东亚地区低频振荡的经向传播及中纬度的低频波动

本文利用1981年6—9月欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)网格点资料分析了东亚地区低频(准40天)振荡的传播特性与结构特征,发现在120°E经度上的高空(低空)副热带地区有一个低频纬向风(经向风)经向传播的分离带(汇合带),指出中纬度低频纬向风振荡是准地转的,且高低空振荡同位相。同时揭示出:亚洲地区中纬度(35°N)高空低频纬向风的向东传播是波长为60—90个经度、移速为1.5—2.0个经度/d的中纬度低频波动东移的结果。这种低频涡旋移至东亚沿海地区常会发展,这种发展可能与急流中心附近正压不稳定能量的供给有关。     

ASIA-PACIFIC WINTER LFO STRUCTURE AND LOWFREQUENCY VORTEX ACTIVITY FEATURES*

Based on the winter 1984/1985 ECMWF grid point data subjected to the 30-60 day band-pass filtering and composite analysis,a study is undertaken of the LFO(low-frequency oscillation) structure in the eastern Asian westerly jet entrance and exit regions and the Asia-Pacific low-frequency vortex activity characteristics.Results show that zonal wind oscillations on both sides of the jet core are in anti-phase,in close relation to the E-W displacement of the core.Ranging in NW-SE direction is a low-frequency vortex train(LFVT) emanating from Ural via central Asia to East Asia.A low-frequency vortex of Ural origin,when reaching around 50°N,80°E,is split into two parts,one travelling eastward and the other southward,and finally they arc connected cyclonically or anticyclonically at low latitudes,forming a vigorous low frequency cyclone or anticyclone in the eastern part of China mainland,completing a full cycle of the LFVT.Further,observed in the central Pacific are a meridional LFVT and a cyclone/anticyclone couplet looping in a counterclockwise sense,giving rise to the LFVT phase shift over this region.     

索马里急流与南亚高压年代际变化的可能联系

索马里急流是北半球夏季最为强盛的越赤道气流,南亚高压则是出现在对流层高层、平流层低层最大最稳定的反气旋环流系统,基于近60年NECP/NCAR再分析资料,本文研究了年代际尺度上夏季索马里急流与南亚高压的联系。研究结果表明:年代际尺度上,索马里急流与南亚高压存在显著的正相关关系,当索马里急流偏弱(强)时,夏季南亚高压偏弱西退(偏强东进)。对不同年代际背景下南亚高压东西部的经向垂直环流的分析发现,当索马里急流处于偏弱位相时,南亚高压西半部(20°~70°E)经向垂直环流偏强,而其东半部(75°~120°E)经向垂直环流减弱;反之亦然。南亚高压南北两侧的纬向垂直环流的变化也有差异,索马里急流偏弱(强)时,北部南亚高压(27.5°~35°N)的青藏高原上空纬向垂直环流显著减弱(增强),而南部南亚高压(20°~27.5°N)的伊朗高原上空纬向垂直环流减弱(增强)明显。进一步的研究发现,年代际尺度上索马里急流与南亚高压的联系受到PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)年代际变化的调制。PDO正负位相的转折,首先改变了对流层高层副热带西风急流的强弱变化,从而使得位于其南部的南亚高压强度和热带东风急流发生相应的改变,热带东风急流的变化又通过热带印度洋上空的局地纬向垂直环流将异常信号传递到对流低层,改变热带地区索马里急流的强弱变化。     

中间层顶区域大气平均风场年和半年振荡的全球结构

利用2003~2011年TIDI(TIMED Doppler Interferometer)风场观测数据研究了中间层顶区域80~105 km纬向平均风场年振荡和半年振荡振幅和相位的全球分布结构,并给出了它们的年际变化。在热带地区,纬向风半年振荡最显著。振幅峰值中心位于南半球10°S~20°S范围,出现与平流层半年振荡类似的相对于赤道不对称的分布,并且振幅峰值与以前在该区域的研究结果存在较大差别。在中高纬度地区,纬向风和经向风被年振荡所控制。纬向风在高度100 km以下中高纬度都存在振幅大值中心;经向风年振荡只出现在两半球中纬度高度95 km以下,并且南北半球振幅峰值中心分布不一致。分析结果还显示年振荡和半年振荡振幅存在显著地年际变化,相位的年际变化则较小,但北半球热带地区经向风年振荡振幅和相位表现出2年周期的变化。     

VARIATIONS OF 30—60 DAY OSCILLATION IN ATMOSPHERE BEFORE AND DURING 1982 EL NINO*

By using the upper-wind data from July 1980 to June 1983,the variations of the low-frequency oscillation(LFO) in the atmosphere before and during 1982 El Nino have been investigated.Before the El Nino,the LFO propagates from west to east over the equator of the Eastern Hemisphere and from east to west over 20°N.The eastward propagating LFO over the equator consists of zonal wavenumber 1 propagating eastward and zonal wavenumber 2 with a character of stationary wave.The oscillation of zonal wavenumber 2 can modulate the oscillation strength.After the onset of the El Nino,the propagating directions of the LFO over the equator and 20°N of the Eastern Hemisphere change to be westward and eastward,respectively.The LFO over the western Pacific weakens rapidly and one coming from middle and high latitudes propagates to the equator.From the phase compositions of streamline fields for the zonal wavenumber 1 of equatorial westward propagatirg LFO,it is found that the atmospheric heat source in the equator of the eastern Pacific(EEP)excites a series of the equatorial cyclones and anticyclones which move northward and westward and form the westward propagating LFO over the equator.With the wavelength of 20000km,this kind of equatorial wave is similar to the mixing Rossby-gravity wave.In its westward and northward movement,the circulation in East Asia is modified.This may be the mechanism of the influence of El Nino on the climate of China.     

WESTWARD PROPAGATING LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION AND ITS TELECONNECTION IN THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE

By use of daily OLR data of eight years (1975—1977,1979—1983),the propagation features of 30—60day low-frequency oscillation (LFO) and its teleconnections are studied.The results are as follows:(1)The LFO is quite active in the regions of the South China Sea,mainland of China and subtrop-ical western-North-Pacific.(2)The zonal propagation direction of LFO is eastward along the equator and gradually changes towestward north of 10°N and south of 10°S.The westward propagation of LFO dominates in the areaof 15°N-30°N,Eastern Hemisphere.(3)In the region of east Asia (120°E),the main meridional directions are northward in tropics andsouthward in high latitudes.These two opposite propagating LFO are merged in the vicinity of subtropics.Sometimes,the northward propagating LFO can penetrate through the subtropics to high latitudes and viceversa.On the average,the northward propagation dominates in summer time.(4)The EOF analysis of the summer data shows that there are two main eiginvector centers of OLR-LFO,one is located over the Bay of Bengal and the other over the tropical western-North-Pacific.Thesign of these two centers are just opposite to each other.It should be noted that on the normal,thesetwo oscillation centers mentioned above coincide with the two strong centers of atmospheric 12eat source insummer.It means that the activities of LFO in the Indian monsoon system and the East Asian monsoonsystem are reverse.For the first component of eiginvector,a belt of LFO with the same sign stretcheswith a SW-NE direction from the tropical center in the western-North-Pacific northwestward,passing bythe point at 15°N,180°E and reaches southwestern states of the United States.To the north and southof this belt,there are other two belts with opposite sign.Again further north and south of them,there areother two belts with the same sign as the first one.Furthermore,to the NW (near Taiwan) and SE (10°S,160°W) of the tropical East Asian center,there is,respectively,another center with opposite sign.Analmost straight line can go through all three centers.The main characteristics of the second,third andfourth components of eiginvector are the same as that of the first one.It indicates that the teleconnectioncentered around the tropical East Asian center of LFO is characterized by a SW-NE oriented wave frontand the energy transport of oscillation from SE to NW.That is to say,the oscillations in the tropicalwestern-North-Pacific may be the source of those in China during summer.We call this teleconnection pat-tern the WPC (western Pacific-China) pattern so as to distinguish from the PNA pattern.     

青藏高原夏季高层纬向风季节内振荡特征

利用1979—2019年ECMWF提供的ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料,采用Morlet小波分析、滤波及合成分析等方法,探究了青藏高原夏季对流层高层纬向风季节内振荡（IntraSeasonal Oscillation,ISO）的主要周期及其传播特征。结果表明：青藏高原夏季高层纬向风季节内振荡的主要周期为10～30 d,其强度存在明显的年际差异。在纬向风ISO强年,振荡过程持续时间长、振幅强,ISO方差中心从对流层高层向下影响到对流层中层,表现为相当正压结构。其传播在纬向上主要表现为ISO中心从高原东部3次向东传,可达西太平洋地区;经向上分别有4次自中高纬向南传播的10～30 d ISO中心与来自低纬地区的ISO中心在高原南侧汇合,其强度在高原南侧有所加强,强振荡中心可向南传播到达低纬地区。ISO的位相演变主要表现为低频反气旋和低频气旋中心在高原东部交替出现,引起东部地区上空低频东风和低频西风的强度变化。在ISO极端活跃位相,高原东部低频西风达最强。     

冬季东亚高空急流季节内协同变化及对我国东部降水的影响

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用滤波和合成分析等统计方法,分析了冬季东亚高空急流的季节内协同变化以及对我国东部降水的影响,结果表明:在季节内尺度(10~90天)中,东亚地区冬季300 hPa逐日纬向风主要表现为准双周振荡(10~30天)。300 hPa低频纬向风异常整体向东传播,高纬的低频纬向风异常向南传播,低纬低频纬向风没有明显经向传播特征。伴随低频纬向西风从里海附近开始向东移动至西北太平洋上空,温带急流向东再向东南移动并且强度先增强再减弱,副热带急流位置没有明显变化,强度演变特征与温带急流变化相反。降水异常对300 hPa风场低频振荡有显著响应,低频降水主要出现在我国东部,随时间向东移动,移至西太平洋附近消失;受低频风场影响,温带急流偏强,副热带急流偏弱时,我国东部高空辐合,地面表现为低频高压,整层有较强下沉气流,地面为东北风控制,不易产生降水;温带急流偏弱,副热带急流偏强时,青藏高原北侧整层一致东风异常,南侧整层一致西风异常,使我国东部高空辐散,地面受低频低压控制,我国东部产生整层上升运动,并且有西南风水汽输送,水汽辐合,我国东部出现低频降水正异常。      

山东大风天气的低频特征及机理分析

利用山东省122个国家级地面气象观测站的风速数据与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的ERA- Interim再分析数据,采用小波分析、带通滤波等方法对2015年9月—2020年9月山东的大风天气及相应的低频大气环流形势进行分析。结果表明,近几年山东的大风天气有増加的趋势,春季大风发生频次最多,秋季最少;山东半岛东部大风频次最多,鲁南地区最少;全年只有7月偏南大风站次较偏北大风多,其余月份多以偏北大风为主。山东大风具有显著的11~13 d与20~23 d的低频振荡周期。其中,春季大风以11~13 d的振荡周期为主,秋、冬季以20~23 d的振荡周期为主,夏季大风的振荡周期不明显。振荡周期的演变与大范围的大风过程有对应关系,大范围的大风过程大致发生在振荡的波峰处。春季偏北大风盛行时,多伴有经向风自北向南的传播。秋季大约以35°N为界,对流层中高层在35°N以北,经向风自南向北传播,35°N以南,则是自北向南传播,对流层中低层反之。山东春季大风产生之前,乌拉尔山东侧低频气旋与黄海上空低频反气旋同时出现并东移,之后衍生出华北低频反气旋与渤海低频气旋,这两个系统的加强促使华北上空偏北风加大,为山东大风的产生提供了可能。同时,华北地区经向风正距平逐渐被负距平所代替,是山东大风天气产生的又一先兆。     

LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION AND MECHANISM OF VERTICAL CIRCULATION OF EASTERN ASIAN MONSOON*

Analysis is performed of low-frequency oscillation (LFO) and its relation to monsoon by means of ECMWF numerical prediction data in the period 1 June to 30 September 1984,indicating that remarkable local LFO exists in the vertical meridional and equatorial zonal circulations.And preliminary discussion is made of the origin of the LFO of the East-Asian summer monsoon meridional circulation in the LFO of the mid and upper troposphere vertical motion around 30°S.The LFOs in the meridional circulations of both hemispheres are linked together by the LFO of the meridional circulation.Finally the possible relation between the tropical monsoon LFO and Meiyu (plum rain).     

EVOLUTIONAL FEATURES OF INTERANNUAL LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF EL NINO

A simplified data set with 8°×8° grid system in a region of 32°S-32°N from 1951 to 1979 for the elements of sea surface temperature (SST),zonal wind at sea level (U),sea level pressure (SLP) and total cloud amount (CA) is made from the COADS.The oscillation components with periods of 2 years (QBO),3.5 years (SO) and 5.5 years (FYO) in interannual low-frequency oscillations have been studied by using the methods of extended EOF (EEOF) and lag comelation analysis with the oscillational components of SST in the equator of eastern Pacific as the reference element.In our paper,the relationship between oscillation components and occumence of El Nino is also investigated.     

2007年夏季江淮强降水过程中10~30d低频变化及其与对流层上层波包活动的联系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和全国740站逐日降水资料,运用一点滞后相关等方法,对2007年夏季江淮流域强降水期间低频振荡的波动活动特征及其与降水低频变化的联系进行了分析。结果表明,在2007年夏季降水中,降水低频分量起着重要作用。降水的低频振荡主周期为10~30d,降水距平时间序列与10~30d低频分量具有较好的对应关系。低频扰动在对流层上层和低层都呈现波列状分布,且在降水活跃位相时,低频环流在高、低层具有斜压结构。在对流层上层,低频扰动有缓慢的东移倾向,相速度为每天2~3个经度。西风带中存在多次移动性波列向下游的传播,且在120°E以西以每天14经度的群速度向下游频散能量,表明10~30d低频波动具有明显的下游发展特征。在强降水开始5d前,低频波动与能量可起源于高纬的乌拉尔山附近,沿着西北-东南向的路径向下游传播。下游发展的低频波动为江淮流域带来了能量,为强降水的发生提供了条件。这些结果加深了人们对低频波动在江淮流域强降水过程中所起作用的认识,可为寻找江淮流域强降水过程预报线索提供科学依据。     

青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国南方降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR日平均再分析资料及中国753个测站日降水资料,采用带通滤波、小波功率谱、合成分析等方法研究了青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡特征及其与我国南方降水的关系.结果表明,青藏高原春季500 hPa纬向风存在明显的10~30 d季节内振荡特征,该低频振荡主要表现为自西向东和自北向南的传播特征.通过位相合成分析发现,这种季节内振荡对我国南方春季降水有重要影响.当高原500 hPa纬向风季节内振荡处于2~3位相时(即高原上盛行西风异常),对应于我国南方地区春季降水明显偏多;反之,当季节内振荡处于相反位相时(6~7位相,即高原上盛行东风异常),对应于我国南方春季降水明显偏少.南方春季最大正(负)异常降水的出现滞后于高原季节内振荡的峰值(谷值)位相,其滞后时间为2 d.分析结果还表明,高原上空纬向风的季节内振荡活动主要通过中纬度大尺度环流异常对我国南方春季降水产生影响.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

A FURTHER INQUIRY ON 30-60 DAY OSCILLATION IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE

Based on the ECMWF data(1980-1983) and others, a further inquiry on the activities and the structure feature of 30-60 day oscillation in the tropical atmosphere has been completed. The following results are obtained:There is stronger perturbation kinetic energy of 30-60 day atmospheric oscillation(AO) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. This means the equatorial eastern Pacific is a stronger activity region of 30-60 day AO in the tropics. Analyses also show that the AO system with the time scale of 30-60 days might consist of various spatial scale disturbances. The zonal propagation of 30-60 day oscillation in the tropical atmosphere is not all eastward. Some differences are found for different spatial scales, and for propagations in upper and lower tropospheres. The meridional propagation of the oscillation is even more different in the various regions and might be related to the low-frequency wave train in the atmosphere. The stronger activities of 30-60 day AO in the equatorial middle-western Pacific are related to the El Nino events and the weaker ones are correspondent to the inverse El Nino phenomena.     

东亚季风区冬季经向风的季节内变化及其可能机理

利用1979—2013年ERA-interim再分析资料,通过均方差分析、功率谱分析、带通滤波及合成分析等统计方法系统地分析了东亚季风区冬季经向风的季节内变化及其可能机理。结果表明,东亚季风区冬季经向风异常在我国华南一带变化显著,振荡周期为10~20 d(准双周振荡)。在准双周尺度上,水平方向上,850 h Pa异常北风主要呈现从高纬向低纬传播的特点,60°N附近异常经向风向东南方向传播,副热带30°N附近弱的异常经向风向东传播,二者在华南汇合,随后分为两支中心,分别向南和向东继续传播,我国华南一带存在基本气流向准双周尺度波动的能量转换,因此异常经向风在华南会显著增强;垂直方向上,对流层上层、中层、下层的经向风呈现强—弱—强的异常中心特征,对流层下层850 h Pa和上层200~300 h Pa均存在经向风大值中心;我国东部上空300 h Pa上,副热带地区波动比850 h Pa更明显,60°N附近波动向东南方向移动,同样在我国东部地区合并,波动辐合导致波动能量增强。     

Medium-range oscillations in the summer tropical easterlies at 200 hPa

By the use of space-time spectral analysis and band-pass filter, some of the features of the medium-range Oscillations in the summer tropical easterlies (10oS-20o) at 200 hPa are investigated based on a two-year (1980 and 1982) wind (u, v) data set for the period from May to September. Space-time power spectral analysis shows that the total energy of the westward moving waves was the largest and that of the standing waves and eastward moving waves was relatively small in the 200 hPa easterlies; the total energy of the eastward moving waves was at minimum at 10oN. Three kind of the medium-range oscillations with about 50 day, 25 day and quasi-biweekly periods were found in the easterlies, which all show a remarkable interannual variation and latitudinal differences in these two years. The wave energy of zonal wind is mainly associated with the planetary waves (1-3), which all may make important contributions to the 50 day and 25 day oscillations in different years or different latitudes. The quasi-biweekly oscillation is mainly related to the synoptic waves (4-6). In equatorial region, the 50 day oscillation was dominant with a eastward phase propagation in 1982 while the dominant oscillation in 1980 was of 25day period with a westward phase propagations in 1980. Both of them are of the mode of zonal wavenumber 1. Strong westward 50 day oscillation was found in 10oN-20oN in these two years. Regular propagations of the meridional wind 50 day oscillation were also found in the easterlies.The 50 day and 25 day oscillation of zonal wind all demonstrate southward phase propagation over the region of the South Asia monsoon and northward phase propagation near interational date line, where are the climatic mean position of the tropical upper-tropospheric easterly jet and the tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT), respectively.     

中国东部高空颠簸时空分布特征及其与热带中东太平洋海温的关系

本文利用1979～2014年NCEP-DOE日平均再分析资料和中国区域2375份航空器空中颠簸报告资料,研究中国东部区域高空颠簸的时空分布特征及其与热带中东太平洋海温异常（简称“海温异常”;空间范围:5°S～5°N,120°～170°W）的关系以及产生这种关系的可能原因。结果表明:中国东部地区高空颠簸与东亚副热带西风急流之间存在显著时空相关关系,其原因是高空纬向风引起的垂直风切变是构成高空颠簸时空分布的主导因素。中国东部夏季高空颠簸与海温异常存在正相关关系;冬季呈现南北两个正负相关区:以30°N为界,北部区域存在显著的负相关,南部区存在显著的正相关,在30°N急流轴附近区域无显著相关关系。海温异常影响中国高空颠簸时空分布的可能原因是海温变化引起对流层高层温度出现异常,进而影响温度的经向梯度,导致东亚副热带西风急流强度和位置出现异常（夏季,急流轴南侧出现西风异常;冬季,急流轴北侧出现东风异常,南侧出现西风异常）。高空纬向风的变化导致纬向风的垂直梯度和经向梯度出现异常,最终影响高空颠簸的时空分布特征。对流层高层温度的异常变化可能是由与热带海温异常相关的平流层水汽变化所引起。     

夏季青藏高原热源低频振荡对我国东部降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料及长江中下游降水资料, 诊断和分析了长江中下游地区旱年1978年、涝年1999年青藏高原东部大气热源与降水季节内振荡的关系, 并着重讨论了青藏高原低频热力过程的经、纬向传播, 结果表明:1978年夏季青藏高原东部大气热源存在10~20 d周期为主的振荡, 交叉谱分析表明:青藏高原东部热源与长江中下游降水在10~20 d频段存在显著相关, 且青藏高原激发的周期为10~20 d的低频振荡热源在纬向上呈现出驻波形式; 1999年夏季青藏高原东部热源存在30~60 d周期为主的振荡, 热源与长江中下游降水在30~60 d频段存在显著相关。