四川通江诺水河二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层牙形石的发现

川东北地区碳酸盐台地相区二叠系-三叠系界线划分一向存在分歧,因为在二叠系与三叠系之间发育一套40-100m的白云岩的时代缺乏古生物依据。针对这一问题,在四川通江诺水河剖面进行地层古生物研究,在剖面34层和41层的白云岩中首次分别发现了牙形石化石Hindeodus latidentatus、Hindeodus typicalis和Hindeousminutus,Hindeous parvus、Isarcicella cf.staeschei、Isarcicella isacica。根据当前国内外古生物学的研究成果,34层的牙形石属于晚二叠世长兴期的化石,41层中的牙形石为早三叠世印度期的化石。结合两者的之间的岩石地层特点,初步将通江诺水河剖面的二叠系-三叠系的界线置于38层与39层、即白云岩与灰岩之间。     

西藏昂仁县孔隆地区木纠错组诺利期牙形石的发现及其地质意义

拉萨地块晚二叠世-三叠纪地层的研究对认识青藏高原前新生代特提斯演化具有重要意义,但目前对该时期的沉积充填序列及古地理环境尚未形成统一认识.通过对西藏昂仁县孔隆地区开展的详细地层和牙形石相关研究,在木纠错组上部发现了晚三叠世诺利期Epigondolella sp.牙形石分子,在下拉组顶部发现了时代跨越晚二叠统长兴阶和早三叠统印度阶的牙形石Hindeodus typicalis;从而将研究区木纠错组时代重新厘定为晚二叠世长兴期至晚三叠世诺利期,指示拉萨地块西部三叠纪应仍为连续的浅海相沉积.      

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面长兴阶牙形刺分带及有机碳同位素的变化

湖北黄石二门二叠系/三叠系界线剖面出露完好,原始沉积连续,由乐平统龙潭组保安段灰黑色硅质岩、大隆组黑色硅质岩—硅质泥岩和下三叠统大冶组黑灰色泥岩以及泥岩夹灰岩组成,为介于典型浅水碳酸盐岩型与深海硅质岩型二叠系/三叠系界线剖面之间的半深海剖面。长兴阶可划分为Clarkinasubcarinata—Clarkinawangi及Clarkinachangxingensis两个牙形刺带。后者又可划分为3个亚带,自下而上依次为Clarkinachangxingensischangxingensis—Clarkinadeflecta亚带、Clarkinameishanensis亚带及Waning—Clarkina亚带,完全可以与二叠系/三叠系界线的全球层型剖面与点进行对比。另外,二叠纪末牙形刺的生态演化呈阶段性绝灭模式;有机碳同位素值在二叠纪/三叠系界线处出现明显的负偏移,指示了二叠纪/三叠纪之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加。     

Nitrogen isotope chemostratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary at Chaotian,Sichuan, South China

Nitrogen isotopic compositions of upper Permian to lowermost Triassic rocks were analyzed at Chaotian in northern Sichuan, South China, in order to clarify changes in the oceanic nitrogen cycle around the Permian–Triassic boundary (P–TB) including the entire Changhsingian (Late Late Permian) prior to the extinction. The analyzed ca. 40 m thick interval across the P–TB at Chaotian consists of three stratigraphic units: the upper Wujiaping Formation, the Dalong Formation, and the lowermost Feixianguan Formation, in ascending order. The upper Wujiaping Formation, ca. 10 m thick, is mainly composed of dark gray limestone with diverse shallow-marine fossils such as calcareous algae and brachiopods, deposited on the shallow shelf. In contrast, the overlying Dalong Formation, ca. 25 m thick, is mainly composed of thinly bedded black mudstone and siliceous mudstone containing abundant radiolarians, deposited on the relatively deep slope/basin. Absence of bioturbation, substantially high total organic carbon contents (up to 15%), and abundant occurrence of pyrite framboids in the main part of the Dalong Formation indicate deposition under anoxic condition. The lowermost Feixianguan Formation, ca. 5 m thick, is composed of thinly bedded gray marl and micritic limestone with minor fossils such as ammonoids and conodonts, deposited on the relatively shallow slope. δ¹⁵N_TN values are in positive values around +1 to +2‰ in the upper Wujiaping Formation implying denitrification and/or anammox in the ocean. δ¹⁵N_TN values gradually decrease to −1‰ in the lower Dalong Formation and are consistently low (around 0‰) in the middle Dalong to lowermost Feixianguan Formation. No clear δ¹⁵N_TN shift is recognized across the extinction horizon. The consistently low δ¹⁵N_TN values suggest the enhanced nitrogen fixation in the ocean during the Changhsingian at Chaotian. Composite profiles based on previous and the present studies demonstrate the substantial δ¹⁵N variation on a global scale in the late Permian to earliest Triassic; a systematic δ¹⁵N difference by low and high latitudes is particularly clarified. Although the enhanced nitrogen fixation throughout the Changhsingian at Chaotian was likely a regional event in northwestern South China, the composite δ¹⁵N profiles imply that the sea area in which fixed nitrogen is depleted has gradually developed worldwide in the Changhsingian, possibly acting as a prolonged stress to shallow-marine biota.     

浙江长兴地区二叠系与三叠系界线层型研究

<正> 中国南部二叠系与三叠系分界的层型剖面位于浙江长兴煤山(赵金科、盛金章等,1980)。在这个剖面上,1978年赵金科等把上二叠统的顶界确定在“未定名菊石带”,后经重新研究,又改归于下三叠统底部(赵金科、盛金章等,1980)。1980年5月,我们再度去上述界线层型剖面工作,在“未定名菊石带”同一层位详细采集化石,并到邻区安徽广德独山、江苏宜兴湖汷等地的相当层位调查,进一步证实在界线层型剖面上的“未定名菊石带”     

Global correlation of basal Triassic layers in the light of the first carbon isotope data on the Permian-Triassic boundary in Northeast Asia

This paper is dedicated to the global correlation of the marine Permian-Triassic boundary layers based on some published and original data on the δ¹³C_org and δ¹³C_carb values obtained for the section along the Suol Creek (Setorym River, southern Verkhoyansk region). The section includes six carbon-isotope intervals readily distinguished in the corresponding curves obtained for several Permian and Triassic reference sections in Eurasia and North America including palleontologically well substantiated sections of central Iran, Kashmir, and South China. This provides grounds for assuming the Permian-Triassic boundary’s position in the Suol Creek section as being close to the carbon-isotope minimum of Interval IV. In the light of new data, the upper part of the Upper Permian Changhsingian Stage in Siberia is proposed to correspond in range to the Otoceras concavum range zone, and the lower substage of the Lower Triassic Induan Stage, to the Tompophiceras pascoei and Wordieoceras decipiens zones. The Otoceras concavum Zone of the Verkhoyansk region in its new understanding is likely correlative with the upper Changhsingian Hypophiceras triviale Zone of Greenland. Carbon-isotope intervals II, III, IV, and V defined in the Permian-Triassic boundary layers of the Verkhoyansk region, which are traceable in several reference sections of Eurasia and North America, evidently coincide with the period of some intensification of the volcanic activity in the initial late Changhsingian and with the first phases of extensive eruption of Siberian trappes in the terminal Changhsingian and initial Induan ages. New data imply the probable survival of some ammonoid species from the superfamily Otoceratoidea after the mass extinction of organisms in the terminal Permian Epoch.     

贵州紫云晚二叠世-早三叠世初火山作用与生物礁的沉积演化

晚二叠世长兴期是华南地区重要的成礁期,也是火山事件频发的一个时期。生物礁是一种对海洋环境十分敏感的生态系,晚二叠世的火山作用势必影响到当时生物礁的生长和沉积相的演化。然而,前人有关晚二叠世火山事件的研究主要集中在二叠系与三叠系界线附近,而对整个长兴期生物礁的演化与火山事件关系的研究则较少。选择贵州紫云的台地边缘礁为研究对象,通过大量磁化率的测试,分析整个晚二叠世生物礁的沉积演化与火山作用的关系。分析结果显示,长兴早期和末期岩石的磁化率值明显偏高,反映较强的火山活动。在这两个时期,造架生物相对不发育。长兴中期,岩石的磁化率值相较于长兴早期和长兴晚期总体偏低,表明火山活动相对较弱,导致生物礁的快速生长。但长兴中期生物礁灰岩中夹有几层生物碎屑灰岩,其磁化率值有小幅度的升高,说明短时期小规模的火山作用虽然导致了生物礁生长的暂时中断,但礁相动荡的环境使得火山灰中细小的铁磁性物质难以沉积下来。研究发现,尽管早三叠世早期泥岩具有高的磁化率值,但泥质岩中多层火山黏土具有异常高的磁化率值,火山灰物质对磁化率大小的影响远远超过陆源物质的贡献。     

广西柳桥地区上二叠统礁灰岩中发现沥青

研究区位于广西扶绥县东门镇和柳桥镇之间,主要分布上二叠统和下三叠统地层.上二叠统包括合山组、上二叠统礁灰岩和大隆组.下三叠统罗楼组由泥岩和灰岩组成.大隆组主要为放射虫硅质岩和泥岩,含有丰富的放射虫、有孔虫、介形虫、菌藻类、腕足类、菊石类和双壳类化石,是好的烃源岩层.礁灰岩具有大量裂隙和孔洞,是好的储集层.在柳桥地区东攀剖面、岜陇剖面和岜料剖面,礁灰岩裂隙和孔洞普遍被沥青充填.研究区上二叠统礁灰岩是值得注意的油气勘探远景区.     

重庆老龙洞二叠系-三叠系界线地层的海平面下降事件

老龙洞的二叠系-三叠系界线地层剖面许多学者做过研究,关于其海平面变化问题的争论一直没有解决。本文的研究首次在该剖面上发现了明显的侵蚀面,说明曾经有海平面下降事件。对沉积环境的解释也有新的认识。该剖面在长兴期钙质海绵灰岩之上沉积了一套开阔台地相的沉积,其上是1.4m 厚的局限台地相沉积,具有斑点状构造。此层顶部出现一个波状起伏的侵蚀面。侵蚀面上下的岩性不同。此面之上是0.8m 厚的浅水的局限台地相沉积,具有树枝状的构造和外貌。此层顶面是一个更加明显的侵蚀面,起伏高差达到0.3m 以上。侵蚀面上下的岩性截然不同,以及其上岩石层理与侵蚀面的斜交关系,以及侵蚀面的形态把侵蚀面同缝合线区分开来。这个侵蚀面代表一次显著海平面下降事件之后的一次较长时间的出露和风化剥蚀。侵蚀面之上是透镜状分布的灰色的层状的小腹足类的颗粒岩,再上是一薄层灰黄色的泥粒岩,含丰富的小双壳类。此层以上是青灰色的薄板状的泥质灰泥岩,舍丰富的0.3～3mm 大小的、内部重结晶的同生角砾。     

Contrasting geochemical signatures on land from the Middle and Late Permian extinction events

The end of the Palaeozoic is marked by two mass‐extinction events during the Middle Permian (Capitanian) and the Late Permian (Changhsingian). Given similarities between the two events in geochemical signatures, such as large magnitude negative δ¹³C anomalies, sedimentological signatures such as claystone breccias, and the approximate contemporaneous emplacement of large igneous provinces, many authors have sought a common causal mechanism. Here, a new high‐resolution continental record of the Capitanian event from Portal Mountain, Antarctica, is compared with previously published Changhsingian records of geochemical signatures of weathering intensity and palaeoclimatic change. Geochemical means of discriminating sedimentary provenance (Ti/Al, U/Th and La/Ce ratios) all indicate a common provenance for the Portal Mountain sediments and associated palaeosols, so changes spanning the Capitanian extinction represent changes in weathering intensity rather than sediment source. Proxies for weathering intensity chemical index of alteration, ?W and rare earth element accumulation all decline across the Capitanian extinction event at Portal Mountain, which is in contrast to the increased weathering recorded globally at the Late Permian extinction. Furthermore, palaeoclimatic proxies are consistent with unchanging or cooler climatic conditions throughout the Capitanian event, which contrasts with Changhsingian records that all indicate a significant syn‐extinction and post‐extinction series of greenhouse warming events. Although both the Capitanian and Changhsingian event records indicate significant redox shifts, palaeosol geochemistry of the Changhsingian event indicates more reducing conditions, whereas the new Capitanian record of reduced trace metal abundances (Cr, Cu, Ni and Ce) indicates more oxidizing conditions. Taken together, the differences in weathering intensity, redox and the lack of evidence for significant climatic change in the new record suggest that the Capitanian mass extinction was not triggered by dyke injection of coal‐beds, as in the Changhsingian extinction, and may instead have been triggered directly by the Emeishan large igneous province or by the interaction of Emeishan basalts with platform carbonates.     

贵州沫阳剖面二叠纪末浅水沉积特征及其古环境意义

处于大贵州滩南缘的罗甸沫阳剖面在晚二叠世时发育典型的浅水相沉积组构,包括长兴期生物礁、生物灭绝事件界面附近的不连续面以及可能的古岩溶堆积物。其中长兴组为典型的钙质海绵礁,造礁生物主要包括古石孔藻、Tubiphytes和纤维海绵,同时大量的栉壳状胶结物填充礁体孔隙并具有世代性。在沫阳剖面的不连续面,可识别标志包括缝合线和侵蚀面两种,分布于上二叠统顶部泥粒岩-颗粒岩（〖XCTT.TIF〗类、海绵、钙藻以及Tubiphytes为主）与鲕粒灰岩之间。在部分露头上还可见一类特殊的角砾岩:角砾类型既包括生屑团块和泥晶团块,还包括硅质岩碎块,数量众多,大小不一且磨圆很差。大量含巨鲕的鲕粒灰岩直接上覆于角砾岩,以及角砾岩顶部的裂隙之中。除此之外,包括垮塌角砾岩和洞穴堆积物等特征的发现,都指示了沫阳剖面在当时岩溶发育。这类沉积物产生的原因可能是由于晚二叠世时,沫阳地区持续发育的生物礁形成了突出的古地貌单元,随着相对海平面的下降晚二叠世沉积物发生暴露。在大气淡水-渗流成岩作用影响下,暴露地表的突出地形上岩溶作用发育;非突出地形受风化剥蚀及随后海侵过程的双重影响,与上覆地层之间显示侵蚀面或缝合线接触的特征。从野外露头情况来看,沫阳剖面并没有像其他浅水台地一样在生物灭绝事件之后发育微生物岩,而是直接出露一套含核形石和巨鲕的鲕粒灰岩。以鲕粒灰岩为主的“灾难沉积物”紧邻长兴组生物碎屑灰岩的情况在华南比较少见,这对于进一步了解生物灭绝事件起因以及当时特殊的海洋环境状况具有重要意义。     

Age and General Characteristics of the Calimicrobialite near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Chongyang, Hubei Province

INTRODUCTIONCali microbialites near the Permian-Triassicboundary are a special sedi mentary framework whichis formed on the top of reefs or isolated carbonateplatforms after the end-Permian extinction. Cali mi-crobialite in South China was first found by Lehr-mann (1999) in Bianyang, Guizhou. Al most si multa-neously , Kershawet al .(1999) reported cali microbi-alites in East Sichuan. Discovery of Permian-Triassiccali microbialites in South China has attracted muchattention. Based o…     

桂西南柳桥地区深水相二叠系-三叠系界线剖面

桂西南柳桥地区上二叠统为厚约84m的浅灰—灰白色块状海绵蓝藻生物灰岩(生物礁),之上为浅灰绿色—暗灰色薄层状含远洋浮游生物硅质岩、含泥质硅质岩、硅质泥岩(大隆组),这套深水相的沉积岩夹有大量浅灰白色的粘土岩。上覆的三叠系罗楼组底部为黄色泥岩,夹多层灰白色粘土岩,往上渐变为灰色薄层状含大量双壳类、菊石化石的钙质泥岩、泥灰岩。柳桥地区晚二叠世末期沉积岩和中基性火山岩的特征显示其是在地壳裂解、快速沉降、相对海平面快速上升过程中迅速淹没台地边缘的生物礁而形成的深水相海盆,造成深水盆地与浅水台地并存,具有多岛洋的地理分布格局。东攀二叠系-三叠系界线剖面的露头完整,对剖面的岩石学特征、生物化石组合特征等方面的详细研究显示,该地区一直处于连续沉积的深水环境中,没有发生沉积间断,界线上下的岩石特征和生物组合特征较清楚。     

浙江长兴煤山地区二叠-三叠系界线底粘土中动物化石的发现及其意义

<正> 浙江长兴煤山地区是我国南部上二叠统长兴阶及二叠-三叠系界线候选层型剖面的所在地。近十年来,我们先后在本区测制了6条上二叠统长兴阶及二叠-三叠系界线剖面,即剖面A.B.C.D.E和Z(Sheng et al.,1984)把下三叠统下青龙组底部的混生动物群层自下而上分成混生层1、2和3三层,混生层1包括两部分,下部为伊利石-蒙脱石粘土层,亦称底粘土(basal clay),上部为黑色泥岩,当时没有在底粘土发现化石。此后,一     

Upper Permian (Late Changhsingian) marine strata in Nan Province,northern Thailand

In the Upper Permian of northeastern Thailand (Loei Province), continental plants have been found and to the north in Laos near Luang Prabang, continental vertebrates (Dicynodon species) have been discovered. The Middle Permian is in sharp contrast to this as it is represented only by marine sediments. West of these areas in the province of Nan in Thailand, the Upper Permian is represented by marine sediments which extend to a high level in the Upper Permian and continental beds appear to be entirely absent, at least at Pha Dang Khwai, a locality where limestone extends from the end of the Lower Permian to the Triassic.     

浙江长兴煤山地区晚二叠世末、早三叠世初的火山活动

<正> 近年来,不少学者分别从生物地层(赵金科等,1981;盛金章等,1983;王义刚,1984;Sheng Jinzhang et al.,1984),事件地层(孙亦因等,1984;何锦文,1985),岩相、生物相(杨万容等,1981;芮琳等,1984),粘土矿物(何锦文,1981),元素地球化学特征(柴之芳等,1986),构造岩浆活动(周瑶琪,1986)以及碳同位素(陈锦石等,1984)等方面对浙江     

Neotethys seawater chemistry and temperature at the dawn of the end Permian mass extinction

The end of the Permian was a time of great death and massive upheaval in the biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. Over the last decades, many causes have been suggested to be responsible for that catastrophe such as global warming, anoxia and acidification. The Gyanyima limestone block was an open ocean seamount in the southern Neotethys at subtropical latitude, and it affords us insight into open-ocean oceanographic changes during the end of the Permian. After careful screening using multiple tests, we reconstructed carbonate/seawater curves from the geochemical data stored in pristine brachiopod shell archives from the shallow water limestone of the Changhsingian Gyanyima Formation of Tibet. The reconstructed strontium isotope curve and data for the late Changhsingian are relatively invariant about 0.707013, but in the upper part of the succession the values become more radiogenic climaxing at about 0.707244. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr curve and trend are similar to those observed for the Upper Permian succession in northern Italy, but dissimilar (less radiogenic) to whole rock results from Austria, Iran, China and Spitsbergen. The Ce/Ce* anomaly results ranging from 0.310 to 0.577 for the brachiopods and from 0.237 to 0.655 for the coeval whole rock before the event, and of 0.276 for whole rock during the extinction event, suggest normal redox conditions. These Ce* values are typical of normal open-ocean oxic water quality conditions observed in modern and other ancient counterparts. The biota and Ce* information clearly discounts global anoxia as a primary cause for the end-Permian biotic crisis. Carbon isotopes from brachiopod shells and whole rock are relatively invariant for most of the latest Permian interval, which is in stark contrast to the distinct negative carbon isotope excursion observed near and about the event. Estimates of seawater temperature at shallow depth fluctuated from 22.2 to 29.0 °C up to unit 8–2, and then gradually rise from 29.7 °C in unit 8–13 to values exceeding 35 °C at a stratigraphic level about 120 ky before the Permian–Triassic boundary, and just before the onset of the extinction interval. This dramatic increase in seawater temperature has been observed in global successions from tropical to mid latitude and from restricted to open ocean localities (e.g., northern Italy, Iran). The brachiopod archive and its geochemical proxies from Tibet support the paradigm that global warming must have been an important factor of the biotic crisis for the terrestrial and marine faunas and floras of the late Paleozoic world.     

Morphological Variation of Conodonts Platyvillosus from Yinkeng Formation in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China

A preciously undescribed Lower Triassic sequence of a series of multiple cycles of mud-lime rocks, with the argillaceous content decreasing upward while limestone becomes the dominant lithology in the upper part, contains abundant fossils such as conodonts, ammonoids and bivalves. The Yinkeng Formation is the oldest Triassic unit represented, and it conformably overlies dark-gray thin-bedded argillaceous silicalite and intercalated grayish illite clay interbeds of the Upper Permian of Dalong Formation.Conodont samples collected from west Pingdingshan Section, one of four measured sections in Chaoha,yielded abundant Lower Triassic conodonts from the middle part of the Yinkeng Formation. Most interesting and unmaml is the abundant occurrence of Platyvillosus in seven samples from the Flemingites-Euflemingites bearing (Smithian) mudstone, rhyolitic clay and limestone part of the section. The associated conodonts are Neospathodus dieneri type 1, N. dieneri type 2. N. dieneri type 3, N. cristagalli, N. waagenieowaageni (nov. subsp. ), N. waagenielongata (nov. subsp. ), N. waageniwaageni,N. sp. G (nov. sp. ), N. sp. L (nov. sp. ), N. sp. H (nov. sp. ), N. alberti, N. novaehollandiae,N. peculiaris, N. aff. discretus, N. conservativus, Parachirognathodus sp. and ramiform elements.The species Platyvillosus. which is restricted to a 1.32 m interval, reveals great variety in shape and denticle ornamentation pattern on the platform. The morphological study of the samples indicates that all speciemens with denticles on the upper surface can be included in intraspecific variation in Platyvillosus costatus (Staesche). Platyvillosus hamadai (Koike), marked by smooth upper surface, also appears to be connected by transitional forms in some samples. The fauna corresponds closely with that of the Taho limestone in Japan, although the depositional environments differ. The associated lithologies of the Yinkeng Formation within Chaohu area reflect a deeper and low energy remaining basin of the northern edge of the Lower Yangtze block.     

Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the mid- to upper Palaeozoic succession in Northwest Peninsular Malaysia

The stratigraphy of the Devonian to Permian succession in Northwest Peninsular Malaysia is revised. The Timah Tasoh Formation consists of black mudstone containing graptolites and tentaculitids indicating a Pragian or earliest Emsian age. The Sanai Limestone overlies the Timah Tasoh Formation at Sanai Hill B and contains conodonts indicating a Late Devonian (Frasnian to possibly early Famennian) age. In other places, Late Tournaisian chert of the Telaga Jatoh Formation overlies the Timah Tasoh Formation. The overlying Kubang Pasu Formation is predominantly composed of mudstone and sandstone, and can be divided into 3 subunits, from oldest to youngest: (1) Chepor Member; (2) Undifferentiated Kubang Pasu Formation; (3) Uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation. The ammonoid Praedaraelites tuntungensis sp. nov. is reported and described from the Chepor Member of Bukit Tuntung, Pauh. The genus indicates a Late Viséan age for part of the subunit. Dropstones and diamictites from the Chepor Member indicate a glacial marine depositional environment. The Carbo-Permian, undifferentiated Kubang Pasu Formation consists of similar interbedded mudstone and sandstone. The uppermost Kubang Pasu Formation of Kungurian age consists of coarsening upward cycles of clastics, representing a shallow marine, wave- and storm-influenced shoreline. The Permian Chuping Limestone also represents shallow marine, wave- and storm-influenced deposits. A Mid-Palaeozoic Unconformity separating Early–Late Devonian rocks from overlying Late Devonian–Carboniferous deposits probably marks initiation of rifting on Sibumasu, which eventually led to the separation of Sibumasu from Australian Gondwana during the late Sakmarian (Early Permian).     

Les événements de la limite Permien–Trias : derniers survivants et/ou premiers re-colonisateurs parmi les ostracodes du Taurus (Sud-Ouest de la Turquie)The events of the Permian–Trias boundary: last survivors and/or first colonisers among the ostracods of the Taurides (southwestern Turkey)

Very few data on Early Triassic marine ostracods are available. In most of cases, the data concern the upper part of the Early Triassic. The Çürük da? section, located in the Western Taurides (Turkey), well stratigraphically constrained by conodonts and foraminifera, has been re-sampled for ostracod study. A significant fauna has been discovered in the Late Permian and the levels of the Earliest Triassic (Hindeodus parvus and Isarcicella isarcica staeschei zones). The ostracods of the basis of the Kokarkuyu Fm. are the oldest Triassic forms ever discovered. The occurrence of Palaeocopes in the earliest Triassic and similarity between the Permian and Induan assemblages suggest that the Lower Triassic Çürük da? ostracods represent a survival assemblage after the Permo-Triassic mass-extinction. To cite this article: S. Crasquin-Soleau et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 489–495.