厦门市林地与建设用地对大气气溶胶空间分布的影响分析

分析大气气溶胶空间分布的影响因素有助于理解其变化机制与规律,从而为大气环境质量的调控提供科学依据。本文以厦门市为例,利用MODIS-Aqua卫星遥感影像,反演了大气气溶胶光学厚度。同时,选取Landsat8 OLI卫星数据,进行土地覆被分类。在此基础上,利用相关分析、一元线性回归模型和方差分解,对比研究了城市林地和建设用地对大气气溶胶空间分布的影响作用,得出以下结论：① 暗像元与插值法的结合适合厦门地区春季气溶胶光学厚度的反演;② 建设用地上空气溶胶光学厚度值明显高于林地;③ 林地对气溶胶空间分布的影响作用强于建设用地。本研究对缓解城市大气污染和改善城市生态环境具有重要参考价值和意义。     

基于GF-1/WFV数据的三江源草地月度NPP反演研究

准确认识三江源植被生产力月度尺度的时空格局变化,对三江源畜牧业生产以及生态保护政策制定具有重要意义,可稳定获取的重访周期为4 d的16 m分辨率GF-1/WFV数据使中等空间分辨率的月度NPP产品生产成为可能。本文建立了一套以GF-1/WFV为基本数据源的中等空间分辨率草地月度NPP估算技术方法,并评估了其在三江源地区应用的可行性。在黄河源区玛多县的实验表明以GF-1/WFV为基础,以MODIS13Q1数据为补充,可以获得覆盖全区的中等空间分辨率月度NDVI数据,据其反演得到的草地NPP,地面验证精度在70%以上,优于MODIS NPP产品精度,且能更为详细地反映草地生产力变化的空间差异,在青海三江源地区利用GF-1/WFV数据生产中等空间分辨率的草地月度NPP产品是可行的。     

海面溢油光学卫星遥感监测能力分析

 海面溢油对海洋生态的影响具有频率高、范围广和危害大的特点。卫星遥感已成为海面溢油监测的重要手段。本文从海面油膜光谱特性出发,与常用的光学卫星传感器建立对应关系,根据对不同光学遥感卫星的空间分辨率、时间分辨率、幅宽和波段数等主要物理参数的对比分析认为,MODIS传感器和HJ-1卫星有较强的海面溢油监测能力。故此,采用MODIS、BJ-1、HJ-1和FY-3光学卫星影像,对2006年3月和2011年6月渤海海面溢油污染事故进行了遥感监测。MODIS遥感图像可以清晰反映出2006年和2011年这2次溢油污染事故中海面油膜信息,HJ-1卫星遥感影像则能反映出2011年溢油污染事故中海面油膜信息,而BJ-1和FY-3卫星遥感影像不能反映出海面油膜信息。HJ-1、BJ-1和FY-3卫星在波段设置上相似,但是,BJ-1和FY-3卫星不能反映出油膜信息,所以,本文进一步对这2次溢油事件中的MODIS遥感影像的油水光谱反差和海水光谱方差进行计算,并对结果进行比较分析,实验结果表明,当MODIS某一波段的海水光谱方差小于油水光谱反差时,则该波段可以显示出油膜信息;而当油水光谱反差小于或接近海水方差时,则不能反映出海面油膜信息。从波谱响应、空间分辨率和时间分辨率,以及监测实例中说明MODIS传感器有较强的海面溢油监测能力。     

Assessment of total suspended sediment concentrations in Poyang Lake using HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery

We explored the potential of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellations (HJ-1A/1B satellites) charge-coupled device (CCD) imagery (spatial resolution of 30 m, revisit time of 2 days) in the monitoring of total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations in dynamic water bodies using Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, as an example. Field surveys conducted during October 17-26, 2009 showed a wide range of TSS concentration (3-524 mg/L). Atmospheric correction was implemented using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) module in ENVI with the aid of aerosol information retrieved from concurrent Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surveys, which worked well at the CCD bands with relatively high reflectance. A practical exponential retrieval algorithm was created between satellite remote sensing reflectance and in-situ measured TSS concentration. The retrieved results for the whole water area matched the in-situ data well at most stations. The retrieval errors may be related to the problem of scale matching and mixed pixel. In three selected subregions of Poyang Lake, the distribution trend of retrieved TSS was consistent with that of the field investigation. It was shown that HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery can be used to estimate TSS concentrations in Poyang Lake over synoptic scales after applying an appropriate atmospheric correction method and retrieval algorithm.     

Vegetation NPP Distribution Based on MODIS Data and CASA Model —— A Case Study of Northern Hebei Province

1 Introduction Vegetation is an important component of terrestrial eco- system, it plays an important role in global matter and energy cycle, carbon balance and climate change. CO2 has effects on global warming, photosynthesis function, Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and earth environmental condition. NPP is one of the important biophysical variables of vegetation activity, and is a beginning link of biogeochemical carbon cycle. Vegetation absorbs CO2 from atmosphere through photosynthesi…     

基于HJ-1B/IRS的重庆市热岛效应监测应用

本文利用MODIS数据反演大气透射率,利用HJ-1B/CCD进行分类,并反演地表比辐射率.在此基础上,借鉴单窗算法,利用HJ-1B/IRS数据反演得到地表温度,并利用MODIS温度产品对反演结果进行了初步验证.最后利用热场变异指数进一步分析重庆的热岛空间分布特征,并对NDVI与NDBI对热岛效应的影响进行了分析.其结论...     

Examining Forest Net Primary Productivity Dynamics and Driving Forces in Northeastern China During 1982–2010

Forest net primary productivity （NPP） is a key parameter for forest monitoring and management. In this study, monthly and annual forest NPP in the northeastern China from 1982 to 2010 were simulated by using Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach （CASA） model with normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） sequences derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） Global Invento y Modeling and Mapping Studies （GIMMS） and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） products. To address the problem of data inconsistency between AVHRR and MODIS data, a per-pixel unary linear regres- sion model based on least ~;quares method was developed to derive the monthly NDVI sequences. Results suggest that estimated forest NPP has mean relative error of 18.97% compared to observed NPP from forest inventory. Forest NPP in the northeastern China in- creased significantly during the twenty-nine years. The results of seasonal dynamic show that more clear increasing trend of forest NPP occurred in spring and awmnn. This study also examined the relationship between forest NPP and its driving forces including the climatic and anthropogenic factors. In spring and winter, temperature played the most pivotal role in forest NPR In autumn, precipitation acted as the most importanl factor affecting forest NPP, while solar radiation played the most important role in the summer. Evaportran- spiration had a close correlation with NPP for coniferous forest, mixed coniferous broadleaved forest, and broadleaved deciduous forest. Spatially, forest NPP in the Da Hinggan Mountains was more sensitive to climatic changes than in the other ecological functional re- gions. In addition to climalie change, the degradation and improvement of forests had important effects on forest NPP. Results in this study are helpful for understanding the regional carbon sequestration and can enrich the cases for the monitoring of vegetation during long time series.     

基于DMSP/OLS数据的城市中心城区提取新方法

近年来,DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据已被广泛应用于城市空间格局和城市化过程、人类活动及效应、经济水平、生态环境影响、电力能源消耗量和灾害分析等领域。本文利用DMSP/OLS的稳定灯光数据产品,首先,以辅助资料的空间对比法确定城市中心城区范围最小阈值,然后,提取DMSP数据中的每个极大值及一定范围内的临近值,作为城市中心城区范围,并将提取的范围与作为辅助资料的MODIS土地覆盖数据中相应的城市中心城区范围作线性回归分析,进而获得估算城市中心城区范围的线性模型。经验证其结果预测吻合度达到82.06%,平均相对误差为8.47%,说明利用该方法提取城市中心城区范围具有一定的可行性,可较准确地提取发展水平不同的城市的中心城区范围。     

Spatio-temporal pattern of net primary productivity in Hengduan Mountains area,China: impacts of climate change and human activities

Net primary productivity(NPP), a metric used to define and identify changes in plant communities, is greatly affected by climate change, human activities and other factors. Here, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to estimate the NPP of plant communities in Hengduan Mountains area of China, and to explore the relationship between NPP and altitude in this region. We examined the mechanisms underlying vegetation growth responses to climate change and quantitatively assessed the effects of ecological protection measures by partitioning the contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes. The results demonstrated that: 1) the average total and annual NPP values over the years were 209.15 Tg C and 468.06 g C/(m2·yr), respectively. Their trend increasingly fluctuated, with spatial distribution strongly linked to altitude(i.e., lower and higher NPP in high altitude and low altitude areas, respectively) and 2400 m represented the marginal altitude for vegetation differentiation; 2) areas where climate was the main factor affecting NPP accounted for 18.2% of the total research area, whereas human activities were the primary factor influencing NPP in 81.8% of the total research area, which indicated that human activity was the main force driving changes in NPP. Areas where climatic factors(i.e., temperature and precipitation) were the main driving factors occupied 13.6%(temperature) and 6.0%(precipitation) of the total research area, respectively. Therefore, the effect of temperature on NPP changes was stronger than that of precipitation; and 3) the majority of NPP residuals from 2001 to 2014 were positive, with human activities playing an active role in determining regional vegetation growth, possibly due to the return of farmland back to forest and natural forest protection. However, this positive trend is decreasing. This clearly shows the periodical nature of ecological projects and a lack of long-term effectiveness.     

Intermediate-scale analysis of landscape characteristics affecting edge formation in burned forests in Samcheok,Korea

Compared to burn interiors, edges exhibit distinct biotic and abiotic conditions that include microclimate, wind speed, sunlight levels, soil composition, moisture content, nutrient availability, population density, and species diversity. This study characterized the landscapes in which burned forest edges formed in Samcheok, Korea. Over the study area, 500-m2 grid cells were generated to capture landscape characteristics. Grid cells intersecting burn boundary lines were designated as edge, while cells without these lines were classified as the interior of burned areas. Topographic variables including slope, elevation, topographic wetness index, solar radiation index, and proportions of fuel and land use types within grid cells were computed in a geographical information system （GIS）. Correlation analysis with modified t-test and regression tree analysis were performed to explore the influences of landscape variables on edge formation with avoiding spatial autocorrelation problems. The results indicated that edges formed at low elevations with mild slopes, high topographic wetness, and low solar radiation. Edges were unlikely to form in areas dominated by Japanese red pines at low elevations. Moreover, heterogeneous land use/cover types contributed significantly to edge formation. Different forest management strategies for different landscape conditions can be more effective for enhancing resilience of forests to fire. Reducing susceptible fuel types might be effective at low elevations, while enhancing forest heterogeneity might be more effective at high elevations.     

Evapotranspiration Estimation Based on MODIS Products and Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land （SEBAL） Model in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

In this study,the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land(SEBAL) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) products from Terra satellite were combined with meteorological data to estimate evapotranspiration(ET) over the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Land cover/land use was classified by using a recursive partitioning and regression tree with MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) time series data,which were reconstructed based on the Savitzky-Golay filtering approach.The MODIS product Quality Assessment Science Data Sets(QA-SDS) was analyzed and all scenes with valid data covering more than 75% of the Sanjiang Plain were selected for the SEBAL modeling.This provided 12 overpasses during 184-day growing season from May 1st to October 31st,2006.Daily ET estimated by the SEBAL model was misestimaed at the range of-11.29% to 27.57% compared with that measured by Eddy Covariance system(10.52% on average).The validation results show that seasonal ET from the SEBAL model is comparable to that from ground observation within 8.86% of deviation.Our results reveal that the time series daily ET of different land cover/use increases from vegetation on-going until June or July and then decreases as vegetation senesced.Seasonal ET is lower in dry farmland(average(Ave):491 mm) and paddy field(Ave:522 mm) and increases in wetlands to more than 586 mm.As expected,higher seasonal ET values are observed for the Xingkai Lake in the southeastern part of the Sanjiang Plain(Ave:823 mm),broadleaf forest(Ave:666 mm) and mixed wood(Ave:622 mm) in the southern/western Sanjiang Plain.The ET estimation with SEBAL using MODIS products can provide decision support for operational water management issues.     

Simulating alpine vegetation net primary productivity by remote sensing in Qinghai Province,China

Primary productivity of ecosystem is important indicator about ecological assessment. Remote sensing technology has been used to monitor net primary productivity （NPP） of ecological system for several years. In this paper, the remotely sensed NPP simulation model of alpine vegetation in Qinghai Province of Tibet Plateau was set up based on the theory of light use efficiency. Firstly a new approach based on mixed pixels and Support Vector Machine （SVM） algorithm were used to correct simulated NPP values derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data. Finally, spatial distribution and monthly variation characteristics of NPP in Qinghai Province detail. The result showed in 2006 were analyzed in that NPP of vegetation in Qinghai Province in 2006 ranged from o to 422 gC/m2/a and the average NPP was 151 gC/m2/a. NPP gradually increased from northwest to southeast. NPP of different vegetation types were obviously different. The average NPP of broad-leaved forest was the largest （314 gC/m2/a）, and sparse shrub was the smallest （101 gC/m2/a）. NPP in Qinghai Province significantly changed with seasonal variation. The accumulation of NPP was primarily in the period （from April to September） with better moist and heat conditions. In July, the average NPP of vegetation reached the maximum value （43 gC/m2）. In our model, the advantage of traditional LUE models was adopted, and our study fully considered typicalcharacteristics of alpine vegetation light use efficiency and environmental factors in the study area. Alpine vegetation is the most important ecological resource of Tibet Plateau, exactly monitoring its NPP value by remote sensing is an effective protection measure.     

基于复合指数模型的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像饱和校正方法

由于OLS传感器航行过程中增益记录和交叉定标的缺失,使得DMSP夜光影像在城市中心出现过度饱和等问题,因此探讨灯光数据去饱和方法在人类活动强度评估和城市时空演化分析等方面具有重要意义。为了解决这一难题,有学者提出使用NDVI修正饱和灯光数据的VANUI指数,为研究灯光数据去饱和提供了简单便捷的思路,然而该指数在部分城市中较难有明显的校正效果。本文在VANUI指数思想的基础上,顾及到人口密度随着郊区到城市中心距离的增加呈现指数型增长,提出了基于复合指数模型校正夜间灯光指数CEANI,为人类活动强度评价等研究提供更准确的结果。研究表明:① 与VANUI相比,CEANI在刻画城市内部饱和区域特征时具有更好的细节,较好地凸显城市内部空间异质性;② 在25组随机样本的相关对比中,CEANI（R²mean=0.79）与辐射定标产品比VANUI（R²mean=0.68）具有更高的相关性;③ 三大城市群中CEANI与常住人口的R²分别为0.767、0.676和0.841,比VANUI（R²分别为0.640、0.553和0.775）分别提高了0.127、0.123、0.066,相较于VANUI,CEANI与常住人口具有更强的相关性,对于人口指标的估算能力更强。     

基于MOD16产品的我国2001-2010年蒸散发时空格局变化分析

蒸散发的时空格局分析对理解气候变化与水资源之间的相互影响具有重要的作用。本文基于MODIS全球蒸散发产品(MOD16),分析了2001-2010年我国陆面蒸散发的时空格局变化,得出以下结论：(1)站点尺度和流域尺度的精度验证结果表明,MOD16产品对于我国森林、农田生态系统类型,以及辽河、海河、黄河和淮河流域的模拟精度较高;(2)2001-2010年,我国年均蒸散发为532±10 mm,年内蒸散值变化最大的是东北区,月均蒸散变异系数为0.87,而西北区变化幅度最小,变异系数为0.19;(3)2001-2010年,我国陆面蒸散发年际变化总的趋势不明显,占陆地面积11.2%区域的蒸散发呈显著减少趋势(p<0.05),主要分布在青藏高原中部,内蒙古中东部地区及新疆北部,只有2.3%的区域的蒸散发增加趋势显著,(p<0.05),主要分布在黄土高原地区、黄淮海平原及东北平原;(4)通过对比干旱指数变化趋势、植被指数变化趋势图可以看出,蒸散发显著减少的区域主要分布于干旱加剧的半干旱地区,而蒸散发显著增加的区域主要位于植被变好的地区。     

QUANTITATIVE MODELING OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN MIDDLE CHANGJIANG RIVER FROM MODIS

1INTRODUCTIONThe quality of water is traditionally determined by col-lectingwatersamplesandanalyzingthesamplesin a lab-oratory. However, sampling is very much hard sledding,time-consuming, slow and expensive, and easily in thecontrol of weather conditions, and does not include allwater areas. Satellite estimates of water quality havefound widespread application. Remote sensing instru-ments have been applied in water quality monitoringwith varying success (DANA and RICHARD, 1999;RUDD…     

A simple method to extract tropical monsoon forests using NDVI based on MODIS data: A case study in South Asia and Peninsula Southeast Asia

Distribution of monsoon forests is important for the research of carbon and water cycles in the tropical regions. In this paper, a simple approach is proposed to map monsoon forests using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data. Owing to the high contrast of greenness between wet season and dry season, the monsoon forest can be easily discriminated from other forests by combining the maximum and minimum annual NDVI. The MODIS-based monsoon forest maps(MODMF) from 2000 to 2009 are derived and evaluated using the ground-truth dataset. The MODMF achieves an average producer accuracy of 80.0% and the Kappa statistic of 0.719. The variability of MODMF among different years is compared with that calculated from MODIS land cover products(MCD12Q1). The results show that the coefficient of variation of total monsoon forest area in MODMF is 7.3%, which is far lower than that in MCD12Q1 with 24.3%. Moreover, the pixels in MODMF which can be identified for 7 to 9 times between 2001 and 2009 account for 53.1%, while only 7.9% of MCD12Q1 pixels have this frequency. Additionally, the monsoon forest areas estimated in MODMF, Global Land Cover 2000(GLC2000), MCD12Q1 and University of Maryland(UMD) products are compared with the statistical dataset at national level, which reveals that MODMF has the highest R2 of 0.95 and the lowest RMSE of 14 014 km2. This algorithm is simple but reliable for mapping the monsoon forests without complex classification techniques.     

基于夜间灯光与LUC数据的川渝地区人口空间化研究

高精度的人口空间分布数据是开展小尺度人口活动变化规律研究的关键数据。夜间遥感影像对于反映人类社会活动具有独特的能力,因而被广泛的应用于社会经济领域的空间数据挖掘。本研究以DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据、NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据、常住人口统计数据、土地利用数据为数据源,在县级尺度上建立逐步回归模型,构建川渝地区人口空间分布数据;并随机抽取研究区内500个乡镇,以常住人口统计数据为真实数据,对人口空间化结果进行精度检验。结果表明：① 2种夜间灯光数据与人口均有较高的相关性,相关系数均在0.76以上,NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据与人口的相关性要高于DMSP/OLS,且受拟合模型的影响不大。② 与人口相关性较高的土地利用类型有多种,耕地、林地对人口空间分布也有影响,在建模时不应只考虑建成区。③ 在2种夜间灯光数据分别与土地利用与土地覆被数据（Land Use/ Land Cover, LUC）结合时,使用DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据和NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据得到的逐步回归模型的复相关系数R²分别为0.796、0.817,模型拟合率较高,而基于NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据得到的人口空间化结果分辨率（500 m）相比DMSP/OLS提高了一倍（1 km）,中心城区与周边城区人口密度变化更加自然,更符合实际人口分布情况。④ 与LUC数据结合时,使用NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据得到的人口空间化结果精度要高于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,表明NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据相比DMSP/OLS更适用于人口数据空间化研究。     

Assessing the spatiotemporal distributions of evapotranspiration in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region of China using remote sensing data

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the global hydrological cycle, and it has a large impact on water resource management as it affects the availability of freshwater resources. It is important to understand the hydrological cycle for the water resources planning and management. This study used Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite derived ET, and potential evapotranspiration (PET) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite derived precipitation datasets to assess the spatial and temporal distributions of ET, PET, and precipitation during the study period at Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region. Based on the topographic variations and land-use/land-cover distributions, the study region which includes five counties of Hubei Province and nineteen counties of Chongqing Municipality was divided into four study zones. The ET and precipitation data were evaluated using in situ observations. The ET, PET, and precipitation data were compared to analyze the spatial and long-term (2001-2016) temporal distributions of average annual ET, PET, and precipitation, and to understand the relationships between them in the study region. The results showed that each selected zone had highest ET at the counties with the Yangtze River passing through whereas lowest at the counties which were located away from the river. Results also showed increasing trends in ET and PET from south-west to north-east in the study region. Analysis showed TGR had a significant impact on spatial and temporal distributions of ET and PET in the study region. Therefore, this study helps to understand the impact of TGR on spatial and temporal distributions of ET and PET during and after the construction.     

利用MODIS影像提取火烧迹地方法的研究

火烧迹地监测不仅可以反映火灾对生态系统的影响情况及损失信息,还能为全球碳循环研究提供重要的数据支持。本文利用MODIS地表反射率产品（MOD09A1）的近红外和短波红外波段构建的归一化燃烧率指数（NBR）,计算前后2期影像的NBR差值,并在光谱指数差分法的基础上,结合MODIS植被数据产品（MOD44B）提供的植被覆盖度信息,设置规则提取火烧迹地。本文选择西伯利亚地区东南部的林地、草地、农田等不同生态系统的交界地带作为实验区,利用本文算法提取该区域的火烧迹地。实验结果表明：（1）本文算法的火烧迹地提取效果较好,优于MODIS火烧迹地产品（MCD45A1）,kappa系数由0.70提高到0.75;（2）利用林木覆盖度、草本覆盖度数据,可以减少误判,提高火烧迹地提取的精度,kappa系数分别由0.69、0.73都提高到0.75。     

基于数字高程模型的城市地表开阔度研究——以南京老城区为例

 城市地表开阔度是对地表形态开阔程度的定量描述,间接反映了通风、日照等城市物理性能。本文基于城市数字高程模型,以自然地形较为起伏的丘陵城市——南京为例,采用以光线追踪算法为核心的栅格计算模型,对南京老城区的地表开阔度进行了计算,并以典型样区分析和街区统计为方法,综合分析了建筑与自然地形对城市地表开阔度的影响,结果表明:南京老城区公共绿地、广场以及文物古迹用地的地表开阔度相对较高,均大于0.8,社区中心和居住用地的地表开阔度相对较低,均小于0.6,突出特点是居住用地地表开阔度小于金融商业用地。地表开阔度相对较低的街区主要临近主干道,形成较为明显的西北——东南方向分布的条带状特征,整体呈现出中心条带低四周高的宏观特征。