活性污泥微生物对苯胺废水的降解研究

利用序批式反应器(SBR)对活性污泥进行培养和驯化,分别取未经驯化和经盐驯化后的活性污泥,通过批量实验研究了两种污泥中微生物对苯胺的降解效果。SBR运行结果表明,活性污泥经过驯化适应了10gNaCl/L后,取得较高的COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率,分别为86.5%、97.6%和96.4%。批量实验结果表明,苯胺降解速率随初始苯胺浓度的升高逐渐增加,且苯胺降解速率在未驯化污泥无盐条件下高于盐驯化污泥加盐条件,分别为2.63~21.31和2.06~12.08mg/(gVSS×h);未投加苯胺时,COD和NH_4~+-N的降解速率是投加苯胺时的5.2~19.3和2.5~4.2倍,且未驯化污泥无盐条件下COD和NH_4~+-N的降解速率是盐驯化污泥加盐条件的2.4和1.5倍;投加苯胺后,COD的降解速率随苯胺浓度的升高逐渐增加;实验结束时,未驯化污泥无盐条件下只存在NO-3-N,而盐驯化污泥加盐条件下同时存在NO-2-N和NO-3-N。     

一株降解刺参残饵的芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及施用效果

从刺参养殖底泥、肠道、水体中共分离纯化得到36株菌落形态不同的芽孢杆菌,研究36株菌对刺参残饵的降解效果,从中筛选了一株降解效果较好的芽孢杆菌,将其命名为B12,经形态特征、生理生化特性和16SrDNA序列相似性分析,鉴定其为巨大芽孢杆菌,菌株接种浓度为10~(5 )cfu/mL时,在18℃培养2d后,对刺参饵料培养基中的COD的降解率为43.12%,氨氮的降解率为73.13%,将菌株B12于发酵罐发酵,得到菌液在养殖池塘施用,48h后氨氮降至0.0377mg/L,净化水质效果较好。     

两株低温益生菌的包埋法固定化技术初步研究

本研究以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和海藻酸钠(SA)为包埋载体,并添加沸石粉、碳源,对2株分离自刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘的有机物降解菌(菌株编号分别为CD、DB11)的包埋法固定化技术进行了初步研究,并比较了固定化后有机物降解菌及不同形式细菌制剂对主要水质参数的降解效果。结果表明,固定化小球在添加碳源后能显著提高菌体对COD、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解率(P0.05)。在本研究条件下,可溶性淀粉、细菌数量和沸石粉比例分别为12.5%、10~9cfu/g、1.5%时,固定化菌株CD对氨氮的降解率最高。与游离复合菌体相比,固定化复合菌对COD、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解率分别达到了62.4%、65.5%、62.2%,降解率则分别提高了17.5%、13.0%和12.8%。向养殖废水中添加沸石粉吸附的菌剂后,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的降解率分别提高了11.03%、8.89%、17.5%,添加固定化微生物小球菌剂后,对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N的降解率分别提高了14.92%、18.54%和16.53%。因此,以PVA、SA作为载体添加沸石粉和碳源对菌体进行包埋的技术在刺参池塘养殖的水质和底质环境修复实践中可能具有较大的应用价值。     

虾蟹池塘有机物降解菌富集驯化与分离筛选的初步研究

采集虾蟹混养池塘沉积物,利用特定饵料培养基,并通过定期增加培养基中饵料添加量的方式,对沉积物中的复合菌进行了6个周期(7d/周期)的富集驯化培养。在COD含量约为1 000mg/L、菌接种量为10%的饵料降解溶液中,后期复合菌在5d内对COD的最大去除率分别达到了64%、70%和88%。在6个周期富集驯化结束后,从复合菌中分离出16株菌,经16S rRNA分析,其中8株属于弧菌属(vibrio sp.),1株属于芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales sp.),2株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.),2株属于交替假单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas sp.),1株属于气单胞菌属(Aeromonas sp.),1株属于希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella sp.)。经血平板初步筛选出4株不具潜在致病性的菌,1株属于芽孢杆菌目,1株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),2株为交替假单胞菌,在菌接种量为1.0×10~7cfu/mL的降解溶液中,各株菌在5d内对COD的最大去除率分别达到了40%、40%、56%和46%。将这4株菌按一定比例组合后,在5d内对COD的最大去除率可达到72%。研究表明,经富集驯化后的复合菌及从中分离筛选出的4株不具潜在致病性的细菌及按一定比例重组后的菌在调控养殖环境有机物污染方面都具有潜在应用价值。     

水位对复合基质垂直流人工湿地净化效果的影响

为了研究水位变化对垂直流人工湿地净化效果的影响,2个填充复合基质的湿地同步运行。湿地上层均为厚35cm、粒径5~10mm的炉渣;中层为厚度35cm的砾石,粒径分别为10~20(湿地1)和5~10mm(湿地2);底层均铺设厚15cm、粒径50~100mm的粗砾石作为支撑层;湿地表面种植黄花鸢尾。研究期间2个湿地均为连续进水,设置6个运行水位:85、66、51、36、19和2cm。结果表明,2个湿地系统对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的去除率分别为:50.5%~81.1%、34.1%~84.6%、29.1%~75.7%和49.1%~84.6%。统计分析表明,水位对污水中有机物及氮的去除有显著影响(P0.05),36cm水位时TN去除率最高,湿地1和湿地2分别达到68.8%和75.7%;85cm水位时NO_3~--N去除率最高,湿地1和湿地2分别为95.5%和96.6%;2cm水位时COD和NH_4~+-N的去除率最高,湿地1分别为75.9%和81.1%,湿地2分别达到79.4%和84.6%。以上结果表明,通过改变垂直流人工湿地的水位可以有效地改变污染物的去除效果。湿地2对磷的净化效果显著高于湿地1(P0.05)。     

地衣芽孢杆菌De株对凡纳滨对虾粪便的降解效果

采用独立分析法,研究地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis De株降解凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei粪便的效果.所收集对虾粪便先经冻干、粉碎,再溶解于灭菌海水中,分别在不同温度(16、21、26和31℃)、虾粪含量(5、10和20mg·L-1)、芽孢杆菌初始添加量(1、2.5、5和10mg·L-1)等条件下分析地衣芽孢杆菌De株对对虾粪便溶解液中的NH3-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、PO-4-P及COD的降解效果.结果表明,地衣芽孢杆菌De株可有效降低样品中COD和NO-3-N的含量,其平均降解率分别高于60%和50%,而NH3-N、NO-2-N、及PO43--P等的浓度则不断升高;总体而言,地衣芽孢杆菌De株在26-31℃,初始添加量5mg·L-1时对对虾粪便具有较好的降解效果(p＜0.05);当粪便溶解液浓度大于10mg·L-1时组间各项参数的差异不显著(p＞0.05).     

南极海洋低温萘降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解特性研究

对从南极地区采集的嗜冷菌NJ41和NJ289的对萘降解特性进行初步研究.确定其最适的培养条件,并在最适培养条件下测定菌株的生长曲线和萘降解曲线.经分子鉴定,NJ41属于动球菌属(Planococcus sp.)、NJ289属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).实验表明:这2株嗜冷菌均可在以萘等芳香烃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中生长,并能够在低温环境(0～10℃)中高效地降解芳香烃;10℃,120 r/min,10 d时,NJ41对于萘的降解能力最高达48.8%,NJ289可达43.5%;温度对降解能力有很大的影响,NJ41和NJ289均在10℃时,具有最高的降解能力,温度升高降解能力下降,NJ41在超过25℃时则基本不具有降解能力,而NJ289在超过20℃时就不具备降解能力.     

组织培养获得的海黍子幼孢子体的营养盐吸收和生长特性的研究

以组织培养间接获得的海黍子幼孢子体为实验对象,研究温度和氮、磷浓度对其营养盐吸收和生长的影响。结果显示,15~30℃范围内幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P。25~30℃下NH+4-N的吸收显著高于10~15℃时,而NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率在实验温度下差异不显著。NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率分别出现在15、25和25℃。当氮浓度3 000μg·L-1时,幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N和NH+4-N,且二者均呈现开放型吸收模式。当磷浓度30μg·L-1时,幼孢子体可吸收PO3-4-P,且呈现饱和型模式。温度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。10~30℃范围内,富含氮磷组和去除氮磷组的特定生长率(SGR)均随着温度的升高先增大后减小,且最大SGR(分别为19.58%·d-1和14.58%·d-1)均在25℃时取得;叶绿素a、c的含量随着温度的升高先减小后增大。氮、磷浓度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。富含氮磷组的SGR、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素c含量分别在15~25℃、15~30℃和20~30℃范围内显著高于去除氮磷组。     

环境条件对线形硬毛藻营养盐吸收影响的季节变化

研究了线形硬毛藻在不同温度、盐度和营养盐浓度条件下对NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率的季节性变化。实验结果显示,在5~30℃范围内,线形硬毛藻对NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率受温度和季节影响显著,最适温度范围基本维持在15~25℃,且春季和秋季的吸收速率高于夏季和冬季。低盐度(0~10)对NH+4-N的吸收没有显著影响,对NO-3-N的吸收有促进作用,而对PO3-4-P的吸收有抑制作用。除了个别低盐度条件外,NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率大多出现在春季,而最小吸收速率大多出现在冬季。线形硬毛藻在不同浓度的营养盐条件下大多呈现出开放型的吸收模式,在高浓度下各个季节均能吸收营养盐。本研究结果为阐明线形硬毛藻作为"绿潮"灾害藻类的爆发机制提供了理论基础,同时为线形硬毛藻作为新型工具藻在富营养化水域生境修复和陆基工厂化养殖废水处理中的应用提供了科学依据。     

河口区芦苇湿地一株耐盐纤维素降解菌的筛选鉴定

筛选高酶活、耐受高盐环境的纤维素降解菌,并对菌株产酶条件进行优化,为木质纤维素类物质的综合利用提供菌源。经刚果红水解圈初筛,纤维素酶活测定复筛,盐度梯度驯化,从辽河河口区芦苇湿地分离出一株高产酶的耐盐纤维素降解菌LHK-T3。经形态观察和16SrDNA序列分析,对菌株进行鉴定,经鉴定属于贪噬菌属(Variovoraxsp.)。探究菌株在高盐环境下的发酵过程中碳源、氮源、温度及pH对其生长量和产酶能力的影响。结果表明,菌株LHK-T3在盐度处于20~35条件下,产酶能力仍保持在最大产酶的50%以上,具有较好的耐盐性;在盐度为25的高盐环境下,最适碳源为麦麸、最适氮源为NH4NO3,在温度为30℃、pH为6.0,发酵时间为72h时,菌株生长速率最高,且具有最大内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)酶活达到727.62IU/mL。从河口湿地土壤中分离筛选的高效耐盐纤维素降解菌LHK-T3具有较好的耐盐性,在高盐条件下木质纤维素降解等相关领域具有较好的应用前景。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.