泰安重力观测高频波动信号分析

系统分析了泰安重力观测资料正常和异常时信号的周期特征,研究了高频异常信号与台风、气压和强震之间的关系.结果表明:泰安重力观测正常时信号周期为2～4分钟,异常时信号周期只有2～3分钟,异常信号幅值约为正常信号的5倍;高频异常信号主要是由西太平洋洋面上生成的进入中国大陆或近海的台风引起的,占台风引起泰安重力出现高频异常信号的90%;重力高频信号与台风中心速度正相关,与台风距离负相关,并且随台风的结束高频信号也随之消失;少数高频异常信号与强震也有一定关系,占地震总数的17.24%;高频异常信号与气压变化无关.     

强台风对汶川大地震和昆仑山大地震“震前扰动”影响的分析

2008年8.0级汶川大地震发生前约40 h起,中国地震局测震台网中的宽带地震仪、重力仪和倾斜仪都记录到了明显的低频扰动现象.然而,在此期间西太平洋上空产生了一次强台风Rammasun（威马逊）;与此类似,2001年8.1级昆仑山大地震发生前约60 h起,国家地震局测震台网中的宽带地震仪也记录到了明显的低频扰动现象,在此期间中国南海上空产生了一次强台风LingLing（玲玲）.本文针对这两大地震的“震前扰动”现象进行了研究,旨在探讨其“震前扰动”现象是否与台风引起的巨浪产生的地脉动效应有关.我们的研究结果表明：在中国内陆观测到的异常扰动与台风路径以及台风的强度密切相关.近海台风可在中国大陆内地引起明显的异常扰动;而远离大陆海岸位于深水海域上空的台风,很难在中国大陆内地引起明显的异常地脉动变化.台风LingLing的路径距离中国海岸最近处仅有约700 km,而台风Rammasun距离中国大陆海岸最近处却达1300 km.本文的对比分析研究表明：路径和强度类似于LingLing的台风在中国内陆可引起明显的异常扰动.因此,中国内陆和沿海许多地震台记录到的昆仑山大地震的“震前扰动”源于LingLing地脉动效应的可能性较大;但位于新疆的地震台记录到的扰动信号频率却明显偏低,这一现象值得注意.路径和强度类似于Rammasun的台风很难在中国内陆引起明显的异常扰动,因此汶川大地震的“震前扰动”完全源于台风Rammasun地脉动效应的可能性较小.汶川大地震的“震前扰动”产生的原因和机理值得我们去进行深入的探讨和研究.     

Multi-dipole observation system and study on the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field observed at Capital Circle area before the Wen’an MS5.1 earthquake

On July 4,2006,a MS5.1 earthquake occurred in Wen’an county of Hebei Province of which the epicenter is near the Beijing city.The six geoelectric field monitoring stations have been in operation for several years around the Beijing area to examine the relationship between electric field changes and earthquake.This paper firstly explains the principle of the eliminating noise method by using multi-dipole observation system of the geoelectric field.Then the data observed at the stations are studied and a lot of abnormal signals preceding the Wen’an earthquake are selected,of which five abnormal signals of the geoelectric field are finally recognized as the precursory signals.The result shows that 1 there probably exists the precursory signals of the geoelectric field preceding the Wen’an earthquake;2 there are sensitive sites in the spatial distribution of the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field before the quack;3 the anomalous signals do not appear synchronously,and their durations are not same at dif-ferent stations;4 the amplitudes of the abnormal signals recorded at Baodi station are small,but large at Changli station,while the latter is farther from the epicentral area than the former.     

西太平洋台风对上海地区钻孔应变的低频扰动特征分析

基于上海佘山台四分量钻孔应变仪在6次西太平洋台风期间的观测记录,利用小波分解、优势振动方向等处理方法提取出台风所激发的显著低频扰动信号,并详细分析扰动信号在时频域及空间域的表现特性.结果显示:在低频区间,台风激发的扰动信号优势周期为2～4 min,信号能量随台风进程而变化,并主要与台风量级、台风中心的位置(海上或陆域)...     

Statistical analyses and characteristics of volcanic tremor on Stromboli Volcano (Italy)

 A study of volcanic tremor on Stromboli is carried out on the basis of data recorded daily between 1993 and 1995 by a permanent seismic station (STR) located 1.8 km away from the active craters. We also consider the signal of a second station (TF1), which operated for a shorter time span. Changes in the spectral tremor characteristics can be related to modifications in volcanic activity, particularly to lava effusions and explosive sequences. Statistical analyses were carried out on a set of spectra calculated daily from seismic signals where explosion quakes were present or excluded. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to identify different classes of spectra. Three clusters of spectra are associated with two different states of volcanic activity. One cluster corresponds to a state of low to moderate activity, whereas the two other clusters are present during phases with a high magma column as inferred from the occurrence of lava fountains or effusions. We therefore conclude that variations in volcanic activity at Stromboli are usually linked to changes in the spectral characteristics of volcanic tremor. Site effects are evident when comparing the spectra calculated from signals synchronously recorded at STR and TF1. However, some major spectral peaks at both stations may reflect source properties. Statistical considerations and polarization analysis are in favor of a prevailing presence of P-waves in the tremor signal along with a position of the source northwest of the craters and at shallow depth. Received: 15 December 1996 / Accepted: 31 March 1998     

琼中地震台连续重力变化特征

收集了2009年以来琼中地震台（以下简称琼中台）连续重力观测数据,经对原始数据进行突跳、台阶和删除错误数据等处理,计算分析了琼中台重力潮汐变化数据特征、M₂波潮汐因子变化特征和典型事件的观测数据频谱特征。结果表明,琼中台连续重力观测数据除包含了固体潮、零漂等长周期信号外,也记录到了地震和台风等高频信号。对于记录到的7.0级以上强震,地震信号的频率主要分布于0.3 Hz以内;台风引起的扰动信号则主要分布于0.1—0.4 Hz频带内。同时,2009年以来,琼中台连续重力原始数据及其M₂波潮汐因子无明显前兆异常。      

Observations of EM signals prior to earthquake events

Conclusion The results described above were obtained in the frequency band below about 20 Hz within 200 km of the observation station. therefore, they had the characteristies of quasi — static field. The amplitude of these signals was much higher than the environment noise level. The EM signals prior to earthquakes have good correlation with the seismic events. From the records of 16 signal groups received in 5 years, it can be seen that the correlation reached 75%. So the EM signals observed are possibly precursors useful for the prediction of the earthquake events. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 121–124, 1991.     

2001年11月14日昆仑山大地震震前扰动信号的再研究

研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山M_S8.1大地震前新疆地区宽频带地震仪记录到的异常扰动事件.新疆地震台网在发生强震的前三天记录到了强烈的扰动信号.由于新疆地震台距离昆仑山大地震的震中很近,因此该震前扰动的成因备受关注,一直被认为可能是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,可能是大地震的某种前兆现象.本研究扩大了观测异常扰动事件的范围,分析了欧亚大陆187个宽频带地震仪在2001年11月的观测记录,发现这些地震仪在11月10—12日期间都记录到了时频特征类似的强扰动信号,其中最强的扰动信号出现在挪威台站KONO.调查研究发现挪威海域在11月10—12日期间出现了一次超强北极风暴,我们对扰动源位置初步定位后发现大地震前欧亚大陆各台站记录的最大扰动信号主要来源于挪威西南海岸.本文的研究结果确认昆仑山大地震前新疆台网记录到的强烈震前扰动信号不是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,而是挪威海域北极风暴激发的微地震（地脉动）.本文进一步研究表明北极风暴激发的地脉动可显著影响中国大陆的地震和重力观测.在分析中国大陆地震台网记录的强扰动信号时,北极风暴的影响不能忽视.     

宽频地震计及倾斜、重力仪对长周期波动信号的综合观测

报道了在武汉华中科技大学地震与固体潮试验站的同一观测平台上,用数字宽频地震计、倾斜仪及重力仪对长周期地震波动信号的综合观测结果,以及各观测的对比和分析。近3年来,不同的观测仪器同时观测到了几十个形态一致、信号较弱而且成分复杂、持续时间大多约为2——3天的异常波（震颤）。分析表明,这些异常震颤中的一部分由来自西太平洋进入中国大陆及近海的台风产生,其信号强弱主要与台风运动中心进入中国大陆近海后与观测点之间的距离,以及风速大小这两个因素密切关联。另外,还有一部分异常震颤信号的产生原因不明。频谱分析结果显示,与平常的背景噪声信号相比,异常震颤信号的成分较为丰富, 除了3——5 min周期的信号外,还含有20——30 min,甚至一小时以上的长周期信号。我们以多种观测仪、长时间的连续观测结果表明,这种震颤信号是真实的和普遍存在的。其产生原因和机制还有待更广泛和深入的研究。      

Characteristics of isolated hybrid tremor (HBT) during a calm activity period at Aso Volcano

Isolated-type tremors having two events with different dominant frequencies are characteristic seismological phenomena observed during the fumarolic activity stage at Aso Volcano. These isolated tremors are called hybrid tremors (HBT) and comprise two parts: an initial part named the “HF-part” with a dominant frequency in the high-frequency region (approximately 10 Hz) and the following part named the “LF-part” with a dominant frequency in the low-frequency region (approximately 2 Hz). The LF-part is observed after the HF-part, and the HBT is accompanied by a long-period tremor (LPT). Hypocenters and source parameters are estimated using seismograms recorded at 64 stations around Nakadake crater. The amplitude distributions of all HF-parts have almost similar trends. Similarly, the amplitude distributions of all LF-parts have almost similar trends. However, the amplitude distributions of HF- and LF-parts are not similar. From these results, we proposed that the hypocenters and source parameters of HF- and LF-parts are not common, but each of them have common hypocenters and source parameters. The hypocenter region of HF-parts was estimated to be just beneath the fumarole region south of the 1st crater: the volume fluctuation is the major source factor. The hypocenter region of LF-parts is estimated to be at a depth of approximately 300 m beneath the first crater: the strike–slip component is the major source parameter. The hypocentral depth of LF-parts is located at the upper end of the crack estimated to be the source of the LPTs. The LPTs and HBTs are observed almost simultaneously. We consider that volcanic fluid is involved in the source mechanisms of both HBT and LPT.     

Volcanic tremor at Pavlof Volcano,Alaska, October 1973–April 1986

In thirteen years (1973–1986) of seismic monitoring of Pavlof Volcano, 488 episodes of volcanic tremor have been recorded, only 26 of which have been previously described in the literature. This paper tabulates and describes all the tremor episodes and reports on the results of all analyses to date. Pavlof tremor durations range from 2 minutes to greater than 1 week; episodes accompanying magmatic eruptions have durations greater than 1 hour, and sustained amplitudes of greater than 6 mmP-P (=54 nanometers at 1.5 Hz) on station PVV, 8.5 km from the vent. Digital data provide much better amplitude resolution than helicorders do. Helicorders, however, provide continuous coverage, whereas digital data are intermittent. Correlations of tremor with visual eruption observations shows that tremor amplitudes are roughly correlated with heights of lava fountains, but the correlation of tremor amplitudes with plume heights is more problematic. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectra show that Pavlof tremor is quite statinary for the entire time period, 1973–1983. All principal spectral peaks lie between 0.8 and 3.0 Hz, and may be caused by resonance of magma and gas, and resonance of the volcanic pile. Preliminary analysis of 2-and 3-component data shows thatP, S, PL, and Rayleigh waves may be present in Pavlof volcanic tremor. Other waveforms can be misidentified as tremor, most commonly those caused by storms orS-waves of regional earthquakes. A strategy is proposed to distinguish tremor from noise using automatic seismic data acquisition and analysis systems. Pavlof's volcanic tremor is briefly compared with a preliminary sample of over 1100 cases of tremor from 84 volcanoes worldwide. Finally, several recommendations for monitoring and reporting volcanic tremor are discussed.     

汶川大地震宽带地震仪短临异常及成因初探

2008年5月12日8.1级汶川大地震发生后,我们对国家测震台网的40台宽频带地震仪在5月7日~5月13日的观测数据进行了分析.结果表明,汶川大地震前有明显的短临异常: 各台站在大地震发生前1~3天内不同程度检测到了低频异常颤动,颤动振幅逐渐增大,一直持续到大地震发生,信号周期范围为2~10 s.重力仪和倾斜仪也观测到了这类颤动信号.汶川大地震前的异常颤动信号几乎遍布中国大陆,但在西部较弱,东南部较强,尤其在华南地块靠近菲律宾板块的边界处颤动信号很强.因此我们的初步推测是：异常颤动产生的可能原因是地震爆发前华南地块可能开始了慢滑移,滑移时的摩擦产生低频颤动.     

固体潮观测中的震颤异常波

在地震与固体潮台站的日常监测中,常发现有一些异常"脉动"信号叠加在固体潮曲线上.这些异常"脉动"与宽频带数字地震计的观测在时间上同步、一致,其中的一部分由发生在西太平洋上的热带气旋引起,而其他的则大多与强地震相伴随,统称为震颤异常波.本文介绍了华中科技大学的地震与固体潮观测台站(HUST)的概况,报道了该台应用 DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪观测记录到的大量震颤异常波事例.大量观测事实表明:中国固体潮台站记录的震颤异常波,绝大多数只在DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪的低通滤波1 通道(LP1)出现,而在其低通滤波2通道(LP2)和其他固体潮仪器中则罕有发现;震颤异常波的包络线大多呈"纺锤状"或"尾巴状",持续时间多为1~3天. 通过对震颤异常波和固体潮观测仪器的分析研究,得到以下结论:震颤异常波实际上就是一种来源复杂的地球脉动信号,响应范围广泛,可被宽频带数字地震计和固体潮仪器记录.由西太平洋上的热带气旋引起的震颤异常波的主要周期在3~7 s范围,而强震前的震颤异常波则除此外,还包含10~60 s及更长周期的信号.固体潮仪器对震颤异常波响应的差异是因为仪器的传递函数不同和特性所致. DZW重力仪和VS-1倾斜仪分钟值采样数据中的震颤异常波,只是真实信号的一种"混叠"或映射.强震前的震颤异常波是否与地震有关？是否是震兆？尚需做更深入细致的分析和研究.     

Observations of volcanic tremor during the January–February 2005 eruption of Mt. Veniaminof,Alaska

Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula, is a stratovolcano with a summit ice-filled caldera containing a small intracaldera cone and active vent. From January 2 to February 21, 2005, Mt. Veniaminof erupted. The eruption was characterized by numerous small ash emissions (VEI 0 to 1) and accompanied by low-frequency earthquake activity and volcanic tremor. We have performed spectral analyses of the seismic signals in order to characterize them and to constrain their source. Continuous tremor has durations of minutes to hours with dominant energy in the band 0.5–4.0 Hz, and spectra characterized by narrow peaks either irregularly (non-harmonic tremor) or regularly spaced (harmonic tremor). The spectra of non-harmonic tremor resemble those of low-frequency events recorded simultaneously with surface ash explosions, suggesting that the source mechanisms might be similar or related. We propose that non-harmonic tremor at Mt. Veniaminof results from the coalescence of gas bubbles while low-frequency events are related to the disruption of large gas pockets within the conduit. Harmonic tremor, characterized by regular and quasi-sinusoidal waveforms, has duration of hours. Spectra containing up to five harmonics suggest the presence of a resonating source volume that vibrates in a longitudinal acoustic mode. An interesting feature of harmonic tremor is that frequency is observed to change over time; spectral lines move towards higher or lower values while the harmonic nature of the spectra is maintained. Factors controlling the variable characteristics of harmonic tremor include changes in acoustic velocity at the source and variations of the effective size of the resonator.     

风暴及台风天气引起的微震现象分析

本文主要利用时频分析法,基于2016年以来山东省泰安台重力仪及宽频带地震仪观测到的资料,对风暴天气和台风天气引起的微震现象进行研究. 结果表明:这两种天气过程产生的微震信号的频率基本分布在2—20 s之间,能量集中在5—7 s,15 s附近存在一个能量平稳加强的频段;风暴天气产生的微震信号具有由高频向低频演化的动态特征;两种天气条件下产生的微震信号均具有连续、高频及持续时间长的性质,反映了微震信号激发源的移动特征。 结合泰安台微震与风暴和台风天气的一一对应情况,认为微震是一种与近海风暴或远海台风活动有关的微震动过程,而不是与地震有关的前兆异常。      

昆仑山强震前的震颤波并非源自慢地震

2001年11月14日的昆仑山M_s8.1级地震前几天,中国地震台网多个台站都观测到了持续数天的低频震颤波信号.由于这些震颤波发生在强震前,所以备受关注.多年来研究人员对该震颤波的产生原因进行过多方探讨,但没有定论.该震颤波信号是否源自强震区的慢地震?是否是地震前兆?或为其它因素?为了回答这些问题,我们从多方面分析和研究了昆仑山强震前中国大陆宽频地震仪所观测的震颤波信号的特征、持续时间、震颤波强度变化与大规模大气运动的关系、信号强度随观测空间的衰减变化特征.结果表明:中国大陆宽频地震仪在昆仑山强震前观测到的震颤波由两个信号组成,其中11月10日开始出现,主要频率范围0.15~0.22 Hz (周期约4~7 s)、持续时间在10-13日的震颤波,主要由同时间段内发生在西太平洋的强台风玲玲(Ling Ling)引发;而11月11日开始出现,主要频率范围0.1~0.13 Hz (周期7~10 s)、持续时间在11-12日的震颤波,不是来自昆仑山强震区的慢地震,而是由来自欧洲北部及欧亚大陆的强温带气旋引发.     

Analysis of seismic patterns observed at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia during August – September 1985

The seismic activity of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano was monitored during August–September 1985 using a three-component portable seismograph station placed on the upper part of the volcano. The objective was to investigate the frequency content of the seismic signals and the possible sources of the volcanic tremor. The seismicity showed a wide spectrum of signals, especially at the beginning of September. Some relevant patterns from the collected records, which have been analyzed by spectrum analysis, are presented. For the purpose of analysis, the records have been divided into several categories such as long-period events, tremor, cyclic tremor episodes, and strong seismic activity on September 8, 1985.The origin of the seismic signals must be considered in relation to the dynamical and acoustical properties of fluids and the shape and dimensions of the volcano's conduits.The main results of the present experiment and analysis show that the sources of the seismic signals are within the volcanic edifice. The signal characteristics indicate that the sources lie in fluid-phase interactions rather than in brittle fracturing of solid components.     

Analysis of sustained long-period activity at Etna Volcano, Italy

Following the installation of a broadband network on Mt. Etna, sustained Long-Period (LP) activity was recorded accompanying a period of total quiescence and the subsequent onset of the 2004–2005 effusive episode. From about 56000 events detected by an automatic classification procedure, we analyse a subset of about 3000 signals spanning the December 17th, 2003–September 25th, 2004, time interval. LP spectra are characterised by several, unevenly-spaced narrow peaks spanning the 0.5–10 Hz frequency band. These peaks are common to all the recording sites of the network, and different from those associated with tremor signals. Throughout the analysed time interval, LP spectra and waveforms maintain significant similarity, thus indicating the involvement of a non-destructive source process that we interpret in terms of the resonance of a fluid-filled buried cavity. Polarisation analysis indicates radiation from a non-isotropic source involving large amounts of shear. Concurrently with LP signals, recordings from the summit station also depict Very-Long-Period (VLP) pulses whose rectilinear motion points to a region located beneath the summit craters at depths ranging between 800 and 1100 m beneath the surface. Based on a refined repicking of similar waveforms, we obtain robust locations for a selected subset of the most energetic LP events from probabilistic inversion of travel-times calculated for a 3D heterogenous structure. LP sources cluster in a narrow volume located beneath the summit craters, and extending to a maximum depth of ≈ 800 m beneath the surface. No causal relationships are observed between LP, VLP and tremor activities and the onset of the 2004–2005 lava effusions, thus indicating that magmatic overpressure played a limited role in triggering this eruption. These data represent the very first observation of LP and VLP activity at Etna during non-eruptive periods, and open the way to the quantitative modelling of the geometry and dynamics of the shallow plumbing system.     

Seismological Research on the Mining Tremors

A sophisticated seismological method has been introduced to the study of mining tremors by the Institute of Geophysics,SSB in cooperation with the Beijing Mining Bureau of NCC.Achievements have been obtained in the following areas:modification of the seismic monitoring system,compilation of a software package for analysis of mining tremors,research on the mechanical model for mining tremors,classification of mining tremors and development of an expert system of tremor prediction.