GTP-based integral real-3D spatial model for engineering excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E2 GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model. As two instances of GTP model, G-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations. In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E2GIS, the modeling principles of G-GTP and E-GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object-oriented integral real-3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.     

QTPV Data Model and Algorithm and Its Application to Geological Exploration Engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.     

QTPV data model and algorithm and its application to geological exploration engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail. Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC++ 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.     

A Semi-automated GIS Model for Extracting Geological Structural Information from a Spaceborne Thematic Image

This paper presents a semi-automated GIS model for extracting structural information from a spaceborne imaging spectroscopy classification of sedimentary rocks by combining the IS classification with a digital terrain model. The output consists of a database with structural attributes, specifically the dip and strike, of the geological layers. The model was evaluated statistically for its accuracy with promising results, which demonstrate its potential to support field surveys, for geological mapping, for 3D modeling of the subsurface, and for geological spatial analysis.     

一种基于GTP的地下真3D集成表达的实体模型

从建模对象、组成元素和拓扑描述三个方面对广义三棱柱（GTP）模型进行了修正和扩展。基于修正与扩展后的GTP模型，从地学、几何、拓扑三个层面对地下实体进行了提炼，抽象出8种空间构模几何元素，并将地下实体划分为点、线、面和体4类，体实体又进一步划分为简单体、复合体和复杂体，进而提出了一种基于GTP的地下真3D集成表这的实体模型（GTP—based entity model，GTP—EM）；采用面向对象的方法，通过构模元素之间拓扑关系的定义实现了地下实体的拓扑描述，并应用实例验证了GTP—EM的可行性。     

一种基于GTP的复杂地质体真3维

在总结分析现有复杂断层及倒转褶皱3维建模方法的基础上,提出一种基于广义三棱柱（GTP）的3维交互建模方法（岩柱体分区RPBP建模法）。文中定义了岩柱体、界限三角形两个重要概念,RPBP法可以通过构建断层界限三角形,将复杂断层系转化为多个简单断层系,然后采用构建简单断层系模型的方法来实现复杂断层系的3维建模;而对于倒转褶皱,RPBP法则通过构建褶皱轴界限三角形避免数据局部重复和冲突,使GTP建模过程得以顺利进行。实验表明,该方法能便捷可靠地实现含多断层相互切割、倒转褶皱等复杂地质体的真3维建模。     

基于钻井数据的地质体3维可视化研究

地质体3维可视化是地质工程中急需解决的一个热点问题,利用可视化的结果,可以将地质体的结构特征直观形象地展现在用户面前,使之可以非常直观地、清楚地对地质体进行各种观察和分析。笔者在综合考虑各种建模方法的基础之上,结合本文的建模数据——钻井数据的特点,采用广义三棱柱（Generalizedtri-prism,简称GTP）作为建模的体元对地质体进行3维建模,并对传统的基于钻井数据的3维地质建模的方法做了一些改进,使GTP可以自动地、快速地剖分成四面体,以此来解决由于GTP的侧而不是平面所带来的问题。最后,利用VTK（VisuaIizationToolkit,简称VTK）可视化技术,开发了一个3维地质可视化系统,并利用该系统对本文建模方法的实际建模效果进行了展示和验证。     

地质三维体重构的算法研究及其计算机实现

三维空间建模和可视化技术成为GIS研究的热点之一。可视化技术是当今表达和分析复杂数据的有力工具,将可视化技术引入到DEM和三维地质模型,可以实现三维地形和地质体的生成与仿真。简要介绍了OpenGL三维图形工具包及其与高级语言结合编程方法,探讨了基于多轮廓线的地质三维体的建模方法,以VC++6.0高级程序设计语言为开发平台,结合OpenGL图形库,开发了地质三维体的建模实验系统。     

地勘工程3维空间数据模型及其数据结构设计

3维现象随着研究领域的不同，描述空间实体的方法存在较大差异，不可能设计一种数据模型来适合所有的应用领域，应根据研究领域空间实体分布特征，设计出专用的3维空间数据模型。本文对传统的3维数据模型进行了分析，以地质勘探工程的各种3维空间对象为研究背景，提出了适合地质勘探工程的矢量与栅格集成的面向对象混合数据模型，以复杂体－体－面－线－点对象之间的逻辑关系来建立对象之间的拓扑关系，设计了部分对象的数据结构，并以一玢岩型铁矿床为例，对数据结构进行了描述。     

GIS的矿山巷道三维空间构模算法研究

巷道是井下矿山系统中各种人工要素的主要空间载体,其三维空间构模问题是目前三维地学空间构模研究的重要方向之一。针对该问题的解决,给出了巷道中心线的生成方法,提出了根据巷道中心线和断面进行巷道三维空间构模算法。该算法针对圆形巷道断面和巷道交叉处椭圆断面给出了公式的推导,并利用向量算法实现了该问题的三维空间构模。算法在GIS平台下得到验证和实现,表明该方法稳定、可靠,对今后模型走向工程应用具有重要的理论和实用价值。     

矢量剪切技术在地质三维建模中的应用

三维地质建模方法是地学三维模拟与可视化系统的核心和难点。基于BSP树的矢量剪切的原理及算法,提出了利用矢量剪切技术快速构建复杂的地质体开挖模型,可视化表达地质体内部信息的方法,并以地质开挖工程及三维地层分析为例,验证了算法的高效性和实用性。     

通用三维GIS场数据模型研究与实践

随着三维地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)应用的发展,空中电磁信号场、空气与水体污染场、地下地质属性场等连续、非匀质的三维空间属性场数据进行建模、可视化与分析计算对GIS基础软件提出了新的挑战。已被广泛应用的TIN(triangulated irregular network)与栅格数据属于表面模型,通常用来表达二维场数据,其中由TIN组成的封闭表面可用于表达三维体,但两者都无法描述非匀质、连续变化的三维属性场。探讨了在通用GIS基础软件中基于TIN和Grid进行升维表达,实现不规则四面体网格(tetrahedralized irregular mesh,TIM)和体元栅格(voxel grid)两大类三维空间场数据模型,分析了两类数据模型的特点,探讨了三维场数据在可视化和分析计算方面的关键技术,实现了基于TIM与体元栅格表达和应用三维GIS场数据,完善了GIS三维数据模型体系,实现了空/天、地表、地下全空间的一体化表达、模拟与分析计算。     

基于GIS的3维地质建模与可视化研究

提出一种基于GIS的简单、快速和直观的3维地质建模及可视化方法。利用ArcGIS的VBA语言编写钻孔数据提取程序生成钻孔3维模型;通过空间插值工具生成地层的TIN表面模型,并基于矢量化工具获取的断裂线生成断层的3维表面模型,从而组合成地质构造的结构模型。此外,利用C#语言基于SceneControl组件开发了3维地质可视化系统原型,并对构建的地质结构模型进行了展示。系列实验结果表明,该方法具有操作简单、可视化效果好和系统开发周期短的特点,在地学研究、工程应用和其他相关领域具有一定的推广应用价值。     

基于三棱柱的地质体三维交互应用研究

三维交互应用研究是3DGM领域面向应用的研究重点,能够充分展示地质体的三维空间属性,具有重要的实践意义。本文以三棱柱作为基本体元进行建模,讨论了虚拟钻探、虚拟地质剖面、虚拟开挖、虚拟漫游四种在地质领域的应用算法,并且采用VC++和OpenGL作为开发平台模拟实现,解决了工程实践中的一些实际问题。     

基于3维可视化环境的地质体空间形态分析

针对3维矿床地质体既具有复杂的几何形态特征,又具有连续的矿化分布与控矿作用分布等空间分布场特征,结合3维地质建模软件Datamine的可视化环境,基于线框模型研究了地质体实体建模与3维可视化过程;在此基础上将实体模型离散化输出为体素模型,提出采用趋势面分析方法和基于数学形态学的分析方法进行地质体空间形态分析,比较和研究了这两种方法提取地质体空间趋势形态和形态起伏特征的过程。实例研究和论证了基于数学形态学滤波的地质体空间形态因素分析和提取方法处理某方向上存在有超覆现象的可行性。     

3D GIS技术研究发展综述

回顾了3DGIS的发展进程,从三维空间数据获取,三维数据模型,三维空间数据管理和分析以及三维可视化技术4个方面综述了3DGIS技术的发展。探讨了目前研究3DGIS的4个热点问题:①数据源集成快速获取数据的方法;②不同数据模型的集成;③支持空间分析的面向对象的数据模型;④城市三维模型。     

Evaluating the impact of data quantity, distribution and algorithm selection on the accuracy of 3D subsurface models using synthetic grid models of varying complexity

Testing the accuracy of 3D modelling algorithms used for geological applications is extremely difficult as model results cannot be easily validated. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate the effectiveness of common interpolation algorithms used in 3D subsurface modelling, utilizing four synthetic grids to represent subsurface environments of varying geological complexity. The four grids are modelled with Inverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging, using data extracted from the synthetic grids in different spatial distribution patterns (regular, random, clustered and sparse), and with different numbers of data points (100, 256, 676 and 1,600). Utilizing synthetic grids for this evaluation allows quantitative statistical assessment of the accuracy of both interpolation algorithms in a variety of sampling conditions. Data distribution proved to be an important factor; as in many geological situations, relatively small numbers of randomly distributed data points can generate more accurate 3D models than larger amounts of clustered data. This study provides insight for optimizing the quantity and distribution of data required to accurately and cost-effectively interpolate subsurface units of varying complexity.     

三维地质建模及其在地下空间开发中的应用

开发地下空间是许多城市谋求发展的重要途径,也是当前城市建设的重要组成部分。信息化是地下空间开发利用的必然要求,三维地质建模系统具有直观、高效、便利等特点,在城市地下空间开发利用领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文首先阐述了三维地质建模系统的理论方法,给出了三维地质建模流程,介绍了两种三维地质建模方法;然后分析了三维地质建模系统在地下空间选址、地下工程建设、地下空间管理中的应用     

Practical Application of 3D Visualization Using Geotechnical Database: A Case Study Karsiyaka (Izmir) Settlement Area (Turkey)

3D geographic information system software’s (GIS) are widely used in engineering geology applications. This study was performed in the Karsiyaka settlement area for the preparation of engineering geological maps and evaluation of geological structures. Firstly, topographic maps digitized with Arcview GIS 3.2. Engineering geological maps were prepared using site works and digitized with the Rockworks 2006 programme and later stored in GIS-based computer systems. 3D modelling analysis and assessment using a geotechnical database is important to assist decision-making for land use and metro subway line planning, construction site selection, selection of water sources, etc. In this respect, the sub-surface of the study area is fully 3D visualized and useful soil class zonation maps for different depths maps are performed to be used in further studies. At last, after research at this site, the construction applications of Karsiyaka have multiplied.     

基于规则库的三维地质自动建模技术研究

利用规则统一三维实体间的语义形式化表达,为建模提供统一的方法。利用三维矢量数据模型的框架,对直钻孔、斜孔、剖面、等值线、断层、褶皱等数据源,分别按规则制定一种数据格式,对多源地质数据进行标准化和信息融合,经过地质面和地质体的快速构建,提出了建立基于规则库的三维矢量数据模型。同时研究了适合各类地质特点的三维模型自动构建方法,包含多源数据耦合层状地质体自动建模技术、基于剖面单元格划分的分区—拼接自动建模技术、多约束下复杂地质结构快速建模技术、空间约束条件下三维地质属性建模技术等。在确保模型精度的前提下,尽量减少人工交互建模的工作量,提高了建模效率。