关于赣西武功山地区构造问题的讨论

赣西武功山地区发育的穹窿状变形变质体的组成结构和成因机制与经典的变质核杂岩有相似之处，它们由内核和外壳组成，并具三层式结构特征。但其内核主要为花岗岩，核内和核外的地层几乎同时代，并无“古老变质核”，它的形成机制主要是岩浆底辟强力侵住引起地壳局部隆升和伸展滑覆。本文将赣西武功山地区的穹窿状变形变质体改称为“武功山岩浆核杂岩”。     

安徽怀宁县洪镇变质核杂岩原岩时代与形成机制再认识

大别造山带东侧、扬子板块上安徽怀宁县的洪镇变质核杂岩,以往认为是早白垩世NE—SW拉张形成的科迪勒拉型变质核杂岩,其核部的董岭杂岩长期被认为是变质基底。然而,该核杂岩所指示的拉张方向与中国东部一系列早白垩世伸展构造指示的NW—SE拉张相矛盾,从而需要对这一重要伸展构造进行再研究和认识。本次11个样的锆石定年表明,董岭杂岩内变形—变质岩体的侵位时代为829~812 Ma,而变火山岩的原岩时代为761~754 Ma,后者属于扬子板块上的新元古代南华纪盖层。锆石生长边揭示了董岭杂岩内一期127 Ma的热事件,应为旁侧同期洪镇岩体侵位的热影响结果,并影响了董岭杂岩内韧性剪切带白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄值。该区董岭杂岩两侧在早白垩世发育了两组北东走向、倾向相背的正断层,南侧与西侧分别上叠同期的怀宁和潜山断陷盆地。断层擦痕应力场反演结果表明,这些早白垩世伸展构造是在NW—SE拉张中发育的,而不是前人认为的NE—SW拉张。综合分析表明,该区在早白垩世两组倾向相背正断层活动与洪镇岩体侵位、隆升的共同控制下发育为伸展穹窿构造,并非科迪勒拉型变质核杂岩。     

东昆仑西段北坡构造属性,构造岩石体系及花岗岩类成因

东昆仑西段北坡为古老柴达木地块在晚古生代以来受到南侧挤压作用转化而成的正性活动带。从其南侧受挤压边界往北构造变形─变质逐渐减弱。花岗岩类依次为混合岩带、混合花岗岩带、石英闪长岩线、花岗岩基带、富钾花岗岩株带，各类花岗岩与构造变形─变质带和谐展布，组成统一的构造岩石体系。     

江西武功山岩浆核杂岩基本特征

江西武功山地区发育的穹窿状地质体,其组成结构和成因机制与经典的变质核杂岩似乎有相似之处,也由内核和外壳组成,并具三层式结构特征,但其内核主要为花岗岩,核内和核外的地层几乎同时代,并无"古老变质核",它的形成机制主要是岩浆底辟强力侵位引起地壳局部隆升和伸展滑覆。所以,将其改称为"武功山岩浆核杂岩"更为贴切。文章主要从武功山穹窿状地质的组成和形成时代及成因机制等方面,阐述了它的基本特征,论证了将其改称为"岩浆核杂岩"的理由,并探讨了滑覆构造的找矿意义。     

弥散性走滑条件下底辟构造特征研究:以莺歌海盆地为例

实验以莺歌海底辟构造为典型实例设计3组砂箱物理模型,探讨弧形弥散性基底走滑与上覆同构造沉积对底辟构造样式及演化过程的影响。砂箱物理模拟表明:物质变形主要集中在弥散性剪切带内、且断裂特征与底辟带形成演化具有一定耦合性。底辟带断裂欠发育、以塑性应变为主,仅在底辟翼部和顶部分别形成小型逆冲断层和放射状裂隙;但底辟带外缘普遍发育高角度弥散性走滑断裂体系。沿弧形走滑剪切方向,底辟物质斜向生长由倾向外弧逐渐转变为倾向内弧,导致其平面上为非对称结构形态。同构造沉积地层与底辟相互作用控制了底辟生长结构及上覆地层的变形,底辟通过逐渐减小刺穿以响应上覆沉积载荷的增加。基于比例模型模拟结果与莺歌海盆地典型底辟带构造特征具有一定相似性,揭示出莺歌海盆地底辟构造及分布特征受红河断裂带弥散性走滑与同构造沉积过程共同控制。     

安徽青阳花岗闪长岩体的侵位构造和刺穿式底辟就位机制

青阳花岗闪长岩体及其围岩中均发育压扁变形构造，形成环状向斜、线理、边缘片麻理、热收缩张节理的构造组合。变质变形作用、结合岩石学特征的分析结果显示，岩体是以刺穿式底辟作用就位于早古生代地层中的。     

北京西山房山岩体岩浆底辟构造及其地质意义

运用底辟构造的理论和模型, 通过对北京西山房山岩体边缘围岩构造、变形和应变的研究, 厘定出岩体边缘的高温剪切带、周缘向斜、呈穹状分布陡倾的线理和面理, 并结合对西山区域构造事件分析后提出房山岩体为典型的岩浆底辟构造(HotStokesDiapir).这项研究成果不仅在世界上首次证实了岩浆底辟的存在, 而且对理清北京西山地区的地质构造格架和演化序列具有十分重要的意义.研究认为房山地区可能不存在变质核杂岩; 房山岩体边缘的关坻太古宙杂岩是基底岩石随岩体底辟流动上升带到地壳上部的; 原先确定的一些印支期“剥离断层”是房山岩体岩浆底辟的刺穿构造或围岩高温剪切作用造成的地层缺失; 太平山和凤凰山等向斜是岩体底辟过程中在围岩拖曳下形成的周缘向斜.      

辽河群区域变质特征及其大陆动力学意义

辽河群是胶辽吉古元古代造山带的主要组成部分。近年来对其区域变质作用的PTt轨迹研究发现：同一造山带内PTt轨迹具有多样性。进一步研究认为,这一碰撞造山带南、北空间上PTt轨迹的逆向性起因于造山带南、北部的结构构造、变形过程和同变形变质花岗岩空间分布上的差异。就南辽河群和盖县岩组而言,早期、中期变质阶段,因中深部地壳大面积“辽吉花岗岩”的底垫式侵位及其诱发的沉积盖层顺层滑脱减薄作用,变质作用表现为近等压和小幅度增压而温度快速上升的过程;峰期变质阶段,又因收缩挤压增厚,表现为等温升压过程（盖县岩组）或升温升压过程（南辽河群）;最后晚期变质阶段,差异剥蚀引起降温降压（盖县岩组）或近等压降温过程（南辽河群）。对北辽群而言,早期、中期变质阶段,因盖层南辽河群及盖县岩组的大规模向北滑覆增厚作用而及花岗岩浆不发育,仅有正常传导热及放射热,因而△P＞△T;峰期变质阶段温、压同时达峰值,之后等温快速降压过程,与构造剥蚀有关;至晚期变质阶段,同盖县岩组一样,经历降温降压过程。通过对比上述北、南辽河群及盖县岩组的大陆动力学过程,表明早期大陆动力学过程正好是一个互为消长的过程,从而也决定了它们的PTt轨迹的逆反性。最后,本文提出了辽河群变质的底侵＋拆沉模型。     

湖南连云山剪切重熔型花岗岩的野外构造岩相分带

湖南连云山扁透镜状花岗岩侵位于长寿街—双牌走滑断裂带内。野外地质剖面观测结果表明 ,该岩区存在如下连续过渡的构造岩相分带 :未卷入断裂变形变质的冷家溪群 (围岩 )→含石榴子石云母石英构造片岩→混合岩化石英云母片岩→条带状、肠状混合岩夹透镜状花岗质小块岩→片麻状、块状黑云二长花岗岩 (主体 )。区域地质构造解析结果表明 ,连云山花岗岩与晚三叠世—侏罗纪 NNE向会聚走滑断层动热变质—剪切重熔型岩浆作用有关。     

老君山变质核杂岩隆升的热历史解析与动力学机制探讨

1 区域地质概况 滇东南老君山变质核杂岩[1-3]出露于中越边境,地处南华地块与扬子地块、印支地块的结合部位,是探讨华南西段大地构造的重要窗口.该核杂岩的核部由韧性变形--低角闪岩相变质的元古界猛洞岩群和加里东期南温河花岗岩组成,过渡层主要为韧脆性变形--绿片岩相变质的新元古界(?)新寨岩组,盖层由脆性变形--变质微弱的古生界-中生界地层构成,其间为多条韧性剥离断层和脆性正断层所组成剥离断层系分隔,并为变形--变质微弱的燕山晚期老君山花岗岩侵入.     

On the role of diapirism in the, segregation, ascent and final emplacement of granitoid magmas

Only bodies of magma with a high crystal content and partially molten (crustal) country rocks can ascend as diapirs; once such an envelope is pierced, the diapiric ascent of the pluton is arrested by the high viscosity of a solid aureole. Deformation by shortening of the carapace of these bodies may lead to the expulsion of a magma with a relatively low crystal content, which may then continue ascent via fractures and dykes.

The details of the mechanisms of granitoid magma segregation are still unknown, but it appears that many magmas hegin their ascent through the crust as mushes with at least 50% melt, and that such magmas are rheologically able to ascend through a thickness of crust. This ascent mechanism explains the dearth of structures attributable to the ascent of granitoids, in contrast to the abundance of structures that developed during their final emplacement.

When a magma becomes too crystalline (melt < 25%) to continue its ascent via dykes, it is immobilised. At approximately this stage, a hydrous magma may become saturated with water and release fluids into the aureole, making it particularly susceptible to deformation. Magma that continues to arrive at this level is also immobilised, and the pluton grows as a ballooning diapir. These characteristically deform themselves and their aureoles by bulk shortening.

Magmas that are able to ascend to shallow depths, largely by virtue of lower water contents and higher initial temperatures, tend to become finally accommodated by such brittle processes as stoping and cauldron subsidence. High level intrusions lend to be tabular, are also fed by dykes or conduits, and assemble in tabular batholiths.     

部分熔融与高级变质岩流变机制——以内蒙古大青山高级变质岩为例

部分熔融作用与高级变质岩变形作用是相互制约,变形作用能够提高岩石部分熔融程度,降低熔融温度。熔体存在影响和制约岩石强度和变形机制。大青山高级岩经历了下部地壳构造层次变质变形和深熔作用改造,形成了复杂构造要素组合。宏观与微观构造特点表明:高级变质岩变形机制主要为熔体增强颗粒边界扩散和颗粒流动,使岩石发生大规模的塑性流动。在宏观上形成了不对称流动组构、熔融线理、岩石和矿物条带、层内底辟褶皱和大型穹窿构造。但是,在微观上矿物颗粒变形不明显,晶内变形组构不发育,表现为三边平衡结构,与静态结晶变质岩结构相似,形成了地壳深部构造层次上变质构造岩-构造片麻岩。     

The mechanism of magma ascent through the solid lithosphere and relation between mantle and crustal diapirism: numerical modeling and natural examples

Diapirism can be regarded as the main mechanism of transport through the lithosphere for both felsic and mafic/ultramafic magmas. However, the lack of field observations makes it difficult to identify the key mechanism responsible for the formation of dome-shaped structures. In this study, emplacement of natural diapirs is reconstructed by numerical experiments handling realistic rheological and petrological models for the crust and mantle lithosphere. Three different regimes of diapiric ascent were established depending on the chosen model rheology: (1) single-stage diapir ascent; (2) pulsating ascent of successive batches of mantle-derived magma to the base of the crust with a periodicity of 2-3 Myr; (3) emplacement of extensive magma bodies in the form of sills either beneath the base of the crust (underplating) or to deeper mantle levels. The timescale of 30 Myr for a heat source at the base of the lithosphere is sufficient to initiate the ascent of a diapir through the mantle and crust. The study provides the estimates of rheological properties of the lithosphere and partially molten material at which diapiric ascent through the mantle and crust can occur.     

The Origin of the Mesozoic Associated Multiseries Granitoid Magma in the Shandong Peninsula

Three melting events of the earth's crust occurred during the period of 220-120 Ma in the Shandong Pe-ninsula. Three subcycles of granitoid magma including six rock series were generated in the faulted granitoidmagma belt. The parent magma of several rock series formed earliest originated from the lower crust ofgranulite facies; following the increase of geothermal temperature the source magma would migrate into themiddle crust of amphibolite facies. In the diapiric granitoid magma belt, the granitoid magma was formed firstin granitic layer of the upper crust, and then in the middle crust. In each subcycle the generation of magmastarted with the generation of more mafic one and finished with low eutectic one; they were formed in the formof layered melting in a particular position of the crust.     

两广交界地区花岗岩中包体的类型，特征与成因

据包体岩相学及矿物学研究，包体岩石为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的副变质岩，岩石类型有麻粒岩，变粒岩，片麻岩和富云包体，角闪岩相包体形成的温度为633度，压力为460Mpa-550MPa，麻粒岩包体形成的温度为781－883度，压力为530MPa-710MPa，包体为部分熔融形成寄主花岗岩岩浆的源区岩石列余，其中大容－十万大山地区角闪岩相－ 麻粒岩相包体岩石为区域动热变质成因；云开大山地区麻粒岩包体岩石为热穹隆变质成因。     

In defense of magmatic diapirs

Diapirism as a crustal magma ascent mechanism has been recently criticized. We contend that this reflects an overly simplistic view that diapirs must resemble modeled hot-Stokes diapirs and the perception that magma ascent in dikes is a more problem-free mechanism for the construction of plutons. We describe four Cordilleran plutons that have characteristics much more compatible with diapirs than dike-fed chambers. These plutons were emplaced at depths ranging from ∼10 to 30 km and record different parts of diapiric ascent paths. Most ascended during complex visco-elastic flow of host rock during regional deformation, have narrow structural aureoles indicating power-law behavior of host rock, and were constructed of multiple batches of magma, attributes enabling them to ascend greater distances than single hot-Stokes diapirs. Some features of these plutons are not typically attributed to diapirs, and thus we introduce the term visco-elastic diapir for bodies consisting of one or more batches of magma rising together, with length to width ratios <100, surrounded by host rock deforming by brittle and ductile processes, and for which ascent is driven by buoyancy plus regional stress. We conclude that diapirism remains a valid magma ascent mechanism for the crust.     

豫南熊店高压变质岩的pttD轨迹

豫南熊店高压变质岩块体经历了６期变形和变质作用,即从深地壳层次挤压缩短体制下的不均匀韧性剪切、榴辉岩进变质作用,到中地壳层次挤压体制下的逆冲推覆、钠长绿帘角闪岩相退变质作用,到地壳浅层伸展体制下的脆性—韧性滑脱、绿片岩相变质作用,以及更浅层次的脆性变形,动力变质作用。高压变质岩的形成与向地壳中、浅层次的大幅度抬升均是在挤压机制下韧性变形作用的结果,而高压变质岩暴露到地表是伸展滑脱、断块升降和差异抬升所致。     

内蒙古大青山高级变质岩韧性剪切带及其流变机制

大青山高级变质岩不仅记录华北克拉通早期大陆形成演化历史,也保留了中下部地壳岩石流变信息,它们经历了下部地壳构造层次高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件变质变形、深熔作用改造,形成了复杂构造样式和构造要素组合.韧性剪切带是高级变质岩中主要构造形迹,控制着早前寒武纪高级变质岩主体构造格架.依据野外地质产状、变形特征与构造要素叠加改造关系,韧性剪切带划分为早期近水平顺层伸展型和晚期陡倾韧性剪切带.近水平顺层伸展韧性剪切带呈残留状保留在后期变形改造较弱部位上,主要沿着不同地质单元或者岩性层界面上发育,是在伸展变形体制下形成的.晚期陡倾韧性剪切带呈近东西方向展布,规模较大,叠加和改造早期构造形迹,形成于晚期造山挤压构造环境中,以左行滑移为主.这两种韧性剪切带都形成于地壳中深部构造层次高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相条件下,变形机制主要为熔体增强颗粒边界扩散和颗粒流动,使岩石发生大规模的塑性流动.在宏观上形成了不对称流动组构、条纹条带构造、熔融线理、层内流动褶皱等构造形迹,在微观上矿物晶体没有发生明显塑性变形,均匀消光,晶体为三边平衡结构,与静态变质结构相似,形成了地壳深部构造层次上变质构造岩-构造片麻岩.      

康定杂岩Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素系统及其意义

通过对康定—冕宁地区出露的英云闪长岩、黑云角闪斜长片麻岩、角闪变粒岩全岩及其中所分离出的角闪石、黑云母、斜长石、钾长石的Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素的系统测定,结合岩石的锆石U-Pb年龄结果,确定这些变质杂岩由于经历了复杂的形成过程与变质历史,Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素体系难以确定其结晶年龄。由单矿物与全岩Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd体系拟合的~700 M a的等时线年龄反映了角闪岩相-高角闪岩相的变质作用年龄。Sm-Nd同位素体系由于在变质作用过程中的部分开放性,很容易给出无意义的较老的混合年龄。康定杂岩结晶后并没有经历麻粒岩相变质作用,区域上所含的麻粒岩透镜体可能是新元古代(773~721 M a)期间由Rod in ia超大陆裂解产生的新生洋壳向扬子克拉通陆块俯冲消减过程的变质产物。俯冲到一定深度后,由于板片被拉断,软流圈上涌导致变质洋壳板片岩石、先前底侵变质的镁铁质岩石及扬子陆块长英质基底岩石发生部分熔融,以镁铁质岩石熔融产生的熔浆为主(>70%),与长英质基底岩石熔融产生的熔浆混合形成w(Na2O)/w(K2O)>1的TTG组合。