The Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) and small-scale earth-science cartography of Europe

The origin of CGMW dates back to 1881; in its initial phase it concentrated exclusively on geoscientific cartography of Europe. Since 1911, CGMW has taken up the promotion, coordination and publication of small-scale geo-scientific maps world-wide. Of this map type, recently published examples of modern European map series are presented:

Geological Map of Europe and the Mediterranean Regions 1:1.5 Mio (in 49 sheets) Hydrogeological Map of Europe 1:1.5 Mio (in 30 sheets with explanatory notes) Tectonic Map of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 16 sheets)

Quaternary Map of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 15 sheets)

Metallogenic Map of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 9 sheets with an explanatory memoir, 1984)

International Map of Iron Ore Deposits of Europe 1:2.5 Mio (in 16 sheets with explanatory notes, 1970-73)

A series of different geoscientific thematic maps comprising the West European Atlantic Region will result from the Circum-Atlantic Project. Its objectives are to inventory and use the available geoscience and resource data in analyzing the geological evolution and resource potential of the Atlantic Basin. The present status of the Circum-Atlantic Project is explained.     

A computational procedure for joining separate map sheets

Map sheets have been often used as a basic spatial unit for managing spatial data produced from paper maps. This often results in incompatibility between adjacent map sheets, because spatial objects do not cross the boundaries smoothly and even the boundaries themselves do not match their neighbors exactly. To solve the problem this paper proposes a computational procedure for joining separate map sheets to obtain seamless spatial data. Line objects digitized separately in different map sheets are considered, which are frequently used to represent road networks, gas pipelines, and boundaries of polygon objects. The procedure consists of three steps: (1) extraction of end nodes, (2) detection of matching nodes, and (3) transformation of the map sheet. Each step goes interactively so that unexpected errors can be avoided by human observation. To test the validity of the procedure, map sheets are combined containing the road network data of Tokyo 23-ku area, Japan. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The philosophy,design and applications of the New South Wales geological survey's metallogenic mapping programs

The metallogenic mapping program of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines, New South Wales has two aims, to provide an inventory of information on all known mineral deposits in New South Wales, and to enable the recognition and delineation of metallogenic districts and provinces.

Each deposit is described on a standardized data sheet. Selected information is symbolized on a coloured geological or tectonic background map at a scale of 1:250 000. This scale is considered to be suitable for locating deposits in the field and at the same time gives an impression of the regional distribution of deposits. The tectonic map is constructed using a plate tectonic model.

Each map is accompanied by interpretative notes which are not of standard form but in which one of three approaches may be adopted: an interpretation according to the geological association, the delineating of groupings of deposits in structural zones, and the recognition of metallogenic units based on a plate tectonic model. In many, but not all cases, mineral districts were first delineated before the above approaches were adopted.

The New South Wales Geological Survey's metallogenic maps may be used to develop concepts in ore genesis, and prognostic concepts for exploration. They assist in understanding the relationships between tectonic process and the concentration of ore minerals. They are valuable in land use and resource management studies.     

新编华南花岗岩分布图及其说明

展示了新编的<华南花岗岩分布图(1:250万)>,并作了简要说明.该图在前人相关图件的基础上,收集了近15年来华南花岗岩研究的新的主量元素和年代学资料修编而成.此外,该图反映了华南不同时代花岗岩的富铝程度.     

1:5万比例尺区域地质调查系列成果图件修编方法探讨——以安徽省39幅区调成果图件修编为例

地质图是基础地质工作成果展示的核心载体,但不同时期完成的地质成果图件编制标准不统一,同时还存在相邻图幅接边等问题,难以及时更新升级,给使用者带来诸多不便。为此,安徽省采用了统一地层划分、图面表达及标注,对本省1:5万比例尺区域地质调查成果进行了数字化系统整理修编。提出了“尊重原著、遵循规范、不漏信息、表达统一、清晰易读、美观和谐”的修编原则,分析了修编过程中常见的问题,创建了“数字化→整理校验与问题处理→说明书更新”的修编流程,解决了地质图修编过程中缺少行业规范指导的难题。修编后的地质图得到了升级,集成了最新地质成果,消除了错漏,实现了规范统一且美观易读,提升了“地质云”基础地质数据共享平台的服务能力,满足了成果资料系统化管理、使用、共享的需求。     

Discussion on the revision method of 1:50 000 regional geological survey achievement maps: Take the revision of 39 regional geological survey maps of Anhui Province as an example

Geological map is the core carrier of the display of basic geological work. However, the compilation standards for geological maps in different periods are not uniform, and there are also problems of adjacent sheets junction. Thus it is necessary to update these maps, which otherwise will bring considerable inconvenience for users. In order to solve these problems, unified stratigraphic classification, expression and marks were adopted during the process of systematically revising the 1:50 000 regional geological survey maps in Anhui Province. The revision principles were put forward as ‘respecting the original work, following the norms, not leaking information, unitary expressing, reading clearly and easily, revising beautifully and harmoniously’. The common problems in the process of revision were analyzed, and the revision process was created as ‘digitization →verification and problem processing→explanatory notes update’, which solved the problems of lacking detailed process guidance during the geological map revision. The geological map has been upgraded after revision, and the latest geological achievements have been integrated without mistakes and omissions, which makes these maps unitary and easy reading. The revised maps improved the service capacity of the “geological cloud” basic geological data sharing platform, and meet the needs of systematical managing, using and sharing of results data.     

山东省莱芜市幅1:50 000水文地质图数据集

本数据集选取山东莱芜市幅1：50 000地形图空间数据库、莱芜市幅1：50 000地质图部分数据作为底图,采用本次水文地质调查取得的最新数据编制而成。除水文地质图外,数据集还包括机（民）井、泉、钻孔、水质分析及水量计算等数据表,主要分类及数据量为机（民）井209个、泉14个、水库13个、长期监测点13处（监测数据936点次）、地下水水位及水量统测100点次、环境地质点6个、样品采集（全分析、同位素及岩石）90组等。本数据集主要使用MapGIS 6.7平台辅助制图,数据量约169 MB,坐标系为CGCS 2000国家大地坐标系,投影方式为高斯-克吕格投影（6度带）。数据集不仅用二维方式标注了关键水文地质信息,还在主图及部分镶图引入三维地势表达方式。     

全国区域化探数据库

全国区域化探数据库首次汇集了全国28个省（自治区、直辖市）的1∶20万和1∶50万区域化探39种元素和氧化物的测试数据,共计数据点142万个,近5 540万个数据,涉及1∶20万图幅1 299个,1∶50万图幅18个,在国内第一次建立了地球化学海量数据库。全国矿产资源潜力评价项目对数据库进行了更新,使全国区域化探数据库汇集数据总量达147万余条记录,数据达6 321万。在此基础上,编制了4万多张各类地球化学系列图件,并建立了空间数据库,为地球化学研究和矿产资源预测相关专业提供了丰富的地球化学信息。该项成果的取得为在全国范围内研究区域地球化学分布、生态环境、基础地质和找矿远景规划提供了最基础的资料。     

Underground mining hazard map including building site categories in an area affected by underground mining activities

The objective of the paper is generation of an underground mining hazard map. The method applied to create the map is based on five categories of areas with different characters of underground mining influence making use of the so-called building site categories. The individual areas with different groups represent various suitability or unsuitability for founding new structures in such influenced territories. They will also reflect a higher or lower degree of influence on already existing structures. Areas affected by underground mining of category V are suitable without any significant restrictions. Areas of the medium category represent influence of building site categories III and IV with economically acceptable measures for founding engineering purposes. The last type is areas with high influence in the category I and II and they are clearly unsuitable for new development. Structures may be founded there in exceptional cases only. This methodology was applied on four map sheets in 1:10,000 scale in a coal mining region in the town of Karviná and its environs in the direction to the City of Ostrava (Czech Republic). Extensive changes caused by underground mining have been identified in the study area and the implementation of the suggested maps may help to deal with the issue in terms of land development by means of land use planning.     

用GIS方法研究我国南方花岗岩地区新构造——以广东花县芙蓉嶂地区为例

本文基于构造地貌地理信息系统(GIS)分析的基本原理,以广东花县芙蓉嶂地区新构造研究为例,探讨将GIS方法与遥感及传统地质方法相结合,综合研究我国南方花岗岩地区新构造的新途径,阐述机助宏观定量地貌分析对基岩山区,特别是岩性较单一的花岗岩地区新构造研究的作用和意义。     

矿产资源领域三项基本国情调查成果数据的综合集成与应用

全国矿产资源潜力评价、全国矿产资源储量利用现状调查、全国矿业权实地核查是我国在矿产资源领域开展的三项全国性基本国情调查项目,形成了多于10 Tb的地质资料数据。为了促进地质资料共享,提升为找矿突破战略行动、企事业单位及社会大众的多方服务能力,分析了具有典型海量、异构特性的三项调查成果数据集成需求,提出了“地质信息一张图”的构建思想,分别从数据集成、应用集成两个角度对成果的共享与应用进行了研究。通过服务接口提供地质数据资源、计算资源,使用各类客户端完成三项成果数据的在线访问、分析、融合展示、专题图生成等业务。提出了在线按需提供多种地质资料产品、网上提交需求而离线加工的两种新型地质资料服务模式。以金矿、铁矿的区域性成果数据为研究对象,初步搭建了三大专项集成与共享试验平台,基于GIS编程实现了原型系统,实现了跨专项的数据分析、各种图件自动生成等功能,证明了方案的可操作性,为我国后续开展三大专项的全国性集成工作、国土资源“一张图”建设等提供了有价值的参考。     

AUTOCAD技术在绘制矿图中的应用

利用 CAD 技术 强 大的 计算 功 能及 图形 处 理能 力,绘制 采 掘矿 图。 如 建立 通用 座标 系 ,绘 制 方 格 网;设 计 绘制新 矿图 ,修 改 已有 矿图 ;合 理利 用 图层 、块 的功 能 进行 复杂 矿 图的 制作 。 使用 AUTOLISP 语言 编 制 一 些 适合 绘 制 矿 图通 用符 号 ,提 高绘 图的 精 度和 速度 。 随着 CAD 绘 图技 术的 发 展,其在 煤矿 生 产中 将会 发挥 更 大的 作用 。     

Bathymetric and geological maps from the British Antarctic Survey

Since my 2012 feature about British Antarctic Survey (BAS) geological maps, the survey has continued to produce a series of ad hoc maps highlighting the results of their ongoing research, often in collaboration with their international colleagues. Not only has BAS added to their geological mapping series with James Ross Island off the Antarctic Peninsula, they have also produced a map of the bedrock topography of the entire continent, together with two bathymetric and geological settings sheets of the seas to the north of Antarctica. The first oceanographic map focuses on the South Sandwich Islands, some of the most remote United Kingdom overseas territories, roughly 700 km south‐east of South Georgia. Finally, the Drake Passage sheet shows the sea bed morphology from the Falklands and Tierra del Fuego to the South Shetland Islands just off the Antarctic Peninsula, spanning 70–50°W in longitude and 52–63°S in latitude. Below 60° south, all international territorial claims have been frozen by the Antarctic Treaty, which has demilitarized the entire continent since 1961 and ensured it remains untainted by mineral exploration and which has now expanded to a membership of over 50 nations.     

编制盆地复原古构造图的若干问题的讨论

为了描述盆地三维构造的演化过程,通常需要编制不同地质时期的古构造等构造线图。编制古构造等高线图是一个复杂的研究过程,可能遇到许多概念性和技术性问题,但是所有问题都必须在地质平衡概念约束下寻求解决途径。本文讨论了按照地质平衡概念编制古构造等高线图的基本原则和可能的技术方案,包括研究构造变形模式、复原剥失厚度及其分布、复原断层位移、去压实校正等。运用地质平衡概念将较浅地层界面的构造等高线图复原到代表特定地质时期地形面的原始状态,相应地将较深地层界面的构造等高线图复原得的古构造等高线图。运用地质平衡概念编制的古构造等高线图比传统的只用地层残余厚度编制的古构造等高线图能更合理地反映地质时期的盆地古构造三维几何特征。     

New visualizations of global tectonic plate motions and plate boundary interactions

Clear understanding of detailed lithospheric plate motions has been impeded by lack of a suitable means of graphical representation. A series of coloured global maps are presented that reveal more detail in the patterns of both absolute and relative global plate motions. The use of continuous colour to represent velocities overcomes the limitations of earlier maps that used isolated vectors at selected points to indicate plate velocities. Velocity magnitudes and directions for entire surfaces of plates were computed at a resolution of 0.5°, and are shown on two separate maps. Relative motions between plates were decomposed into their shear and normal components, and are plotted on separate maps. Continuous colour is again used to indicate both the directions and magnitudes of sinistral/dextral and convergent/divergent motions for all plate boundaries. A final map of normalized velocity magnitudes for all plates reveals a global, fast 'belt' of plate motion that parallels a great circle aligned with the fastest portion of the Pacific Plate and orthogonal to the East Pacific Rise.     

应用MAPGIS地形库管理整合1∶200000区域化探数据

利用1∶200 000地球化学数据,从整个成矿地球化学环境的角度出发,最大限度地开发、挖掘三十九种化学元素中每个元素以及元素组合所蕴含的矿化信息,为成矿远景区预测提供更加翔实的地球化学依据,是地球化学工作者的研究任务之一。MAPGIS功能强大,其地图库管理模块为多幅1∶200 000地球化学异常图的拼接提供了技术支持。这里论述了1∶200 000地球化学数据的特征和MAPGIS的地图库管理的功能,并记述了在实际工作中应用MAPGIS的地图库管理对多幅1∶200 000地球化学异常图的拼接,实现了对1∶200 000地球化学数据的另一种应用方式。     

Ordovician and Silurian lithofacies and base‐metal deposits of the Lachlan Fold Belt

Two lithofacies maps of the Lachlan Fold Belt, one for the Ordovician and one for the Silurian, are illustrated. Both maps indicate shorelines in western New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.

The Ordovicoan map suggests open‐sea conditions eastwards from the shoreline with one major and two minor andesitic volcanoes (or volcanic centres). The Silurian map suggests segmentation of the Lachlan Fold Belt into the Melbourne Basin, Omeo Land, Newell Basin, and Budawang Land. The Newell Basin displays a nearshore (Louth‐Mitta Mitta) coarse clastics facies and an offshore (Wellington‐Cooma) platform carbonate facies. Acid volcanism was widespread over the Newell Basin in Silurian time, but did not occur in the Melbourne Basin.

The Louth‐Mitta Mitta and Wellington‐Cooma facies boundary coincides with the position of the Coolac‐Honeybugle Serpentine Belt and the outcrop area of the Girilambone Beds, suggesting that these features were already in some way prominent during the Silurian Period: the Serpentine Belt may have been a fault, and the Girilambone Beds may have been land.

The origin of base‐metal deposits in the Silurian rocks is thought to be somehow related to the heat generated in the subsurface during Silurian time as is indicated by the volcanism and granite intrusion; and also to the fact that the deposits occur in a transgressive sequence which contains the first phase of acid volcanism in the known geological history of the Lachlan Fold Belt.     

Discovering points of interest from users’ map annotations

One of the potential problems of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is ensuring its quality. Innocent mistakes and intentional falsehoods can reduce not only the quality of the information, but also people’s confidence in VGI as a legitimate source of data. We present a case study in VGI that addresses the quality problem by aggregating input from many different people. Specifically, we present a technique to maintain a comprehensive list of points of interest (POI) for digital maps. This is traditionally difficult, because new POI are created, because some POI are known only locally, and because some POI have multiple names. We address this problem by exploiting map annotations contributed by regular, online map users. Our institution’s mapping Web site allows users to create arbitrary collections of geographically anchored pushpins that are annotated with text. Our data mining solution finds geometric clusters of these pushpins and examines the pushpins’ text and other features for likely POI names. For instance, if a given text phrase is mentioned frequently in a cluster, but infrequently elsewhere, this increases our confidence that this phrase names a POI. We tested the quality of our results by asking 100 local residents whether or not the POI we found were correct, and our user study told us we were generally successful. We also show how we can use the same user-annotated pushpins to assess the popularity of existing POI, which is a guide for which ones to display on a map.     

Analysis of High Density Regional Geochemical Soil Samples at the Council for Geoscience (South Africa): The Importance of Quality Control Measures

The Council for Geoscience (CGS, South Africa) has a statutory mandate to carry out regional geochemical mapping in South Africa that needs to be rapidly and accurately analysed. Both simultaneous X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (S-XRF) and a newly developed method using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were employed. Various trace elements that could not previously be analysed by S-XRF can now be analysed by ICP-MS for the regional geochemical mapping programme, e.g., Cd, Mo, Te and Li. Using both techniques, the CGS aims to report element distributions for some fifty elements. To ensure that element concentration levels correlate over map boundaries, quality control measures in the sampling, sample preparation and analyses were of critical importance. This paper aims to discuss the sample preparation and quality control measures as applied to the ∼5500 samples of the Giyani and Tzaneen 1:100000 scale map sheets sampled at a density of one soil sample per km². ICP-MS batch- and instrumental drift-correction procedures will be discussed. As a final step, geochemical data were overlain over simplified geological maps using geographical information system software. These maps complement existing geological information of South Africa, help in the identification of exploration targets, test exploration models and initiate further geological research.     

Seismic Hazard Assessment in Armenia

An evaluation of seismic hazard assessment in the territory of Armenia is presented in this work. The catastrophic M = 7.0 Spitak earthquake in 1988 revealed the drawbacks of the acting seismic zoning map. Two seismic hazard maps have been compiled in NSSP RA during 1991–1996. The deterministic approach was applied in the first one and the probabilistic in the second one. Both maps were compiled on the basis of the same database. Comparison between the maps shows good correlation. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.