南沙群岛珊瑚砂物理力学性质研究

珊瑚砂是发育于热带海洋环境中特殊的岩土介质类型，主要由珊瑚碎屑和其它海洋生物碎屑组成，碳酸钙含量高达96％。特殊的发育环境、物质组成和结构导致了珊瑚砂具有独特的物理力学性质。本文对采白南沙群岛珊瑚岛礁的珊瑚砂样品进行了。系列室内土力学试验，根据试验结果讨论了珊瑚砂的比重、孔隙比、压缩性、破碎性、剪切特性等，指出了珊瑚砂具有不同于石英砂的比重和孔隙比等物理特性，力学性质的特殊性表现在三个方面：内摩擦角大，高压缩性和易破碎。作者认为颗粒破碎是影响珊瑚砂变形和强度特性的主要因素。全面深入地研究珊瑚砂的基本物理力学性质，可为珊瑚岛礁工程建设提供科学合理的设计参数，避免工程事故的发生。     

基于改进神经网络的板桩结构可靠性分析

板桩码头是港口工程的一种常用结构,计算其可靠度指标对港口工程的安全意义重大。由于板桩结构的设计计算复杂,功能函数表达难度较大。Monte-Carlo法是解决此类问题的一种方法,但需要大量的抽样与数值计算,很不经济。人工神经网络模型可以用来逼近功能函数,在此基础上可平行地建立一次二阶矩法进行可靠度分析。但传统的BP神经网络模型有着容易陷入局部极小及预测精度低等问题。针对上述问题,引入Adaboost算法来改进BP神经网络模型,提出一种基于Adaboost的BP神经网络法来计算板桩结构的可靠度。以天津某板桩码头为例,采用新方法对板桩结构进行可靠度分析,并将计算结果与传统BP神经网络法及Monte Carlo法进行比较。结果表明:新方法的计算精度高于传统BP神经网络法,且计算结果与Monte Carlo法接近。     

复杂土层中自升式平台桩靴安装穿刺预测

由于复杂海洋工程地质条件的普遍性,自升式平台在安装过程中穿刺事故频发,近年来涌现出大量针对自升式平台桩靴基础在复杂土层中穿刺预测方法的研究。为了方便工程设计人员的理解和使用,首先简单介绍这些研究中所采用的技术手段,总结现行规范ISO 19905-1建议的桩靴在复杂土层中贯入阻力的预测方法以及最新文献中提出的新的设计方法,并对规范方法和新方法的优缺点进行了评价。所总结的设计方法针对国内外常见的含穿刺风险的海洋地基形式,包括双层"砂—黏"、三层"硬—软—硬"黏性土、三层"软—硬—软"黏性土、三层"黏—砂—黏"地层以及四层"黏—砂—黏—硬层土"地层。通过对离心机模型试验的预测,对规范方法和新方法的预测精度进行了比较,对比结果显示新方法对桩靴穿刺破坏的预测更为合理精确。     

海上风机支撑结构设计分析

介绍海上风机支撑结构的一般失效形式,提出了适合工程实践的设计分析方法,并以某一单立柱三桩的海上风机支撑结构为例,进行了最终强度计算、动力特性分析以及疲劳强度分析。计算结果表明:1)疲劳工况是结构设计的控制工况;2)支撑结构振动频率在风机工作频率1P和3P之间;3)风机工作时的气动阻尼可有效减少支撑结构振动和疲劳损伤。     

水平荷载作用下高桩码头整体可靠度研究

高桩码头在港口中应用较为广泛,与重力式码头相比,其耐久性较差,因此,其结构可靠度的研究对于工程安全运行至关重要。目前,高桩码头可靠性的研究大多局限于构件层面,特别是忽略了构件失效之间的联系,不能反映整体的安全性能。本文通过ANSYS软件建立高桩码头参数化数值模型,综合考虑失效模式之间的联系,计算码头的水平向极限承载力,进而求解码头的可靠指标。结果表明,本工程实例的码头水平向极限承载力服从正态分布;采用JC法算得码头水平向可靠指标为21.78,码头自身结构在水平向的安全储备较大。本文的分析方法可对高桩码头的设计和安全运营提供技术支持。     

混凝土结构全寿命设计指标体系研究

考虑混凝土结构全寿命设计的多目标要求,提出结构全寿命设计指标由核心指标和绿色指标两个层次构成。将结构的性能指标、经济指标、时间指标作为全寿命设计的核心指标;将CO2排放量指标、用户满意度指标和可持续发展能力指标作为结构设计的绿色指标。提出混凝土结构全寿命设计需以结构的性能设计为中心,并将结构的性能指标分为风险性能指标、技术性能指标、材料性能指标三类。针对结构性能退化的特点,建议了有害介质扩散深度、钢筋锈蚀率、锈胀裂缝宽度作为耐久性的设计指标,同时定义了退化率指标γt用以反映结构性能退化的程度。在此基础上建立了结构全寿命设计的指标体系,为结构设计人员进行全寿命优化设计提供了理论依据。     

南海北部深水区表层沉积物工程性质的统计特征分析

针对从中国南海北部海域某深水区采集的表层沉积物柱状样,进行了沉积物微观结构的扫描电镜测试、矿物成分的X射线衍射试验以及物理和力学性质的统计学分析。结果表明,该深水区海底表层沉积物通常为有机质软黏土,具有高含水率、低密度、高孔隙比、高液限、高可塑性、低强度等典型特征。统计分析和假设检验表明,沉积物的物理和力学指标均呈现变异性,且后者普遍高于前者。相对密度、含水率、液塑限和塑性指数服从正态分布;容重、碳酸盐含量、不排水抗剪强度、灵敏度接近假设检验结果,近似服从正态分布。研究结果可为深水海底工程结构设计的海床土性参数取值提供参考。     

海上风电高桩承台基础关键部位受力特性研究

海上高桩承台基础结构承台部分的设计主要依靠高桩码头和桥梁等其他高桩承台结构的经验，基于在建工程，为解决设计时容易设计出过厚承台和多余配筋的问题，本文采用有限元对包括土体在内的整个风机基础进行精细化数值模拟计算，计算结果与规范算法进行对比，得到承台设计时规范算法的安全余量，同时提出配筋优化方向。结果表明：基于弹性材料模型计算结果，有限元计算结果小于规范算法计算结果，基桩最大压力相差22.43%，最大上拔力相差2.08%，弯矩差别最大为57.89%，最小为18.85%；基于弹塑性材料模型计算结果，钢筋最大应力出现在钢管桩桩头，承台顶层钢筋受力较小，设计时可加强钢管桩桩头配筋，减少承台顶层钢筋数量。     

典型圆筒码头结构安全性检测评估研究

针对圆筒码头结构特点,在现场检测和结构安全性评估方面进行了研究,然后结合一种特殊圆筒码头结构实例进行了现场检测和结构安全评估介绍。研究发现,该特殊圆筒码头结构与一般的重力式码头和高桩码头结构有较大不同,在进行结构检测时应专门制定检测方案;结构安全性评估时应重点对结构倾覆、结构滑移及重要构件进行安全计算,以确保结构安全。     

深水港斜顶桩驳岸结构后高回填桩土相互作用研究

斜顶桩驳岸结构是一种深水高桩码头接岸结构型式，驳岸结构后进行高回填将是一个复杂的被动桩与土相互作用的问题。采用平面有限元方法，分别建立了后支撑和前支撑斜顶桩驳岸结构的桩一土相互作用模型，桩基采用梁单元模拟，桩一土界面采用接触对进行模拟，进行了高回填施工过程的仿真分析。将承台侧向位移的数值计算结果与原型观测值进行了比较，吻合较好，并对桩身侧向位移、板桩前后土压力以及位移场进行了分析。结果表明：结构的变形随着施工过程进行而变化，承台最大侧向位移发生在施工过程中；不同驳岸结构的被动土压力分布相似，而主动土压力由于支撑桩的位置不同而有所差别；后支撑桩的桩身挠度相对较大。研究结论可为此类结构的设计及计算提供参考，也可为深水港结构型式的优化提供建议。     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁岩体结构特征及工程地质分带

珊瑚礁是发育于海洋环境之中、由造礁珊瑚和生物历经生物和地质作用形成的地质体，是一种特殊的岩土介质类型。在南沙群岛珊瑚礁体上，水动力作用和沉积类型、地形地貌都具有成带分布的特点，因而岩体结构和工程地质性质亦具有分带性。在珊瑚礁海洋水动力环境分带的基础上．研究了南沙群岛珊瑚礁的剖面结构、内部结构和浅地层结构特征以及工程地质分层和岩性，将珊瑚礁岩体结构划分为4种类型和5个工程地质相带，并对各分带的工程特性及适宜性进行了评价。     

波流耦合下桩周珊瑚砂冲刷机理研究

针对我国南海某岛礁珊瑚砂地基上的圆形桩基础,采用N-S方程K-s模型、双向耦合方式跟踪流场中颗粒运动轨 迹的方法,对桩周珊瑚砂的冲刷规律进行了求解,分析了桩体周围流体的速度场以及桩体表面剪应力场的分布规律,同时对桩周珊瑚砂冲刷坑的形成过程进行了模拟。计算结果表明,在桩体周围形成的马蹄形漩涡和桩柱后方的尾涡作用下,桩周土体出现了较为明显的冲刷现象,涡旋的释放显著地影响着珊瑚砂地基上桩基的冲刷坑形状;而且,由于珊瑚砂颗粒密度较石英砂小,水动力作用下桩周冲刷坑更容易形成,所以实际工程中需要考虑有效的防护措施。     

Application of the coral health chart to determine bleaching status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acropora downingi</Emphasis> in a subtropical coral reef

The ‘Coral Health Chart’ has become a popular tool for monitoring coral bleaching worldwide. The scleractinian coral Acropora downingi (Wallace 1999) is highly vulnerable to temperature anomalies in the Persian Gulf. Our study tested the reliability of Coral Health Chart scores for the assessment of bleaching-related changes in the mitotic index (MI) and density of zooxanthellae cells in A. downingi in Qeshm Island, the Persian Gulf. The results revealed that, at least under severe conditions, it can be used as an effective proxy for detecting changes in the density of normal, transparent, or degraded zooxanthellae and MI. However, its ability to discern changes in pigment concentration and total zooxanthellae density should be viewed with some caution in the Gulf region, probably because the high levels of environmental variability in this region result in inherent variations in the characteristics of zooxanthellae among “healthy” looking corals.     

南沙群岛珊瑚砂工程性质研究

珊瑚砂是发育于热带海洋环境中的一种特殊的岩土介质类型 ,主要由珊瑚碎屑和其他海洋生物碎屑组成 ,碳酸钙含量高达 96 %。特殊的物质组成、结构和发育环境导致珊瑚砂具有独特的工程性质。文章综述了珊瑚砂的压缩性、破碎性、剪切特性和强度特性 ,指出了其显著的土力学特点 :高孔隙比、高摩擦角和低强度值。颗粒破碎是影响珊瑚砂变形和强度特性的主要因素 ,深入研究珊瑚砂的工程性质对珊瑚岛礁工程设计和施工、加强国防建设、开发热带海洋渔业资源和海底石油资源具有重要的意义。     

Community structures of coral reefs around Peninsular Malaysia

Coral community structures at eleven fringing reef sites were investigated along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Estimated coverage of coral communities is examined by applying quantitative digital image analysis to the line transect method. Four coral community types were characterized by dominant genera and lifeforms: Acropora branching community, Montipora-Acropora community, Porites massive community, and Heliopora community. Live coral coverage in all study sites ranged from 17.9% to 68.6%. Most reefs were in “fair” condition while some reefs were shown to be in “poor” condition. Coral community structures among the study sites were divided into the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia with a dominant Porites massive lifeform, and the east coast with a variety of lifeform categories of Montipora and Acropora. Physical effects such as the monsoon wind regime and sedimentation are likely to influence the formation of dominant coral communities around Peninsular Malaysia.     

The coral communities of the Islas Marias archipelago,Mexico: structure and biogeographic relevance to the Eastern Pacific

Various authors have suggested that the Islas Marias archipelago, Mexico, may play a significant biogeographic role in the dispersal of Indo Pacific coral species into the Eastern Pacific; however, the coral communities of this archipelago have received scarce attention to date. Here, we first addressed coral community structure across the islands and, by employing ordination analysis, minimum spanning tree and particle‐tracking experiments, used this information to evaluate the relevance of the archipelago for coral dispersal. Twenty‐four coral communities were recorded in the archipelago. Coral cover varied significantly among islands: Maria Cleofas had large values (38.5%), intermediate values were observed for Maria Madre (26.5%) and Maria Magdalena (22.84%), and relatively low values were recorded for San Juanito (18.5%). Coral communities mainly consisted of Pocillopora (57.3%) and Porites (25.5%) species, while species of Pavona (16%) and Psammocora (0.6%) made relatively minor contributions. Thirteen stony coral species were identified in the archipelago; of these Psammocora profundacella and Pavona duerdeni represent new records. Ordination analysis, minimum spanning tree and particle‐tracking experiments suggested similar connecting paths in the studied area; in general, the Islas Marias stands as a route for coral dispersal of Indo Pacific species into the Northeastern Pacific. In a regional context, the Islas Marias has three major biogeographic implications to coral dispersal: (i) the archipelago stands as a major stepping stone for the transport of species and individuals among the Revillagigedo archipelago, the Gulf of California and the tropical Mexican Pacific; (ii) the Islas Marias may play a seminal role in maintaining the genetic connectivity between southern and northern coral populations along the Mexican Pacific and (iii) because of its relatively pristine status and low levels of human impact, the archipelago may potentially serve as a source of coral propagules for ecosystem recovery in the Gulf of California and along the Pacific coast of the Mexican mainland following natural and/or human induced perturbations.     

Bearing Behavior of Cast-in-Place Expansive Concrete Pile in Coral Sand Under Vertical Loading

The low side friction of piles in coral sand results in the low bearing capacity of foundations. In this paper, expansive concrete pile is utilized to improve the bearing capacity of pile foundations in coral sand. Both model tests and numerical simulation are performed to reveal the bearing mechanism of expansive concrete pile in coral sand.Results showed that the lateral earth pressure near pile increases obviously and the side friction of piles is improved,after adding expansion agent to the concrete. The horizontal linear expansion is 1.11% and the bearing capacity increased 41% for the pile, when 25% expansion agent is added. Results in finite element numerical simulation also show that ultimate bearing capacity increases with the increase of the linear expansion ratio. Besides, the area for obvious increase in side friction is below the surface of soil about three times the pile diameter, and the expansion leads to a high side friction sharing of the pile. Therefore, the cast-in-place expansive concrete pile is effective in improving the bearing capacity of piles in coral sand.     

Undisturbed Strata Succession Sampling Technology and the Engineering Geological Characteristics of an Atoll in the Southern South China Sea

Coral reef calcareous sediment, a special category of rock-soil material, has representative geological structure and environmental characteristics. It is widely distributed in shallow areas of the tropical ocean; therefore the exploration instruments and technologies for engineering geology studies of coral reef calcareous sediments are very different from those used in land or deep-sea. Obtaining undisturbed cores from the Holocene unconsolidated stratum of coral reefs has been a key problem in the field of marine geology and environment surveying. The authors have designed a novel floating drilling platform equipped with a drilling machine, and successfully achieved undisturbed cores from both reef flats (with water depth 0.5 to 2 m) and a enclosed lagoon (with water depth 2–12 m) of Yongshu Reef (9°32–9°42 N, 112°52–113°04 E), southern South China Sea. Based on the detailed observation on the cores and the analysis from engineering geology, Yongshu Reef was split into reef three engineering geological zones: leading edge, reef flat (including outer reef flat, middle reef flat and inner reef flat) and lagoon. The sediments are classified in the stratum as fine sand, medium sand, coarse sand, gravel and weak-cemented reef limestone.     

Monitoring of coral communities in the inner Gulf of Thailand influenced by the elevated seawater temperature and flooding

There were two severe coral bleaching events at Ko Khang Khao, the inner Gulf of Thailand, occurred during the prolonged period of the elevated sea surface temperature (SST) in 2010 and low salinity as well as turbidity due to heavy flooding in 2011. The bleaching index (BI) and mortality index (MI) are calculated to compare the susceptibilities of coral species in the two bleaching events. The BI and MI vary significantly among the study sites and bleaching events. The most susceptible corals during both bleaching events are Acropora millepora, Pocillopora damicornis and Pavona decussate, while the most resistant species were Galaxea fascicularis, Fungia fungites, Pavona frondifera, Oulastrea crispate, and Symphyllia recta. The corals Favia favus, Goniopora columna, Platygyra pini, Symphyllia agaricia were relatively more tolerant to high SST but they are relatively more susceptible to low salinity. Coral bleaching is a phenomenon that the dissociation stress of the symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and their cnidarian host results in the reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentration. Among stressors, both prolonged exposure of high SST and low salinity, above and below their thresholds, respectively. The long-term resilience of coral communities at Ko Khang Khao and other coral communities close to the mouth of large rivers may depend on the frequency and duration of the exposure on the elevated SST due to atmospheric heating and low salinity due to river flooding.