杆菌,将其命名为B12,经形态特征、生理生化特性和16SrDNA序列相似性分析,鉴定其为巨大芽孢杆菌,菌株接种浓度为10~(5 )cfu/mL时,在18℃培养2d后,对刺参饵料培养基中的COD的降解率为43.12%,氨氮的降解率为73.13%,将菌株B12于发酵罐发酵,得到菌液在养殖池塘施用,48h后氨氮降至0.0377mg/L,净化水质效果较好。     

中国南海Bukholderia sp.DA2菌株降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯研究

以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate,DMP)为惟一碳源,从中国南海底泥中分离筛选到一株高效降解菌株,即伯克霍尔德氏菌Bukholderia.sp.DA2.该菌株降解DMP及其邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMT)和间苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl dimethyl isophthalate,DMI)2种异构体的效果显著.B.sp.DA2菌株能够在8d内好氧降解矿化100mg·L-1的DMT,15d内好氧降解矿化400mg·L-1的DMP.但对于200mg·L-1的DMI,则不能彻底降解矿化,反应终止在生成间苯二甲酸一甲酯中间产物的阶段.研究表明,B.sp.DA2菌株降解DMT及DMP的途径相似,首先脱酯生成单酯和甲醇,继而水解酸化,直至彻底矿化.降解速率及其途径,与化学结构密切相关.     

北戴河滨海湿地根际石油降解菌的筛选及功能分析

以北戴河碱蓬-芦苇滨海湿地采集的5个根际土壤样品为研究材料,使用以原油为唯一碳源的选择培养基富集培养石油降解菌,采用重量法评价降解效率,通过GC-MS分析研究高效降解菌的降解特性,利用排油圈法测定降解菌的表面活性剂产生能力。研究结果表明,初筛获得22株石油降解菌,在25℃降解21d的条件下对石油的降解率为17%～38%,其中qhd2B降解率最高,为38%,其中8株具有较好的产表面活性剂的能力。16s测序结果经BLAST比对,所分离获得的22株菌中,8株菌属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria),13株菌属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria),有一株拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)丽水菌属(Yeosuana)。选取石油降解率在31%以上菌株进行GC-MS分析,结果显示其对大部分烷烃和多环芳香烃都有较好的降解效果。其中菌株qhd2B对烷烃和芳烃的总降解率分别为79.9%和76.7%,是一株优良的石油降解菌。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.